桥梁结构钢裂纹塑性区的研究及应用

为了研究裂纹塑性对裂纹扩展的影响,利用工程简化算法、应力函数法、扩展有限元法对桥梁钢裂尖塑性区的尺寸和形状分别进行了计算;由于平面应力和平面应变情况下尾迹场循环塑性的特性不同,利用不连续扩展有限元对两种情况下尾迹场的循环塑性和塑性累积进行了模拟分析,探讨了裂尖塑性区、循环塑性区的形成和尾迹场产生压应力的机理.研究结果表明:裂尖塑性区尺寸与应力水平（名义应力与屈服极限的比值）的平方成正比,当应力水平大于0.4时,裂尖塑性区尺寸需要考虑应力水平的影响;裂尖塑性区的形状以蝶形向前伸展,使裂纹尾迹场免受裂尖高应力场的拉伸作用,有利于裂纹闭合;裂尖塑性区存在材料的逆向流动,在循环塑性区裂纹表面的塑性累积产生压应力效应有利于裂纹提前闭合,这种塑性诱发的裂纹提前闭合对研究变幅加载、过载引起的裂纹扩展滞后有重要意义.      

基于应变梯度的微切削第一变形区几何分析模型的研究

应用应变梯度塑性理论构建了微切削第一变形区的力学模型,在此力学模型的基础上提出了第一变形区几何尺寸的分析预测方法和影响因素,得出当材料的内禀长度l越小,即材料相对均匀时,第一变形区厚度赿小.当切削厚度增大时,第一变形区的长度增大.设计了正交切削实验来验证模型的有效性,实验结果表明随着进给量的增大,第一变形区厚度减小而第一变形区的长度反而增大.     

Computer simulation of microscopic stress distribution in complex microstructure using a phase field model

Microscopic stress distribution in a metallic material which has complex microstructure is simulated using a phase field model. The fundamental equations which take into account the coupling effects among phase transformation, temperature and stress/strain are used, while thermal effects are neglected to focus on the volumetric change due to phase transformation in this paper. A two-dimensional square region is considered, and the evolution of microscopic stress and the resultant residual stress distribution are calculated using the finite element method. As the phase transformation progresses and grains grow larger, stress is generated around the growing interface. When a grain collides with another one, specifically large stress is observed. Residual stress is finally distributed in the microstructure formed, and apparently large stresses are retained along the grain boundaries. Subsequently, dependency of the stress distribution on microstructure pattern is investigated. First, variously sized square grains are tested, and it reveals that the maximum stress tends to decrease as the grain size becomes smaller. Next, the shapes of the grains are varied. As a result, the stress distribution is remarkably affected, while the maximum stress value does not change so much. More complicated grain arrangement is finally tested with eight or nine grain models. Then, it is revealed as a common feature that large stress is generated along the grain boundaries and that the stress distribution is dependent on the grain arrangement.     

表面微喷丸对CuNi2Si合金疲劳短裂纹行为影响

在拉压载荷作用下，分别开展了CuNi₂Si合金微喷丸前后漏斗型圆棒试样的疲劳短裂纹复型试验；试验在预先确定的一系列载荷循环周次中断，以使用醋酸纤维膜对试样表面进行复型，进而采用逆序观察法获取了短裂纹萌生与扩展相关数据。分析结果表明:2种试样疲劳裂纹均萌生于试样表面，裂纹扩展受微观组织影响呈现曲折性增长, 整体表现出初期增长缓慢，后期裂纹长度迅速增长至试样断裂的趋势, 失稳扩展临界尺度约为750.0 μm; 微喷丸处理可以使裂纹增长模式由以晶间为主转为以穿晶为主，微喷丸前后断口形貌表现出巨大差异，相对未喷丸试样，微喷丸试样裂纹萌生位置呈现较大的晶体平面，无明显晶粒特征，裂纹源区面积较小，在疲劳过程中产生的纤维条纹数量较多，瞬断区韧窝形貌更为明显; 经微喷丸处理后，试样平均疲劳寿命提高约31.5倍，裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展阶段占比从整体疲劳寿命的60%增加至80%，可知微喷丸处理对于疲劳寿命的大幅提高主要体现在短裂纹的萌生和稳定扩展阶段，而这种强化效果主要受表面有效应力、硬度、晶界数目的共同影响，但该强化效果对疲劳裂纹扩展后期影响不大。      

基于微尺度的燃烧特性研究进展

微尺度燃烧系统的特征长度很小,其流动、传热和燃烧特性明显不同于常规尺度燃烧系统,为了研制高效、安全的微燃烧器,微尺度燃烧特性研究也已成为当前的热点.本文分析了微尺度燃烧面临的挑战和实现微尺度燃烧的方法,归纳了微尺度燃烧的实验和数值模拟研究现状,同时提出了未来微尺度燃烧的研究方向.     

考虑表面微观粗糙度的轮轨接触弹塑性分析

采用接触单元方法,结合初应力法,采用测量获得的表面微观粗糙度,对轮轨弹塑性接触问题进行了研究,获得了轮轨的表面接触压力分布等结果。结果表明,轮轨表面微观粗糙度度使得接触区的峰值接触压力大大高于平整接触表面的接触压力,会造成轮轨表面出现塑性变形。对含表面粗糙度的轮轨接触问题,进行弹塑性分析是必要的。     

Investigation on Zener-Hollomon Parameter in the Warm-Hot Deformation Behavior of CF53

The warm-hot deformation behavior of CF53 steel was studied with hot compression tests at temperature of 1 123 ~1 273 K and strain rate of 0.1~20 s -1 . The activation energy for warm-hot deformation is 274.816 kJ/mol. The influences of Zener-Hollomon parameter, strain and grain size imposing on the flow stress were analyzed in the temperature range of warm-hot forging. Based on the creep theory and mathematic theory of statistics, mathematical models of flow stress were obtained. The results provide a scientific basis for controlling microstructure of forging process through Zener-Hollomon parameter.     

机车轮对过盈配合温差法装配的有限元模拟

与经典的力学方法相比，用有限元方法可以有效地分析复杂形状轴毂过盈配合的各种问题，从而提高轴毂过盈配合设计的可靠性．对机车轮对过盈配合温差法装配过程的有限元模拟说明，虽然在过盈量较小时，弹性和弹塑性有限元模拟都能够比较真实的模拟车轮与车轴中的应力分布，确切地反映轮毂配合间的接触边缘应力集中等，但是，当过盈量较大而发生塑性变形时，弹塑性模拟分析，能够比较准确地计算出轮对的塑性变形，因而，比弹性有限元模拟更加真实，因此，弹塑性有限元分析对安全性要求很高的机车轮对过盈配合的设计就更有指导意义．     

Transformation Plasticity─The Effect on Metallo-Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Carburized Quenching Process

IntroductionInelashcorhaersiblestrainaccompaniedbyslidingofcrystalsduetothermalandphasetransformationdilatationiswellknowntointensivelythethedistonionofworkpieceunderqUopching,andsomanynumericalsimulatonsll-7]havebeencAnedoutintheframeworkofmotallochermo-mechwhcsl1].Transformationplasticity(TP),anothekindofbeversiblestrain,isalsorecognizedasoneofdominantparwtersthechngthestr6ssanddistorton,andsomenumcricalcalculationaremadebytakingtheeffectintoconsideration.Figurelschematicallyillustraresthe…     

土体抗剪强度的尺寸效应

从材料的微观力学性质入手，用纤维束强度理论，得到了材料的宏观统计力学效应．以土力学强度实验中广泛采用的小尺寸、中尺寸和大尺寸实验为基础，对某土体强度进行了统计分析和蒙特卡洛模拟，统计结果揭示了土体强度的统计尺寸效应．研究表明，不同尺寸岩土体试样强度的实验结果不同，按纤维束强度理论解释较为吻合；当土体试样尺寸大于中尺寸后，强度参数趋于稳定，试样强度的代表性好．     

Determining Loading Field based on Required Deformation for Isotropic Hardening Material

Eringen's and Trusedell's polar decomposition are formulated by explicit formulation of displacement field, based on Chen's additive decomposition of deformation gradient. Then the strain introduced by the multiplicative decomposition and the strain introduced by the additive decomposition are formulated explicitly with displacement gradient. This formulation clears the intrinsic contents of strains defined by taking the Eringen's and Trusedell's polar decomposition. After that, Chen's strain definition was introduced to show that the plastic deformation can be understood as the irreversible local average rotation. For initial isotropic simple elastic material, the research shows that path-dependent feature of classical plasticity theory is naturally expressed in Chen's strain definition. For rate-independent plasticity, the related deformation stress was discussed. The research shows that for isotropic hardening material the relation equation between the required geometric configuration and the corresponding loading field is explicitly formulated. Hence, for metal forming, this paper explicitly formulates the related fields by displacement field and invariant elastic constants.     

一种难加工材料的斜角切削过程的数值模拟

参数化建模在仿真切削过程中是行之有效的方法。通过接口设计,系统实现了在Marc中对斜角切削方式的参数化建模。基于金属切削理论和有限元分析原理。借助于有限元方法及材料弹塑性变形理论。针对斜角切削方式,通过建立几何模型、材料模型、刀屑摩擦模型、热控模型和切屑分离准则,采用有限元分析软件Marc,对一种难加工材料的切削过程进行数值模拟,得到在不同切削条件下的切削区应力场、温度场。通过对数值模拟后切削力的结果与实验得到的数据进行比较,验证了所建模型的合理性。     

机场陆侧出发层车道边通行能力分析

通过研究机场陆侧交通系统,提出机场陆侧车道边的概念.分别以虹桥机场、浦东机场为例,对出发层车道边客流特征及其规模影响因素进行了分析,并结合其交通流特性,提出了采用容量限制的多服务台的排队（M/M/n/C/∞）理论,构建了出发层车道边需求规模控制模型,以计算实例了论证该模型的有效性,为机场陆侧客运交通规划与设计提供了依据.     

旧路加宽路面结构适用性分析

应用弹性层状体系理论对路面结构在不均匀沉降条件下的附加应力状况进行了计算。计算结果表明,在不均匀沉降位移作用下,降低基层材料模量,有利于路面各层合理受力;半刚性基层容易引起附加应力过大而产生结构性破坏;柔性基层更适合在旧路加宽路面结构中使用。     

信号交叉口集聚车辆的跟驰行为分析与建模

为了更好地模拟城市信号交叉口集聚车辆的跟驰行为,进而应用于城市信号交叉口信号配时和交通流理论研究,采用一种基于视频的交通流数据采集方法来采集信号交叉口的微观交通行为数据.运用灰色关联分析方法对采集到的微观交通数据进行分析,挖掘出其中的有用信息,从而寻求能够最大程度反映信号交叉口集聚车辆跟驰行为的影响变量.构建城市信号交叉口车辆集聚过程中的跟驰模型并进行参数标定、效果验证和比较分析.研究表明,新提出的跟驰模型能够很好地拟合信号交叉口集聚车辆的跟驰行为实测数据,其拟合性和稳定性优于重新标定后的扩展GM模型.     

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科学准确地预测轨道交通客流量,超前掌握轨道交通客流量发展的趋势、特点、规律和数量,是制定轨道交通客运发展和站场配置规划的基础.现有轨道交通客流预测方法对于城际轨道交通客流预测的适应性各不相同,本文采用三次吸引法和客流转移理论相结合,并借鉴统计学中距离分析思想,确定客流转移率,从而获得转移客流量.具体做法是：在分析客流量转移的影响因素基础上,建立广义不相似距离矩阵,以此在轨道交通三次吸引范围内分别确定各种交通方式客流量转移率,从而获得规划年轨道交通客流量.通过某一城市的实际数据进行了算例分析,该方法简单、可操作性强、具有工程应用价值.     

The Size Effects on Process Design of Micro Deep Drawing

This paper suggested to reformulate cylindrical deep drawing parameters with dimensionless form. A diagram, in which a feasible zone is drawn to bound both the maximal allowable tension and compression stress during the deep drawing process, was established. Since it is presented in a dimensionless form, it may be applied for both conventional and micro deep drawing. Cylindrical cup deep drawing was taken as an example to show the dimensionless process design method. In addition, the size effects should be taken into account. Two kinds of size effects on micro deep drawing were investigated, which can be explained by surface layer model and strain gradient model. Numerical simulations were carried out to compare the strain distribution with or without consideration of size effect.     

基于颗粒流离散元方法的行人动力学 模型及仿真研究

离散元方法是分析和求解复杂离散颗粒系统问题的一种高效力学数值模拟方 法,对于提高目前行人动力学模型中的求解效率,细致刻画行人运动中的力学关系具有 优势.本文利用颗粒接触理论中的软球模型描述行人的接触及挤压行为,以现有社会力模 型中的主观运动力作为外部输入,构建了基于颗粒流理论的行人运动模型,并在离散元 EDEM仿真平台上实现.通过对不同密度条件下行人运动行为及平均速度的仿真及统计, 对比实测数据,验证了模型的有效性;通过对比不同仿真平台的计算速度,验证了算法的 高效性.研究结果表明：模拟得到的行人流在不同密度下的行为符合现场观测,模拟所得 行人平均速度数据与实测数据基本吻合,所建模型具有较高计算效率.因此,基于颗粒流 理论的离散元方法能够实现对行人运动的模拟,且具有进一步的研究价值.     

Elasto-plastic modeling of soft soil considering degradation of stiffness

The stiffness has a large influence on the behavior of soils. Its value is affected by some of the soils properties, such as the over consolidated ratio(OCR), the effective normal stress, and the plasticity index etc. In this paper, the numerical modeling of soft soils was carried out using an improved elasto-plastic S-clay1 model accounting for degradation of stiffness. The relation between the stiffness and the shear strain was established based on a large number of experimental data. The effects of strain-dependent stiffness of normally consolidated soils and over consolidated soils on the stress-strain behavior were studied through a comparison of the simulations with the experimental results of undrained triaxial compression tests. The results show that the behaviors of soils can be well predicted with the improved constitutive model, particularly before the peak stress.     

粗颗粒含量对川西混合土抗剪强度的影响

混合土在川西地区广泛分布,由其构成的山区公路路基的稳定性是实际工程中亟需关注与研究的问题. 针对混合土抗剪强度受粗颗粒含量变化影响较大的特征,选取川西山区路基填筑用的天然混合土,分别进行小型与大型直剪试验,系统研究了粗颗粒含量对混合土剪应力-位移曲线和内摩擦角的影响规律. 试验结果表明:粗颗粒含量差异导致混合土抗剪强度发生明显变化,且在不同的粗颗粒含量区间,抗剪强度会呈现不同的变化趋势;当粗颗粒含量从0增至30%时,内摩擦角增长速率较慢;在30%～60%之间递增时,内摩擦角增长速率变快;超过60%时,增长速率回缓,即有两个界限值;通过颗粒骨架理论解释了界限值产生原因,并从宏微观角度分析了抗剪强度在不同区间内的主要影响因素差异,可为混合土结构物稳定性评估提供取值与理论分析依据.