A mechanism to enhance bicycle conspicuity and visibility and increase detection distances: New insights into bicycle safety

Poor sensory conspicuity and poor visibility of bicycles are key factors that correlate strongly with bicycle-vehicle accidents. Although researchers have explored how to improve detection distances, i.e., the distances from which bicycles can be recognized by other road users, there is a dearth of research on ways to signal bicyclists' presence on the road. This study investigates how to enhance, at minimum cost, the level of visibility and sensory conspicuity of bicycles; it also considers ways to signal their presence to other road users, without necessitating any active behavior by bicyclists themselves. In the first study, the level of visibility of 6 rear-end components of bicycles was analyzed according to Adrian's model; the sensory conspicuity of these same components was analyzed via respondent perceptions in conditions of sunlight, twilight with no car headlights, twilight with car headlights, and night with car headlights. The level of visibility and sensory conspicuity of the 6 rear-end components were compared with considering angular size of the components under 4 lighting conditions. The level of visibility of the rear fender was good under sunlight and night-time conditions; in other conditions, the level of visibility was directly affected by painting the fender a silver color with reflectivity and also by the fender's angular size. However, the rear tire, among the 6 components tested, had a higher visible area when used with a short fender; it also produced rotational effects during riding conditions with no extra effort by the cyclists. In the second study, adhesive tape with specific patterns and 6 different color combinations were applied to the rear tire of a bicycle under the same lighting conditions, with the aim of creating a strong signal of the bicycle's presence for other road users. Among the 6 combinations, white stripes overlaid on the color red provide an optimal combination in terms of detection distance. The mean detection distance of white stripes on red in sunlight was 138.67 m, 94.67 m in twilight without car headlights, 94 m in twilight with car headlights, and 53.67 m at night with car headlights. In addition, this combination strongly signals the presence of the bicycle to other road users with no extra effort by the cyclists, thereby reducing the likelihood of drivers looking but failing to see bicycles. In sum, the study recommends that bicyclists install white stripes overlaid on red, in order to increase visibility and conspicuity and signal the presence of their bicycles, thereby reducing the likelihood of cyclist-vehicle collisions.     

雾天驾驶人车辆操纵行为特性及其与追尾风险相关性分析

为分析驾驶人在雾天环境下的车辆操纵行为特性及其与追尾风险的内在关系,设计并开展驾驶模拟试验,采用方差分析,混合效应模型等对晴天、雾天2种环境下驾驶人的车辆操纵行为特性进行对比分析,并利用相关性分析及二元Logistics回归模型对避撞过程中行为间的相互作用及其与追尾风险间的关系进行挖掘.结果表明:雾天环境下驾驶人的车道...     

道路交通标志逆反射性能与夜间视认性

为了规范和引导道路交通标志及其逆反射材料的使用,提高道路交通标志的夜间视认效果,对交通标志及其逆反射材料的等级、类别、结构、光度性能、色度性能以及国内外相关标准进行分析,研究交通标志的逆反射性能及与夜间视认性的关系。通过对国内交通标志及其逆反射材料的使用现状分析,认为夜间视认性与逆反射性能的关系较为复杂,应针对逆反射材料的类别、结构,以及在交通标志中的搭配使用等进行深入研究,并将研究成果用于修订现行交通标志的相关标准和规范。     

基于事故数据挖掘的乘用车追尾卡车AEB测试规程研究

基于未来出行交通事故场景研究数据库中的乘用车追尾卡车事故,分析并提出了以卡车为目标物的乘用车自动紧急制动系统的典型测试工况。采用K-means聚类算法得出可代表实际卡车的目标物颜色,基于事故数据分析提取卡车目标物尾部特征参数,设计并制作了一种新型的具有与真实车辆反射特性和机器视觉识别特性接近的重型厢式卡车目标物。卡车目标物静止,测试车辆分别以45、50、55、60 km/h的速度进行100%重叠自动紧急制动系统测试,验证了该目标物的可行性和有效性。可为车辆主动安全相关标准法规研究提供数据支撑,推动车辆主动安全测试技术的发展。     

一种用于大货车换道安全性提示系统

针对大货车视野盲区大以及在货车车道变换时存在潜在追尾等问题,提出一种用于大货车换道安全性提示系统。该系统采用毫米波雷达探测货车后方车辆和本车之间的位置关系,用不同TTC值确定货车换道安全性等级。该系统可明显降低货车在换道时追尾事故的发生。     

道路交通用表面色和逆反射色

本文研究道路交通安全设施用材料包括普通材料、逆反射材料、荧光材料等,各种材料的颜色表现为表面色和逆反射色。道路交通安全设施产品如交通标志、路面标线及标线带、突起路标与轮廓标、锥形交通路标等,利用其各种材料被赋予的特定颜色,向道路使用者传递着所需的交通信息。在白天人们感知的是表面色,在夜间感知的是逆反射色。分析研究道路交通用表面色和逆反射色,对交通安全设施产品的生产、使用至关重要,对道路安全起着重要作用。     

重卡：我们学习的还有很多

尽管世界级高端重卡在国内的销量与国内的重卡相比远远落后,但这些代表国际最先进技术的重卡却是值得我们学习的榜样。虽然作为赚钱机器,重卡一向以物美价廉最受客户青睐,但谁又能保证,未来重卡不朝着高技术高价格的方向发展呢？     

关于重卡防护装置增加阻尼系统的可行性分析与设计

市场上汽车和挂车后下部防护装置多为刚性连接,当发生车辆追尾碰撞时,不能有效保护乘坐人员的安全,屡屡发生小车钻进大货车尾部伤亡事故.本文目的是提供一种汽车和挂车后下部柔性防护装置,克服已有汽车和挂车后下部防护装置缺点和不足,使汽车发生追尾碰撞时避免发生伤亡事故.此后下部防护装置不仅仅是保护追尾的小车,同时也保护了货车自身...     

Intelligent collision warning using license plate segmentation

Given the increase of vehicles in traffic, traffic accidents have become a crucial and urgent issue for some countries. Particularly, in heavy traffic conditions, rear-end collisions make up the majority of traffic accidents, which make the traffic jam worse. This article proposes a novel approach to rear-end collision warning systems using areas of license plates acquired with a single camera mounted on a car. The edges of the front car's license plate are segmented and a rectangle is sketched to calculate the area, which is used for estimating distance between the cars. Relative speed of the front car is computed using the differences of the rectangles in a specific time. Distance and relative speed are obtained from the estimated areas of the license plates and transferred to the fuzzy inference system to send a warning signal to the driver for collision prevention, in emergency cases. The experiments are greatly encouraging, indicating that number plate segmentation can be utilized to estimate the distance and fuzzy inference system can be developed to create a warning signal to the drivers.     

我国长头重卡的现状与发展浅析

本文结合我国国情和重卡行业的变化综述了长头重卡的主要技术优势和其在国内市场存在的障碍,并分析了长头重卡重回市场的有利条件。     

低能见度水平下行人交通事故严重程度及异质性分析

为探究在低能见度水平下影响行人事故伤害严重程度的因素, 并分析可能存在的异质性。以某市6 405起行人-机动车交通事故为研究对象, 分别研究高、低能见度水平下机动车-行人事故中行人伤害严重程度影响因素, 建立均值异质性的随机参数Logit模型并通过弹性分析定量分析显著变量对行人受伤情况的影响程度。结果表明, 高、低能见度下影响行人伤害严重程度的因素存在明显差异。(1)低能见度情况下男性驾驶员、高龄行人、卡车、沥青路面、凌晨、较暗的照明条件等因素会增加行人伤害严重程度。(2)低能见度情况下卡车和凌晨这2个因素具有随机参数特征, 分别使行人死亡的概率增加了4.39%和2.67%;此外, 当事故涉及卡车和26~35岁行人这2个因素时会增大行人死亡的概率; 而当夜间有路灯照明与凌晨这2个因素共同作用时行人死亡的可能性降低。(3)高能见度情况下未发现具有异质性的影响因素, 但发现男性行人和摩托车等因素会增大事故严重程度; 而驾驶员年龄、沥青路面、周末和地形等因素对事故严重程度并没有显著影响。      

Investigating performance of a novel safety measure for assessing potential rear-end collisions: An insight representing a scenario in developing nation

Road safety is one of the major concerns in the ever-growing traffic network. In addressing this, surrogate safety measures play a critical role in identifying collision instincts. Besides the added advantage of quantifying collision instincts in advance, surrogate safety measures have their limitations. For example, in some instances, those measures tend to show erroneous results. In this paper, a new surrogate safety measure Instant Heeding Time (IHT), is presented based on follower vehicle attention in the traffic streams. This new measure is integrated with a distance gap and the vehicles' speeds to assess probable rear-end collisions. Further, along with other safety measures, the developed safety framework is tested over a study section, with the help of trajectory datasets at three traffic flow conditions (free flow, capacity, and congested) under prevailing heterogeneous (mixed) traffic conditions. Based on the safety framework, it is observed that, in the case of free flow and capacity conditions, 23 and 55 probable rear-end collisions points are detected. At the congested conditions, no rear-end collision points are observed. Further, smaller vehicles in the traffic stream are associated with a higher number of rear-end collision instincts than other vehicle categories. The conceptualized safety framework can be applied on a real-time basis for monitoring the safety measures for vehicles in a mixed traffic stream.     

汽车防追尾碰撞数学模型研究

为了提高车辆在高速行驶状态下的主动安全性能,研究了处于追尾行驶状态的本车与前车的运动学特征;针对前车的不同运动状态分别推导出了跟车距离的计算模型并分析了模型中3个关键参数的随机性和动态性,对制动迟滞时间提出了基于模糊推理的确定方法,对本车制动减速度和前车的运动加速度提出了比较实用的动态测算公式;另外,研究了防追尾碰撞的控制与执行,建立了动态调整安全制动停车距离的神经网络模型,提出了基于危险裕度判别的安全控制方法。     

雨夜驾驶人对黑色障碍物视认距离变化规律研究

为预防和减少雨夜道路交通事故,定量研究降雨强度对驾驶人视认距离变化规律,以确定行车速度、停车视距及限速选择,进行实际道路试验研究。试验共选择被试38人,在不同降雨量的雨夜,选用黑色障碍物,在不同车速条件下,进行驾驶人空间距离判识实际道路试验。试验共进行71组,最终依据速度和降雨强度,聚类为25组不同条件下全样本试验。统计全部结果,分析数据分布特征。利用曲面回归分析方法,建立视认距离随降雨量和行车速度变化规律函数模型。模型相关系数为0.9832,模型有效度系数为0.94,可有效表示视认距离与瞬时降雨强度和行驶速度之间的关系。研究表明,随着单位时间内降雨量增加,视认距离缩短;随着行驶速度增加,视认距离减小;当两因素耦合作用于驾驶人时,会因为视认距离减小导致允许反应时间缩短。      

Advanced vehicle dynamics of heavy trucks with the perspective of road safety

ABSTRACT

This paper presents state-of-the art within advanced vehicle dynamics of heavy trucks with the perspective of road safety. The most common accidents with heavy trucks involved are truck against passenger cars. Safety critical situations are for example loss of control (such as rollover and lateral stability) and a majority of these occur during speed when cornering. Other critical situations are avoidance manoeuvre and road edge recovery. The dynamic behaviour of heavy trucks have significant differences compared to passenger cars and as a consequence, successful application of vehicle dynamic functions for enhanced safety of trucks might differ from the functions in passenger cars. Here, the differences between vehicle dynamics of heavy trucks and passenger cars are clarified. Advanced vehicle dynamics solutions with the perspective of road safety of trucks are presented, beginning with the topic vehicle stability, followed by the steering system, the braking system and driver assistance systems that differ in some way from that of passenger cars as well.     

重型卡车重要噪声源分析与降噪方法研究

介绍了国内外重型卡车通过噪声限值的发展过程,讨论了国内重型卡车通过噪声主要声源及主要降噪措施,并通过具体工程实例对分析结果进行了验证,试验证明本文所采取的重型汽车通过噪声降噪措施是有效的,为国内重型卡车的降噪提供了技术方案,最后建议国内重型卡车应在开发初期注重噪声性能的开发.     

Advanced emergency braking under split friction conditions and the influence of a destabilising steering wheel torque

The steering system in most heavy trucks is such that it causes a destabilising steering wheel torque when braking on split friction, that is, different friction levels on the two sides of the vehicle. Moreover, advanced emergency braking systems are now mandatory in most heavy trucks, making vehicle-induced split friction braking possible. This imposes higher demands on understanding how the destabilising steering wheel torque affects the driver, which is the focus here. Firstly, an experiment has been carried out involving 24 subjects all driving a truck where automatic split friction braking was emulated. Secondly, an existing driver–vehicle model has been adapted and implemented to improve understanding of the observed outcome. A common conclusion drawn, after analysing results, is that the destabilising steering wheel torque only has a small effect on the motion of the vehicle. The underlying reason is a relatively slow ramp up of the disturbance in comparison to the observed cognitive delay amongst subjects; also the magnitude is low and initially suppressed by passive driver properties.     

基于大货车GPS数据的轨迹相似性度量有效性研究

目前,中国货车上全球定位系统(GPS)的强制安装,使得利用包含时间、空间和速度等信息的货车轨迹数据来研究货车运行模式成为可能。基于距离的轨迹相似性度量算法,采用全国道路货运车辆公共监管与服务平台获取的货车GPS轨迹数据,对比分析其在货车轨迹模式识别中的应用。选用文献中最常用的4种基于距离的轨迹相似性度量算法,分别为离散弗雷歇距离(DFD)、动态时间规整(DTW)、最长公共序列(LCS)和实序列编辑距离(EDR)。试验结果表明:当使用二维地理空间轨迹数据(即经度和纬度)时,4种基于距离的轨迹相似性度量算法都能很好地对相似轨迹进行分类(正确率均高于85%),这与现有文献的结论一致。虽然一般认为二维轨迹相似性算法可以直接应用到多维轨迹数据,但是解决具体问题时可能出现的误差以及各种轨迹相似性算法的适用性仍然不确定。目前几乎没有文献对三维及其以上的多维轨迹数据进行实例分析研究,因而,通过相同路线上的三维GPS货车轨迹数据(包括经度,纬度和速度)对4种基于距离的轨迹相似性度量算法进行验证。将第3维速度加入到二维空间轨迹上后发现LCS算法对基于地理空间轨迹的速度模式分类效果优于其他3种基于距离的轨迹相似性度量算法。这说明运用LCS轨迹相似性度量算法来识别基于三维GPS轨迹的货车运行模式是可行的,LCS算法在货车运营管理等方面将有很大的应用潜力。     

Front-Rear Interaction of a Pitch-Plane Truck Model

Results from a previously reported experimental study on heavy articulated vehicles show that the choice of tractor unit strongly affects the dynamic tyre forces generated by the trailer axles, but the choice of trailer unit does not strongly affect the tyre forces generated by the tractor axles. These results have implications for assessing the road-friendliness of tractor and trailer units. The objectives of the work described in this paper are to understand the dynamic interaction between the tractor and trailer unit, and to identify the conditions for which strong interaction exists. A mathematical model with two degrees of freedom is used to simulate the pitch-plane dynamics of an articulated vehicle. Three idealized vehicles are investigated and three conditions for strong dynamic interaction are identified. It is thought that these conditions are likely to exist in a large proportion of heavy trucks.     

荧光反光膜色度性能测试方法

荧光反光膜作为一种荧光反光新材料,它的色度性能测试不同于表面色或逆反射色。正确地掌握荧光反光膜色度性能测试方法,对荧光反光膜的生产、使用具有现实意义。本文依据已编制完成报批稿的交通行业标准《荧光反光膜和荧光反光标记材料昼间色度性能测试方法》,对荧光反光膜昼间色度性能测试方法进行了系统的介绍与说明。