Grain refining mechanism of carbon inoculation on Mg-Al alloy

The processing parameters and refining mechanism of Mg-Al alloy treated with a newly developed carbon inoculant under different conditions were investigated experimentally in this work. Results show that the finest ??-Mg grain in AZ91D alloy can be obtained after processing at about 740°C, and the average grain size of ??-Mg grain decreases from about 180.4 to 85.6 ??m by adding mass fraction w _in = 1% inoculant into melt. However, no evident refinement was achieved with excessive inoculant for Mn-free Mg-9Al alloy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis on the Mn-contained intermediate phase and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicate that Mn element plays an important role in the heterogeneous nucleation of ??-Mg grain. In the early stage of solidification, Al-Mn-C compound particles formed on the surface of Al₄C₃ nano-particles should be the potential nuclei for primary ??-Mg and probably responsible for the grain refinement achieved in the carbon inoculation process.     

Measurement of swarm parameters of c-C4F8/CO2 and its insulation characteristics analysis

In c-C₄F₈ and c-C₄F₈/CO₂ mixtures, the swarm parameters including ionization coefficient, attachment coefficient and effective ionization coefficient were obtained at the ratio of the electric field strength to the gas density between 150–550 Td by the steady-state Townsend (SST) method. Static breakdown voltages at each ratio were also measured at the SST condition. The limiting field strengths were obtained by two methods: computing the density-normalized effective ionization coefficient as a function of the overall density-reduced electric field strength; and measuring static breakdown voltages as a function of the product of gas density and electrode separation. Good agreement was obtained by these two methods, which ensures the correctness of the former method. The limiting field strengths of c-C₄F₈ and c-C₄F₈/CO₂ mixtures were compared with those of pure SF₆, SF₆/CO₂ mixtures and pure c-C₄F₈. It is found that buffer gas CO₂ does not reduce the limiting field strengths of c-C₄F₈ greatly, the limiting field strengths of c-C₄F₈/CO₂ mixtures are higher than those of SF₆/CO₂ mixtures or even pure SF₆, and so c-C₄F₈/CO₂ mixtures are suggested to be possible substitutes for SF₆. Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50777041)     

Influence of soaking temperature on microstructure of multi-pass compression deformation for low carbon steels

The influence of soaking temperature on microstructure of high temperature multi-pass compression deformation for two low carbon steels (steel A: w _C = 0.032% and w _Mn = 0.25%; steel B: w _C = 0.165% and w _Mn = 0.38%) is studied on the thermal-mechanical simulator in order to rationalize the hot-rolling schedule of low-carbon steel and to promote the low-temperature heating technology. The results show that the microstructures of steel A are almost not affected by reducing soaking temperature, but the acicular ferrite forms in steel B when the soaking temperature is reduced from 1 200 to 1 170°C, due to its smaller initial austenite grain size according to recrystallization kinetics theory.     

Research on electron beam welding of in situ TiB<Subscript>2p</Subscript>/ZL101 composite

Electron beam welding of in situ TiB_2p reinforced aluminum composites was studied. The results show that no obvious pores or cracks is presented in the weld seam. The grains in the weld seam are remarkably refined and TiB₂ particles distribute much more homogeneously than that in base metal. The hardness values of fusion zone and heat affected zone (HAZ) are both increased in comparison with that of base metal. There are no interface reactions between TiB₂ particle and Al matrix. This results supply the evidence that the novel TiB_2p reinforced aluminum composites can be well joined with the electron beam welding.     

Durability of concrete made with manganese slag as supplementary cementitious materials

This paper discusses mineral composition and pore microstructure characteristics of water-cooled manganese slag and its effects on durability of concrete. The Mn slag has an alveolate pore structure, and the ground Mn slag is characterized by multiangular shape which consists of α′-C₂S, C₃MS₂, CaO·MnO·2SiO₂ and C₂AS. Experimental results show that the Mn slag has potential hydraulic reactivity. Concrete made with Mn slag as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) exhibits very low strength loss and weight loss in the synthetic seawater corrosion and freezing-thawing cycle tests. The research provides useful reference for knowing about Mn slag and for applying Mn slag to improve the durability of concrete.     

Thermodynamic analyse on equilibrium precipitation phases and composition design of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys

The solidification paths of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys and its precipitation behavior are analyzed using software package JMatPro 6.0 for material property simulation of Al-base alloys. The microstructures of the experimental alloys are analyzed; the experimental results of microstructural analysis are in agreement with the thermodynamic prediction. Through orthogonal experimental method, this paper designs the composition of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys by studying the variation of ?? (MgZn₂) phase, S (Al₂CuMg) phase, T (AlZnMgCu) phase amount and precipitation temperatures with different Zn, Mg and Cu contents. It is found that with the optimum mass fraction of Zn of 6.7%, Mg of 2.2%?C2.5% and Cu of 1.6%?C2.0%, the mass fraction of ?? phase can be up to 8.7%?C9.22% and that of S phase and T phase can be lower than 0.5%.     

Evolving mechanism of eutectic carbide in as-cast AISI M2 high-speed steel at elevated temperature

AbstractThe evolution in type,size and shape of carbides in as-cast American Iron and Steel Institute(AISI) M2 high-speed steel before and after annealing were investigated.The micromechanism which was responsible for those changes was also analyzed and discussed.At the initial stage of reheating,metastable M2C-type carbide decomposed continuously.M6C-type carbide nucleated at the interface of M2C/γfirstly and grow from surface to center.Then MC-type carbide nucleated at both surface of M6C/M6C and inner of M6C.With the increasing decomposition of the metastable M2C-type carbide,the rod-shaped construction of eutectic carbide began necking,fracturing and spheroidizing gradually.Held enough time or reheated at higher temperature,particle-shaped product aggregated and grew up apparently,while secondary carbide precipitated in cell and grew up less sig- nificantly than the former.Based on the above microstructural observation,the thermodynamic mechanism for decomposition of M2C carbide,for spheroidization of products,and for the growth of particles were analyzed.The rate equations of carbides evolution were derived,too.It shows that the evolving rate is controlled by diffusion coefficients of alloy atoms,morphology of eutectic carbides and heating temperature.     

Quantitative phase analysis of the calcium silicate slag as the residue of extracting alumina from high-alumina fly ash

Calcium silicate slag is the residue of process of pre-desilication alkali lime sintering applied in the high-alumina fly ash to extract the alumina. The quantitative phase analysis (QPA) of the calcium silicate slag has been performed by the Rietveld method based on the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) with the aid of noncommercial software GSAS-EXPGUI. A known weight of crystalline internal standard (10% CaF₂) was added to the calcium silicate slag to calculate the fraction of amorphous phase and other crystalline phases on an absolute basis. Besides, the calcium silicate slag was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and thermo gravimetric (TG) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to test the QPA results and investigate its other characters. Finally, the results show that the amorphous fraction is 17.5% (hereinafter, the percentages refer to the mass fraction), and the major crystalline phases detected in the calcium silicate slag consist of 23.5% Beta-Ca2SiO₄, 10.0% bredigite, 10.3% Ca₃Al₂O₆ (C₃A) and 21.6% CaCO₃.     

Effect of LaNiO3 interlayer on the dielectric properties of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin film on Si substrate

In this study, (100)-oriented growth of Ba_0.5Sr_0.5TiO₃ (BST) /LaNiO₃ (LNO) stacks was obtained on Pt(111)/SiO₂/Si substrates by r.f. magnetron sputtering. The orientation of the subsequently deposited Ba_0.5Sr_0.5TiO₃ thin film was strongly affected by the LNO under layer, and the BST thin film deposited on the (100)LNO-coated Si substrate was also found to have a significant (100)-oriented texture. Effects of LNO interlayer on the dielectric properties of BST thin films were investigated. As a result, the tunability of BST thin film was greatly improved with the insertion of (100)-oriented LNO under layer with proper thickness. Foundation item: the National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology (No. 9140C 790310060C79) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60701012)     

Effect of oxygen content on structural and optical properties of single Cu2O film by reactive magnetron sputtering method

Cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) thin films have been deposited on glass substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering method using Cu target and argon oxygen gas atmosphere. Effect of oxygen flow rate on structural and optical properties of thin films has been discussed. The results of X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and atomic force micrograph indicated that the condition window for single Cu₂O phase was about 3.8 to 4.4 cm³/min, and the optimum oxygen flow rate was 4.2 cm³/min. The optical band gap E _g of Cu₂O film was determined by using the data of transmittance versus wavelength, and slightly decreased from 2.46 to 2.40 eV with the increase of oxygen flow rate from 3.8 to 4.4 cm³/min. The Cu₂O film formed at the oxygen flow rate of 4.2 cm³/min had an optical band gap of 2.43 eV.     

Effect of Cu Co-doping on the magnetism of Zn0.95Co0.05O films

Zn_0.95?x Co_0.05Cu _x O (atomic ratio, x = 0?C8%) thin films are fabricated on Si(111) substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering method. Detailed characterizations indicate that the doped Cu ions substitute the Zn²⁺ ions in ZnO lattice. The doped Cu ions are in +1 and +2 mixture valent state. The ferromagnetism of the Zn_0.95?x Co_0.05Cu _x O film increases gradually with the increase of the Cu⁺ ion concentration till x = 6%, but decreases for higher Cu concentration. Experimental results indicate that the increase of ferromagnetism is not owing to the magnetic contribution of Cu⁺ ions themselves, but owing to the enhancement of magnetic interaction between Co²⁺ ions, which suggests that p-type doping of Cu⁺ ions plays an important role in mediating the ferromagnetic coupling between Co ions.     

Friction and cutting properties of hot-filament chemical vapor deposition micro- and fine-grained diamond coated silicon nitride inserts

The micro-crystalline diamond (MCD) and fine-grained diamond (FGD) films are deposited on commercial silicon nitride inserts by the hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) method. The friction and cutting properties of as-deposited MCD and FGD films coated silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) inserts are comparatively investigated in this study. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy are adopted to study the characterization of the deposited diamond films. The friction tests are conducted on a ball-on-plate type reciprocating friction tester in ambient air using Co-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co), Si₃N₄ and ball-bearing steel (BBS) balls as the mating materials of the diamond films. For sliding against WC-Co, Si₃N₄ and BBS, the FGD film presents lower friction coefficients than the MCD film. However, after sliding against Si₃N₄, the FGD film is subject to more severe wear than the MCD film. The cutting performance of as-deposited MCD and FGD coated Si₃N₄ inserts is examined in dry turning glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) composite materials, comparing with the uncoated Si₃N₄ insert. The results indicate that the lifetime of Si₃N₄ inserts can be prolonged by depositing the MCD or FGD film on them and the FGD coated insert shows longer cutting lifetime than the MCD coated one.     

Impacts of CaO Solid Particles in Carbon Dioxide Absorption Process from Ship Emission with NaOH Solution

CO₂ emitted from ship exhaust is one of the major sources of atmospheric pollution. In order to reduce ship CO₂ emissions, this paper comes up with the idea of recovering CO₂ from ship exhaust by NaOH solution and improves the absorption rate by adding CaO solid particles. The effect mechanism of CaO solid particles on CO₂ absorption efficiency is analyzed in detail, and the mathematical model is deduced and the CaO enhancement factor is calculated through experiments. Experiment result demonstrates that the effect of CaO solid particles on the absorption of CO₂ in alkali solution is significant. The absorption rate of pure CO₂ gas, the simulated ship exhaust gas and 6135AZG marine diesel engine emission can be increased by 10%, 15.85% and 10.30%, respectively. So it can be seen that CaO solid particles play an important role in improving the absorption efficiency of ship CO₂ emission.     

Improvement the electrochemical performance of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 electrode with AlF3 added

Layered solid solution material Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ is synthesized and the AlF₃ is added to improve the electrochemical performance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ samples exhibit layered characteristics. The AlF₃ additive is detected by transmission electron microscope (TEM) technology. The electrochemical tests show that Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ electrode with AlF₃ added delivers better discharge capacity (240mA· h/g), first coulomb efficiency 79.2%, cyclic performance (capacity retention ratio of 100.6% after 50 cycles), and rate capacity (68mA · h/g at 10 capacity (C)) than the pristine sample. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the charge transfer resistance of Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ electrode with AlF₃ added increases slower than that of pristine Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ after cycling, which is responsible for better cyclic and rate performance.     

Improvements of elevated temperature strength and creep resistance of Mg-12Zn-4Al based alloy with calcium addition

A series of Mg-12Zn-4Al-0.3Mn (ZA124) based alloys with additions of calcium have been prepared and their microstructure and properties have been investigated. The results show that Mg-12Zn-4Al-0.3Mn alloy consists of the ??-Mg matrix and block quasicrystal and exhibits excellent creep resistance compared to commonly used AZ91 alloy. A small amount of calcium addition to the ZA124 based alloys increased the yield strenghth at both ambient and elevated temperatures as well as creep resistance, although the ductility decreased slightly. Microanalysis indicated that the addition of calcium decreased the quasicrystalline phase and caused the formation of some lamellar precipitates of Al₂Mg₅Zn₂ with orthorhombic crystal structure. This Ca-containing Al₂Mg₅Zn₂ phase with high stability straddled the grain boundaries and strengthened grain boundaries by inhibiting crack propagation during creep tests at elevated temperature.     

Novel material of hydrogen generation

A novel aluminum alloy which could react with water and generate hydrogen at room temperature was prepared via mechanical alloying (MA). The results shows that milling time, additives and mass ratio have a significant role in the hydrogen production rate. The highest hydrogen production rate of alloys reaches 95% of theoretical value. The velocity of hydrogen generation reaches more over 200 mL/min for a gram alloy. Active materials (Ga and In) included in the aluminum alloys can be recycled and used repeatedly. The hydrolysis reaction between aluminum and H₂O will take place and release a large amount of heat, which contributes to increasing the velocity of hydrogen generation. The reaction products consist of AlO(OH) and hydrogen.     

DSC Analysis of LT-3 Aluminum Alloy Vacuum Brazing

Introduction Aluminumalloywasusedwidelyinmany waysinrecentyearsandtooktheplaceoftradi-tionalmaterialssuchascopperandstainlesssteel.Nowtheweldabilityresearchofaluminumwas mainlyinmetallurgy-abilityandmachiningtech-niques[1,2].Butthenucleationprocesswascared little,whichwasthekeyofbrazinglineformation.InthisresearchLT-3aluminumalloywasbra-zedbymeansofadvancedvacuumbrazing equipment,andthecortexmetalandthebasemet-alwereanalyzedbymeansofDSC.1Experiment LT-3aluminumalloyisakindofthree-layer com…     

3003铝合金A-TIG焊表面活性剂实验

对3003铝合金进行交流活性钨极氩弧焊(A-TlG)焊接实验,选用氧化物SiO2,TiO2和卤化物MnCl2,NaCl,CaF2作为活性剂,研究了单一成分表面活性剂对焊接熔深的影响。实验结果表明:涂敷活性剂可以一定程度的增加焊缝熔深;氧化物增加焊缝熔深的作用比卤化物大;TiO2作用最显著,熔深增加约80%,且焊缝无裂纹、气孔、夹渣等缺陷。     

铝合金表面镍钼二元化学转化膜的制备及其耐腐蚀性

以NiSO4和Na2MoO4作为成膜主盐制备铝合金表面无铬的Ni-Mo二元化学转化膜,考察了溶液pH值、NiSO4浓度、Na2MoO4浓度、温度对Ni-Mo二元膜耐腐蚀性能的影响.耐腐蚀性试验、电化学分析和SEM表征结果表明：与空白铝合金试片、覆盖Ni一元膜的铝合金试片相比,覆盖Ni-Mo二元膜的铝合金具有更佳的耐腐蚀性能和更为平整的转化膜外观.     

Influence of high frequency vibration on deep drawing process of AZ31 sheet at room temperature

Quasi-ultrasonic vibration with a frequency of 15 kHz and a maximum output of 2 kW was imposed on the deep drawing process of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet at room temperature, in order to reveal the effect of high frequency vibration on deformation behavior of AZ31 during the process. From the drawn results and the observation of the microstructure within the large deformation area, high frequency vibration has a great influence on the formability, the forming load and the failure mode of AZ31 sheet during the deep drawing process; the influence is a comprehensive result of so-called ??volume effect?? and ??surface effect??, and relies on the vibrating amplitude. Total forming load decreased significantly as soon as the vibration superimposed. According to the tensile test results of AZ31 bars under ultrasonic vibration, the formability of AZ31 sheet increases firstly with the increase of stimulating energy, then decreases and finally becomes brittle. Under the combined influence of ??surface effect?? and the ??softening?? in the ??volume effect?? near the relative low amplitude of 25%A in the experiment (A is the maximum amplitude), the formability of AZ31 reaches the largest value, and the samples possess the same distribution trend of cracks as those added with lubricating oil. With the increase of excitation energy, the ??volume effect?? gradually becomes apparent, and finally the ??hardening?? of the ??volume effect?? occupies a dominant position.