An analysis of the pricing system in the Greek–Italian coastal routes

Price discrimination is practiced by oligopolistic coastal shipping companies in the ‘unregulated’ Greece–Italy routes in the year 2002. Investigation has been carried out ‘per route’—in a doctoral thesis—instead of ‘per market’ which was the so-far erroneous approach of shipping economists. This is so for a host of differentiating factors play a considerable and non-negligible role (like geography, distance, demand, seasonality and others). Service—and price-discrimination—in coastal shipping is affected also by the predetermined ship design which thus is a special feature—but not exclusively—in coastal shipping. Companies in the Adriatic Sea try to extract the greater possible value of the user's willingness to pay, peak and off-peak, group and ungrouped, for social groups (clubs, families and students). Marketing and economics interfere in a complicated—far from the nice world of theory—situation, where maximization of revenue and profit, capacity utilization, intense seasonality and high fixed cost (common and joint costs as well) are a few of the factors that interplay. This paper can be considered as a case study for applied pricing. Excess capacity is also a strategic factor affecting pricing. It is our opinion that the analysis here gives for the first time a complete theoretical and practical account—based on the price lists of the companies—of the pricing policy of the ferry boats running in the Adriatic Sea belonging to coastal shipping companies connecting Italy with Greece and Greece with the European Union (EU). We believe this work to be useful for maritime Europe.     

老龄船在中国沿海航行要点简析

中国沿海水域复杂，气象恶劣，对老龄船的危害很大。通过对中国沿海主要海区的航行分析，并结合实践经验，对老龄船在中国沿海航行时总结了航行要点，愿对同行有益。     

An analysis of the Brazilian ship financing system

The Brazilian ship financing system has some unique features. The funds made available to finance the construction and acquisition of ships are sourced from a tax on import and cabotage freight, payable by the shippers. For Brazilian flagged ships, a portion of the tax generated can be used for the payment of loan instalments. This paper analyses the impact of the tax on the economy as a whole, and discusses the distribution of the tax burden between the shipowner and the shipper, taking into account the maritime transport demand elasticities in Brazil. The paper also analyses the effectiveness of the financing system in reducing the capital cost to shipowner, and the distortion effects produced by the utilization of the tax in loan repayments. The conclusion is that there are important distortions that may threaten the recovery of the maritime industry in Brazil.     

海港进港航道设计辅助分析系统设计与实现*

为合理确定海港进港航道设计的基本尺度,建立海港进港航道设计辅助分析系统,为设计人员提供港口服务水平、船舶等待时间等信息。充分利用网络、计算机仿真等技术,实现船舶航行作业系统仿真、影响因素分析等功能,并给出系统总体结构及类结构。应用实例表明该系统能模拟船舶航行作业过程,可有效协助设计人员优化航道设计方案。     

土地储备制度的价值分析

土地储备制度是我国土地使用制度的创新制度.这一制度的创新之处就在于制度属性体现了市场经济的核心价值范畴效率与公平.作为目的,效率与公平是该制度所应追求的目标;作为手段,又是深化完善的手段,因此,以效率与公平为核心的价值分析就显得特别重要,同时这也是本文思路之所在.     

The Japan coastal ferry system

This paper provides analysis of the medium- and long-distance ferry sectors in Japan. Data has been obtained from semi-structured interviews with ferry operators, port authorities, government officials and from secondary sources. The Japanese ferry industry is assessed on the basis of a range of criteria, including routes and operators, traffic flows, vessels, ports and modal competition. Today, approximately one in every four trucks travelling over distances in excess of 100km in Japan are carried by ferry, and this notwithstanding the alternative of an expanding expressway system. There are clearly lessons here for other countries with long coastlines and congested highways. Many ferry operators in Japan are nevertheless unable to make a profit and clearly there will have to be action taken to secure the future of the industry in the face of high crew costs and competition from low-cost trucking. A potential future opportunity may exist for Japanese ferry lines to extend services to other parts of Asia. Given the success of the European ferry sector as a result of the Single European Market, and pending continued economic cooperation in Asia, potential for any expansion of ferry links between Japan and its near neighbours needs to be evaluated.     

测量系统的不确定度浅析

测量不确定度是说明测量水平的主要指标，是表示测量质量的重要依据。测量不确定度和测量误差两者之间既有区别又有联系。本文在三大汽车公司推出的测量系统评定的六个指标的理论基础上，将不确定度原理引入测量系统的分析，为科学地评价测量系统提供重要依据。     

The external cost of speed at sea: An analysis based on selected short sea shipping routes

According to the mid-term review of the EU White Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping (SSS) is expected to grow at a rate of 59% (metric tonnes) between 2000 and 2020. If we consider that the overall expected increase in both freight exchanges and volume is 50%, sea transport is one of the most feasible alternatives to reduce traffic congestion on European roads. Maritime transportation may compete with road transport as far as certain traffics are concerned, but only when assuming external costs. This paper analyzes several intermodal transport chains involving a sea leg by comparing the effect of pollutant emissions from different ship types and road transport in terms of potential external cost savings. The translation of these emissions into environmental costs shows, for certain conditions, savings in the case of sea transport that would justify the use of an environmental bonus to promote the sea option.     

沿海港口煤炭专业化运输系统适应性探讨

结合全国煤炭生产消费及调运情况,分析北方煤炭下水港布局、后方铁路通道规划建设及煤炭下水趋势对专业化煤炭下水港未来发展的影响,研究南方煤炭接卸港码头布局、外贸进口煤炭和煤炭中转基地建设及接卸港发展趋势对接卸港布局及建设的影响,对全国沿海港口煤炭专业化运输系统分区域、分结构的适应性进行探讨,并提出问题及建议。     

利用雷达建立近岸海域溢油污染监测体系的探索

文章首先介绍了目前发达国家所采取的沿海溢油监测监视防范体系,分析了雷达数据在其监测监视体系中的地位和作用,然后介绍了我国在沿海溢油监测监视防范体系建设方面的现状,并分析了制约雷达数据在我国实际应用中存在的问题。利用Envisat的ASAR数据对发生在西班牙海域的溢油事件进行了半自动化的溢油油膜范围的提取,给出了处理结果,并对目前国外就雷达数据在其监视监测体系中的应用方法进行了介绍。根据国内外沿海溢油监测监视体系的现状对比和国内制约因素的分析,结合实例数据的分析处理结果,表明雷达数据在沿海溢油监测中具有突出优点,未来在我国近岸海域溢油监测体系中将得到较为广泛的应用。     

浅析智能避碰仿真系统中本船运动模型

在智能避碰仿真系统中,本船与目标船仿真系统是不可缺少的一部分。文章在一阶运动方程基础上建立了本船的仿真模型,并将船速的变化近似的表现为线性的,模型简单、实用。仿真结果表明,计算方法有效,具有通用性,特别适用于电算化,对船位推算和航迹计算具有一定的实用价值。     

浅析渤海水域实行船舶定线制的必要性

随着航运事业的进一步发展,大型高速船舶的通航密度越来越大,提高航行安全及保护海洋和生态环境的问题越来越受到世界各国的普遍关注。对于加强交通管理,规范船舶行为,避免交通事故,保护海洋生态环境的有效措施之一,就是实行船舶定线制。文章论证了渤海定线制的必要性。     

基于状态转移法的冷却水系统动态可靠性分析

  目的  对于共因失效（CCF）的可靠性分析,现有研究基本上都假设发生共因失效事件必将导致相关单元失效。该假设对于电子元器件是准确的,但是对于可靠度高、结构复杂的机械设备会出现状态缺失的问题。为此,通过理论推导,提出一种考虑概率共因失效（PCCF）的多状态可靠度计算方法。  方法  该方法将共因分为致命型和非致命型,且将每种共因的作用分解在各单元上,采用显式法建立各单元的通用生成函数（UGF）模型,分别采用现有方法和所提方法对单元独立失效与致命型概率及非致命型概率共因失效的计算结果进行对比。  结果  结果表明对概率共因失效假设具有正确性,提出的可靠度计算方法有效。  结论  相比传统的CCF分析法,采用PCCF分析法的可靠度计算结果准确度更高,能较好地解决单元和系统状态丢失的问题。     

物联网在海岸信息系统方案中的应用

随着海洋开发及运输业的发展,通信技术及电子信息技术的海上船舶应用系统越来越多,如海上气象检测系统﹑船舶导航系统﹑船舶交通通信系统及目标跟踪系统等,如何对这些功能系统进行有效管理是海岸信息系统需要解决的难题。物联网通过各种类型的传感器将分布的实体连成一个整体的网络。本文研究基于无线物联网的海岸信息管理平台,给出系统的总体架构,并在此基础上对其中的关键技术进行重点分析,最后给出实现方案。     

考虑响应时间的信息系统运维服务的动态定价研究

为了研究响应时间对信息系统运维服务定价的影响及不同响应时间下的最优定价,构建了纳什均衡理论模型,利用博弈论的方法,研究了在信息系统运维服务双寡头垄断市场中,且处于不完全信息下,两家信息系统运维服务提供商如何在不同的响应时间下进行其最佳定价行为选择,发现响应时间对信息系统运维服务提供商的影响明显,得出了最优价格和利润的计算模型,为信息系统运维服务提供商的定价提供了一定的参考依据。     

An analysis of the overcapacity problem under the decentralized management system of container ports in Japan

This article is concerned with an analytical summary of how the Japanese container ports have been taking place overcapacity problem in a systematic way. It focuses on institutional aspects of the overcapacity problem from the viewpoint of accounting cost and opportunity cost. The first issue arises due to the port authority's accounting system and insufficient disclosures of financial statements of port business to the port users and taxpayers. The second issue is inherently related to resource allocation between the state government and local governments through the budget system and income distribution programmes. Since a proper allocation of economic resources in the port sector as a whole will depend on investment decisions being taken within a coherent framework for ensuring that costs are passed on to port users, these issues are closely related to each other in reality. Although the budget system is completely controlled by the state government, the local governments have authoritative power over port planning, financing, and management, which is assured by the Ports and Harbours Law. The overcapacity problem appears to be an inevitable result.     

An analysis of the overcapacity problem under the decentralized management system of container ports in Japan

This article is concerned with an analytical summary of how the Japanese container ports have been taking place overcapacity problem in a systematic way. It focuses on institutional aspects of the overcapacity problem from the viewpoint of accounting cost and opportunity cost. The first issue arises due to the port authority's accounting system and insufficient disclosures of financial statements of port business to the port users and taxpayers. The second issue is inherently related to resource allocation between the state government and local governments through the budget system and income distribution programmes. Since a proper allocation of economic resources in the port sector as a whole will depend on investment decisions being taken within a coherent framework for ensuring that costs are passed on to port users, these issues are closely related to each other in reality. Although the budget system is completely controlled by the state government, the local governments have authoritative power over port planning, financing, and management, which is assured by the Ports and Harbours Law. The overcapacity problem appears to be an inevitable result.     

滨海地区粉质黏土渗透特性试验

以上海第(6)层粉质黏土为例,研究了固结压力、各向异性及结构性对滨海地区粉质黏土渗透特性的影响,并通过电镜扫描(SEM)进行粉质黏土微观渗透机理的分析。研究表明,粉质黏土渗透系数随着固结压力增大而减小,粉质黏土水平方向的渗透性大于垂直方向;重塑土因受扰动渗透性反而变小。微观分析显示,固结压力增大使得土颗粒间的孔隙变小;垂直方向存在较多粒状聚体,而水平方向则以片状或板状聚体为主;重塑土受扰动后小颗粒填充了大孔隙。粉质黏土颗粒间的孔隙类型、接触方式等微观结构变化,是其宏观渗透性差异的根本原因。     

一种航母指控系统研发的工程模型浅析

本文介绍一种可用于航母指控系统开发的工程模型,该模型将原有的2种方法进行结合,形成了一种环形的新模型,并研究了该模型的基础和开发难点。该模型克服了两种方法的缺点。     

An alternative perspective on common property resource allocation decisions in the coastal zone

Abstract

This article argues that using the public sector and the private market in the historically delineated and traditional ways offers only the bluntest of tools with which to approach the complex problem of coastal zone management. It therefore seeks to provide a basis for reformulating our understanding of sectoral responsibility with regard to resources management. First, it conceptually analyzes the relative strengths and weaknesses of the two sectors. Second, it examines three examples of coastal resources management—beaches and shorelands, artificial reefs, and coastal wetlands—in analyzing the complexities of the coastal management challenge and the limitations of our current approaches. Finally, we provide an alternative perspective on how these common property resource allocation decisions can be made.