Adsorption models and structural characterization for activated carbon fibers

The nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.69 K were measured for two samples of activated carbon fibers and their microstructures were investigated. Among established isotherm equations, the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation showed the best agreement with the experimental data, while the Langmuir equation showed a large deviation when employed at low relative pressures. The MP method, t-method and αs-method were used to analyze the pore size distribution. The calculated average pore widths and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface areas for the sample A-13 were 0.86 nm and 1 286.60 m2/g, while for the sample A-16, they were 0.82 nm and 1 490.64 m2/g. The sample with larger pore width was more suitable to be used as additive in chemical heat pumps, while the other one could be used as adsorbent in adsorption refrigeration systems.     

氨水改性活性炭的制备及其对苯酚吸附性能的研究

以活性炭为载体,10%的氨水溶液为改性剂,采用浸渍法对其进行改性.利用比表面积测定法、SEM及Boehm滴定法表征了氨水改性活性炭的表面理化性质.以苯酚废水为处理对象,分别考察了吸附时间、pH值、活性炭投加量及苯酚废水的初始浓度对改性活性炭去除苯酚效果的影响.结果表明:活性炭经氨水改性后,表面多处塌陷,比表面积是未改性活性炭的1.057倍,表面酸性官能团含量降低,是未改性活性炭的0.421倍.在吸附时间为6h时,活性炭对苯酚的吸附均已达到平衡,改性活性炭对苯酚的吸附量为152.763mg/g,比未改性活性炭的吸附量提高了66%;氨水改性活性炭对苯酚的去除率随着pH值升高而降低,在pH值为6～7时,去除率达到61%;随着活性炭投加量的增加,溶液中的苯酚含量越来越少;随着苯酚废水初始浓度的提高,氨水改性活性炭对苯酚的去除率逐渐降低;Freundlich和Langmuir二种等温线模型均能较好的反应活性炭对苯酚的吸附行为,其中Freundlich模型更为理想.     

微波改性活性炭及其脱硫性能研究

对微波改性后活性炭的表面物理结构、化学性质及其脱硫性能的变化进行了研究.SEM图谱表明微波改性后活性炭的表面更加粗糙和不平整,许多闭塞的孔隙打开并向内延伸;BET吸附实验表明微波处理后活性炭的比表面积和总孔容未发生明显的变化;元素分析结果显示改性后活性炭表面N元素含量和表面碱性基团数量增加而O元素含量减少.另外,脱硫实验结果显示改性后活性炭的脱硫性能明显增加,归因于表面化学性质的变化,与其物理结构关系不密切.     

标定体积对超临界温度气体吸附等温线的影响

根据容积法原理,利用赛特拉姆气体吸附仪测量超临界温度下氢气在活性炭上的吸附等温线,并通过Gibbs关于吸附的定义,讨论了死体积的标定精度方法对计算吸附量所产生的影响.结果表明,死体积标定的误差对低压下吸附量的计算影响不大,但对高压下吸附量的计算影响明显;活性炭比表面积越大,同一温度下出现最大过剩吸附量所需要的平衡压力越高.     

Performance research of a micro-CCHP system with adsorption chiller

This paper describes a new micro-combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP) system,which is especially suitable for domestic and light commercial applications. It mainly consists of a natural gas-fired internal combustion engine,a silica gel-water adsorption chiller and other heat recovery units. In order to study the energy effciency and economic feasibility,an experimental investigation has been carried out. The experimental system has a rated electricity power of 12 kW,a rated cooling capacity of 9 kW and a rated heating capacity of 28 kW. Evaluation and analysis of the system are discussed in detail. The testing results show that the energy effciency of the overall system depends on different modes. The overall thermal and electrical effciency is over 70%. Higher heat load supplied causes higher effciency of the system. Economic evaluation shows that the micro-CCHP system enjoys a small capital cost and short payback period,which is easily accepted by customers. At current natural gas price of 1.9 RMB/m3(nominal condition) and electric price of 0.754 RMB/(kW·h) ,the total capital cost is only 90 000 RMB with a payback period of 3.21 years.     

核-壳纳米复合材料制备及含铬重金属处理

采用一步固相法,制备出以富铁空心微珠为基、稀土掺杂纳米铁氧体为壳的核-壳型纳米复合材料.对所制备样品进行X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和磁性能的表征.结果表明成功制备了核-壳型纳米复合材料,样品的晶粒粒径为30 nm,复合材料两相的交换耦合作用增强,剩磁与矫顽力有所改善,提高了复合材料对重金属阳离子的吸附.采用原子吸收光谱法研究了该复合材料对Cr3＋离子的吸附性能,确定了最佳吸附条件.在最佳工艺条件下,该复合材料对含铬重金属的吸附率达到98％以上,有较好的吸附能力,适于推广使用.     

Design and Combustion Characteristic Analysis of Free Piston Stirling Engine External Combustion System

The free piston Stirling engine external combustion system was simulated to investigate the diesel-air combustion characteristics in order to demonstrate its feasibility by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The different effects on combustion were distinguished by analyzing the combustion burner, the injection position of diesel oil, the front tube arrangement of Stirling heater head and the back fin. The results show that the tilted front tube arrangement of the heater head with the back fin is the best practicable technology while the distance between the diesel nozzle position and the swirler top is 0. Its total heat flux is 15.6 kW, and the average heat transfer coefficients of the front and back tubes are 127W/(m² · K) and 192W/(m² · K), respectively. The heat transfer is mainly through convection, and the proportion of radiative heat transfer is only 16.9%. The best combustion efficiency of the free piston Stirling engine external combustion system is 86%.     

Degradation of selected indoor air pollutants: Comparison study of photocatalytic,ozone-assisted photocatalytic and amine adsorption processes

Indoor air pollutants impact human health, comfort and productivity. The method of photocatalysis has been applied mainly in flow reactors and little information is available on indoor air pollutant removal in airtight reactors. In the paper, experiments were carried out to remove formaldehyde (HCHO), ammonia (NH₃) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the airtight and ventilated chambers. Results demonstrated that 90.4% of HCHO, 92.3% of NH₃ and 57.9% of VOCs were removed in the amine adsorption process, while 67.5% (hereinbefore, these are the mass fraction) of HCHO, 60.0% of NH₃, and 61.2% of VOCs were removed in the photocatalytic process. However, ozone-assisted photocatalytic process showed great potential to degrade indoor air pollutants in the ventilated chamber. Factors and mechanisms of the photocatalytic degradation of HCHO, NH₃ and VOCs were also discussed.     

P123模板氧化铝介孔材料制备及性能

以PEO-PPO-PEO三嵌段共聚物P123为模板剂,异丙醇铝为铝源,以水为介质通过水热合成技术合成出了氧化铝介孔材料.通过调节P123的用量,得到了孔道结构呈蠕虫状、比表面积较大、平均孔径在15 nm左右、孔容在1.0 cm3/g以上的氧化铝介孔材料;但其孔径分布稍宽.实验结果证明,加入适当量的模板剂能够明显改善氧化铝介孔材料的孔结构特征.     

泡沫混凝土气孔结构数学表征及其分析

为分析泡沫混凝土孔结构表征参数之间的关系和气孔结构特点,建立了紧密堆积模型和非紧密堆积模型,基于不同的理论模型推导了孔结构主要参数包括孔隙率、气孔内表面积、气孔壁厚度的计算公式,分析各参数之间的关系;通过实测泡沫混凝土的孔结构参数,验证了计算公式的可行性,并将计算公式应用于泡沫混凝土孔结构特征分析. 研究结果表明:当容重等级小于1 000 kg/m3时,泡沫混凝土形成的气孔结构为紧密堆积型结构,气孔壁厚计算结果与统计结果偏差在12%以内,验证了紧密堆积型结构计算公式的可行性;当容重等级大于或等于1 000 kg/m3时,泡沫混凝土形成的气孔结构为非紧密堆积型结构,气孔壁厚计算结果与统计结果偏差在3%以内,验证了非紧密堆积型结构计算公式的可行性;在相同容重下,气孔壁厚度随气孔直径的增大而增大,随孔隙率的增大而减小;1 m3泡沫混凝土的气孔内表面积可达到3 000 m2以上,气孔壁厚可低至60 μm以下,泡沫混凝土具有多孔薄壁、小体积物料与大体积的气孔空气共存于一体、小体积物料以巨大的面积暴露在气孔的气体之中的结构特征.      

内燃机活塞组件-缸套系统表面技术研究进展

通过分析与总结国内外内燃机活塞组件-缸套系统表面技术研究现状和发展趋势,梳理了表面织构和表面涂层技术在内燃机关键运动副减摩抗磨与节能应用中的特点; 剖析了表面织构加工技术、表面织构形貌特征与分布、表面涂层制备工艺、表面耐磨涂层、表面热障涂层和表面技术与润滑的协同效应对运动副摩擦性能的影响。分析结果表明:激光表面织构(LST)能有效改善运动副表面的摩擦学性能,直接/间接激光冲击表面织构(LSSP)技术已成为高效、灵活的表面织构加工方法,但由于织构加工工艺、形貌和分布特征对摩擦学性能的影响较为复杂,仍需进一步结合内燃机活塞组件-缸套系统的工况特性研究并优化表面织构的形貌和分布特征; 大气等离子喷涂(APS)和超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂制备的耐磨涂层和热障涂层(TBC)具有良好的耐磨、隔热和抗氧化性,可使内燃机活塞组件-缸套系统表面金属基复合材料、类金刚石(DLC)材料、纳米复合材料和陶瓷材料涂层的减摩抗磨和节能成效明显,但涂层材料种类繁多,很难形成统一的行业标准、规范以及工业化应用; 内燃机活塞组件-缸套系统的动力学特性和表面织构、表面涂层与润滑的协同作用复杂,将来仍需综合考虑多场条件下各种表面技术耦合的减摩抗磨机理,进一步完善内燃机活塞组件-缸套系统表面复合理论和技术体系,为内燃机产业的绿色和高效发展提供技术指导。      

Fabrication and compressive properties of expanded polystyrene foamed concrete: Experimental research and modeling

As the construction of high-rise building becomes popular,improvement and innovation are required to expand the product line of lightweight concrete.In this paper,two ways of fabricating lightweight concrete were combined to make a new kind of super lightweight concrete.Normal aggregate is replaced with expanded polystyrene(EPS) granule,while foam is introduced to facilitate fabrication process.As a result,super lightweight concrete denoted as EPS foamed concrete is fabricated,whose bulk density is less than 500kg/m~3.Compressive properties of EPS foamed concrete with bulk density 300—500 kg/m~3 were investigated by stress-strain curve. It’s demonstrated that the compressive strength ranges from 0.7 to 2.5 MPa,which is higher than that of similar products.Furthermore,low elastic module and high residual to ultimate strength ratio ensure its excellent deformation and energy absorption capacity.At last,numerical analysis was performed to interpret the inherent variation of elastic modulus and failure mechanism of this material.The results show that EPS foamed concrete is a kind of super lightweight,easy to fabricate material with excellent compressive property and profound utilization potential.     

低温热水地板辐射采暖应用中若干问题思考

总结了当前低温热水地板辐射采暖应用中的几个共性问题,进行了简要分析。提出了按有效散热面积计算单位面积所需散热量的方法,建议在设计图纸中明示家具覆盖率和设计选定的地面材料层种类与热阻。提出了施工和调试的改进方案。     

Degradation behavior of epoxy resins in fibre metal laminates under thermal conditions

GLARE (glass fibre/epoxy reinforced aluminum laminate) is a member of the fiber metal laminate (FML) family, and is built up of alternating metal and fiber layers. About 500 m² GLARE is employed in each Airbus A380 because of the superior mechanical properties over the monolithic aluminum alloys, such as weight reduction, improved damage tolerance and higher ultimate tensile strength. Many tons of new GLARE scraps have been accumulated during the Airbus A380 manufacturing. Moreover, with the increasing plane orders of Airbus A380, more and more end-of-life (EOL) GLARE scrap will be generated after retire of planes within forty years. Thermal processing is a potential method for the material recycling and re-use from GLARE with the aim of environmental protection and economic benefits. The current study indicatdes that thermal delamination is a crucial pre-treatment step for the GLARE recycling. The decomposition behavior of the epoxy resins at elevated temperatures was investigated by using the simultaneous thermal analysis, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Based on the thermal analysis results, GLARE thermal delamination experiments at refined temperatures were carried out to optimize the treatment temperature and holding time.     

Study on the Formation of η Phase During TIG Welding

The paper studied the effect of Ni-Fe-C filler materials on the η phase formation during TIG welding of WC-30Co and 45 steel. ηphase's morphology and forming condition were discussed using BEI method. The properties of the weld joints were also measured using microhardness measurement and four-point bending measurement. The results show that the weld joints of WC-30Co/45 steel can be obtained by TIG welding using different Ni-Fe-C materials as filler materials, and ηphase formed in the joints is M6C, M12C type carbides. The poor carbon content of the W-Co-C system resulted from the C diffusion and the high ingredient Fe are the two vital factors inducing to ηphase formation. It can be restricted by the addition of C element into Ni-Fe material. When carbon content is 0.01 % in filler material, bend strength σbb of weld joint is 908 MPa. However, when carbon content increases to 0. 41% in filler material, bend strength σbb is 1 260 MPa.     

植物炭材料的柴油吸附性能

对炭化玉米秆、炭化油菜杆和炭化竹子杆对柴油的吸附性能进行了试验研究．试验发现，3种植物炭材料都具有一定的吸油能力，其中炭化玉米秆吸油性能最佳．用扫描电镜、压汞和N2吸附方法，检测了3种植物炭材料的孔径大小、分布和比表面积．中大孔径（500-7500nm）的植物炭材料改善了毛细作用，对柴油的吸附性能较好．吸油率与比表面积之间没有明显的相关性．对于液相吸附，比表面积的影响可以忽略．     

河北省高速公路桥梁建设减排效益分析

基于工程建设碳排放量评价的基本概念和理论框架,从原材料物化、运输和施工等阶段进行桥梁改扩建能耗一原材料碳排放效益研究,并对其节能减排进行量化分析计算,以此探究节能减排新材料的应用前景。最后,运用此方法对京石改扩建工程中的沙河特大桥工程的原材料物化、运输和施工阶段的碳排放量进行分析与评价,结果表明：主要的碳排放量来自原料物化阶段而非桥梁施工过程;高性能混凝土可以作为低碳原材料替代传统普通混凝土,既能满足工程质量需求,又能产生很好的经济效果。     

Cr7Mo3V2Si钢表面改性复合强韧化工艺研究

研究了预渗氮和预渗碳对 Cr7Mo3V2Si 钢经强韧化处理后所得渗层的扫描断口形态、冲击韧性和硬度分布的影响.结果表明,Cr7Mo3V2Si 钢的含氮马氏体具有高碳马氏体形态和孪晶亚结构.渗层出现硬度峰值,表面硬度略低,表面硬度受控于残余奥氏体量,可通过冷处理而得到提高.建议对 Cr7Mo3V2Si 钢制冷作模具采用表面改性复合强韧化工艺,以提高使用寿命和改善其破坏形式.     

车轮材料对轮轨滚动摩擦磨损行为的影响

为了使轮轨材料更好地匹配,降低轮轨磨损与损伤,利用MMS-2A滚动磨损试验机,研究了3种不同含碳量车轮材料与U71Mn热轧钢轨干态对磨时滚动摩擦磨损与损伤性能.结果表明:车轮材料变化基本不影响轮轨滚动摩擦因数,其摩擦因数保持在0.4左右;随车轮材料碳含量增加,车轮磨损量呈线性下降趋势,钢轨磨损量呈线性增加趋势,总轮轨磨损量呈降低趋势;不同车轮材料与U71Mn热轧钢轨对磨时的磨痕表面形貌具有较大差异,当碳含量为0.57时,车轮损伤以剥落损伤为主,试样塑性变形相对轻微,随车轮硬度降低(碳含量为0.51),表面剥落损伤轻微,但塑性变形严重;对磨钢轨试样以粘着和剥落磨损为主.      

纯六方相钛酸锌粉体制备和表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法,用Ti（OC4H9）4、Zn（NO3）2.6H2O、无水乙醇、冰醋酸等原料,利用直接升温和保温-升温两种方法合成超细的六方相ZnTiO3粉体.利用TG-DSC、XRD、SEM等测试分析手段对凝胶的热分解、相转变以及粉体结构形貌进行了表征.实验结果表明：ZnTiO3凝胶的热分析中,前躯体的热重变化主要分为三个阶段,其中DSC曲线在770820℃和850930℃间有多个小的吸热放热峰出现,对应于复杂的相变.在粉体制备过程中,先于700℃保温3 h再850℃加热5 h的处理,可以获得单一的六方相Zn-TiO3粉体.