A time-domain higher-order boundary element method for 3D forward-speed radiation and diffraction problems

A time-domain higher-order boundary element method for seakeeping analyses in the framework of linear potential theory is newly developed. Ship waves generated by two modified Wigley models advancing at a constant forward speed in calm water or incident waves and the resultant radiation and diffraction forces are computed to validate this code. A rectangular computational domain moving with the same forward speed as the ship is introduced, in which an artificial damping beach is installed at an outer portion of the free surface except the downstream side for satisfying the radiation condition. The velocity potential on the ship hull and the normal velocity on the free surface are calculated directly by solving the boundary integral equation. An explicit time-marching scheme is employed for updating both kinematic and dynamic free-surface boundary conditions, with an embedding of a second-order upwind difference scheme for the derivative in the x-direction to stabilize the calculation. Extensive results including the exciting forces, added mass and damping coefficients, wave profiles, and wave patterns for blunt Wigley and slender Wigley hulls with forward speed are presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed 3D time-domain approach. The corresponding physical tests of the radiation and diffraction problems in a towing tank are also carried out. Computed numerical results show good agreement with the corresponding experimental data and other numerical solutions.     

有限元法在非线性波浪与结构物相互作用中的应用(英文)

We review recent advances in the finite element method (FEM) simulations of interactions between waves and structures. Our focus is on the potential theory with the fully nonlinear or second-order boundary condition. The present paper has six sections. A review of previous work on interactions between waves and ocean structures is presented in Section one. Section two gives the mathematical formulation. In Section three, the finite element discretization, mesh generation and the finite element linear system solution methods are described. Section four presents numerical methods including time marching schemes, computation of velocity, remeshing and smoothing techniques and numerical radiation conditions. The application of the FEM to the wave-structure interactions are presented in Section five followed by the concluding remarks in Section six.     

基于多次透射公式和无奇异边界元法模拟全非线性数值波浪水池

文章基于势流理论对全非线性的三维数值水池进行了模拟,其控制方程由无奇异边界积分方程法(Desingularized Boundary Integral Equation Method,DBIEM)进行离散求解,在求解全非线性的自由面微分方程时,文中采用混合欧拉—拉格朗日法(Mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian,MEL)和四阶Adams-Bashforth-Moulton(ABM4)预报—修正方法,为了避免结果发散即增强数值稳定性,文中采用B样条法来光顺波面.同时,在远方辐射控制面上采用多次透射公式方法(Multi-transmitting Formula,MTF)来进行消波,文中得到的结果与理论解进行了比较,结果表明该方法可用来有效模拟全非线性的数值波浪水池.     

Time-domain TEBEM method for mean drift force and moment of ships with forward speed under the oblique seas

A numerical method for solving 3D unsteady potential flow problem of ship advancing in waves is put forward. The flow field is divided into an inner and an outer domain by introducing an artificial matching surface. The inner domain is surrounded by ship wetted surface and matching surface as well as part of the free surface. The free surface condition for the inner domain is formulated by perturbation about the double-body flow or uniform incoming flow assumption. The outer domain is surrounded by matching surface and the rest free surface as well as infinite far-field radiation boundary. The free surface condition for the outer domain is formulated by perturbation about uniform incoming flow. The simple Green function and transient free surface Green function are used to form the boundary integral equation (BIE) for the inner and outer domains, respectively. Taylor Expansion Boundary Element Method (TEBEM) is utilized to solve the double-body flow and inner domain and outer domain unsteady flow BIE. Matching conditions for the inner domain flow and outer domain flow are enforced by the continuity of velocity potential and normal velocity on the matching surface. Direct pressure integration on ship wetted surface is used to obtain the first-order and second-order wave forces (moments). The numerical predictions on the displacement, added resistance, sway mean drift force and yaw mean drift moment of the modified KVLCC2 ship at different forward speeds are investigated by the proposed TEBEM method. It is also compared with the other numerical results. The physical tank experiment results are also developed to validate the accuracy of numerical tank results. Compared with the experiment solutions, a good agreement can be obtained by TEBEM method.

     

Prediction of tip vortex cavitation inception using coupled spherical and nonspherical bubble models and Navier–Stokes computations

A spherical and a nonspherical bubble dynamics models were developed to study cavitation inception, scaling, and dynamics in a vortex flow. The spherical model is a modified Rayleigh–Plesset model to account for bubble slip velocity and for nonuniform pressures around the bubble. The nonspherical model is embedded in an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes code with appropriate free-surface boundary conditions and a moving chimera grid scheme around the bubble. The effect of nonspherical deformation and bubble/flow interaction on bubble dynamics is illustrated by comparing spherical and nonspherical models. It is shown that nonspherical deformations and bubble/flow interactions are important for an accurate prediction of cavitation inception. The surface-averaged pressure-modified Rayleigh–Plesset scheme is a significant improvement over the conventional spherical model, and is able to capture the volume changes of a bubble during its capture. It is also a fast scheme for studying scaling. In a preliminary study, the scaling effects on cavitation inception were examined using two different Reynolds numbers owing to two different chord lengths. The nuclei-size effect on the prediction of cavitation inception was also studied, and its important effects are highlighted.     

功率流有限元法结果分析辐射噪声

使用"功率流有限元法"(PFFEM)分析结果发展声辐射预测程序."功率流有限元法"是一种预测任意形状结构中高频振动能量密度和强度的新方法,而边界元法可用于声辐射预测.两者结合可以进一步计算远场辐射声压.用此程序,对水下复杂结构-点力激励下潜艇的振动和声辐射特性进行了预测,获得了良好效果.     

Wave data assimilation with the Kalman filter

A new data assimilation method for ocean waves is presented, based on an efficient low-rank approximation to the Kalman filter. Both the extended Kalman filter and a truncated second-order filter are implemented. In order to explicitly estimate past wind corrections based on current wave measurements, the filter is extended to a fixed-lag Kalman smoother for the wind fields. The filter is tested in a number of synthetic experiments with simple geometries. Propagation experiments with errors in the boundary condition showed that the KF was able to accurately propagate forecast errors, resulting in spatially varying error correlations, which would be impossible to model with time-independent assimilation methods like OI. An explicit comparison with an OI assimilation scheme showed that the KF also is superior in estimating the sea state at some distance from the observations. In experiments with errors in the driving wind, the modeled error estimates were also in agreement with the actual forecast errors. The bias in the state estimate, which is introduced through the nonlinear dependence of the waves on the driving wind field, was largely removed by the second-order filter, even without actually assimilating data. Assimilation of wave observations resulted in an improved wave analysis and in correction of past wind fields. The accuracy of this wind correction depends strongly on the actual place and time of wave generation, which is correctly modeled by the error estimate supplied by the Kalman filter. In summary, the KF approach is shown to be a reliable assimilation scheme in these simple experiments, and has the advantage over other assimilation methods that it supplies explicit dynamical error estimates.     

弯曲河道水流的研究现状

水在流动的时候受边界条件影响很大。弯道水流是工程实际中经常碰到的一种水流形式。由于弯道特有的几何特征和几何条件,其水流特性与顺直河道有显著的不同。弯曲型河流的水流运动研究包括流速及流速分布、比降、流场分布、环流运动、紊动特性等。单个的独立弯道中水流结构方面的研究已经比较成熟,文章对此进行了系统归纳。而连续弯道水流结构研究的成果还不多见,针对目前该领域研究中存在的问题提出了一些看法与建议。     

厚翼剖面的空泡特性研究

本文用奇点法解厚翼剖面局部空泡绕流问题。求解时精确考虑了空泡表面是一条流线的运动学边界条件,空泡表面压力为常数的动力学边界条件,以及水翼湿表面是一条流线的运动学边界条件,用迭代法求出了空泡表面的形状、压力分布等水动力特性,并与实验结果作了比较,得较好结果。     

开口与空腔流激声共振及声辐射研究综述

水下航行体表面边界层流经腔口时,剪切振荡与空腔声模态耦合共振产生的线谱噪声是流激噪声的一种主要机理。文章针对腔口剪切振荡及其与空腔声场耦合共振和声辐射的机理及基本特征,归纳梳理了国内外的研究现状,概述了空腔及腔口流动和声辐射控制的主要途径和方法,并提出了流激空腔噪声研究的主要问题。     

Numerical investigation of turbulence near a sheared air–water interface. Part 1: Turbulence statistics beneath a flat water surface sheared by wind

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent shear flow beneath a flat water surface with imposed wind shear stress are presented. The results of DNS indicate that there are clear differences, and also similarities, between wind-driven flow and the flow near a solid wall. The qualitative structures of turbulence are similar in both types of flow. Low-speed streaks are also present in wind-driven flow. On the other hand, profiles of the mean velocity and turbulence intensities in wind-driven flow are significantly different from those in flow near a solid wall. The differences are attributed to the lack of a viscous sublayer, and to the boundary condition which allows fluctuations of the tangential velocity components at the boundary. LES of the same flow was also carried out to evaluate subgrid-scale models. It was shown that the features of the flow observed in DNS are well simulated by all models tested, and that the discrepancies between DNS and LES with the dynamic mixed model are very small. Received: August 17, 2000 / Accepted: December 22, 2000     

新型竖直轴海洋能发电设备叶片的优化与仿真

为深入了解新型竖直轴海洋能发电设备的性能,对其叶片结构的流场特性和设备在流场中的动力收集特性进行仿真研究.建立不同结构叶片和不同数量叶片的二维模型,通过仿真计算,得到不同结构叶片的流场状态,以及叶片数分别为3、4和6时设备的合力和转矩大小.研究结果表明:在矩形叶片上开长方形孔能明显改善叶片后方的涡流,提高叶片的性能;当入口速度不变时,设备所受合力和转矩会随叶片数量的增加而增大;当叶片数量不变时,设备所受合力和转矩会随入口速度的增加而增大.研究结果可为新型竖直轴海洋能发电设备的结构设计与优化提供参考.     

日调节非恒定流对筲箕背河段航道水流条件的影响

选取典型工况通过非恒定数学模型计算分析滩段水位、流量、流速、比降等因素变化特性,得到日调节对筲箕背河段水流条件的影响。结果显示,2种日调节工况下非恒定流传播至筲箕背河段水位变幅在1.01~1.37 m,非恒定流对下游航道水流条件和对研究河段内的控制河段及航道维护设施等产生一定的影响,并且日变幅4.5 m较日变幅3.0 m工况对航道水流条件等影响更大。分析结果为优化枢纽航运调度方案和航道维护措施提供支撑。     

利用弱可压SPH计算三维均匀柔性驳水动力系数（英文）

The numerical modelling of the interactions between water waves and floating structures is significant for different areas of the marine sector, especially seakeeping and prediction of wave-induced loads. Seakeeping analysis involving severe flow fluctuations is still quite challenging even for the conventional RANS method. Particle method has been viewed as alternative for such analysis especially those involving deformable boundary, wave breaking and fluid fragmentation around hull shapes. In this paper, the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics(WCSPH), a fully Lagrangian particle method, is applied to simulate the symmetric radiation problem for a stationary barge treated as a flexible body. This is carried out by imposing prescribed forced simple harmonic oscillations in heave, pitch and the two-and three-node distortion modes. The resultant,radiation force predictions, namely added mass and fluid damping coefficients, are compared with results from 3-D potential flow boundary element method and 3-D RANS CFD predictions, in order to verify the adopted modelling techniques for WCSPH.WCSPH were found to be in agreement with most results and could predict the fluid actions equally well in most cases.     

海底阻抗对浅海波导中椭球体的声散射研究

基于Greenberg方法推导了含有阻抗边界条件的浅水Green函数,利用边界元法研究了含阻抗的三维海洋波导与散射体相互作用的问题.分析了海底阻抗对声波与结构体相互作用时的散射特性影响,数值分析表明:含有阻抗边界条件的浅海目标的散射特性与理想海底明显不同,海底阻抗对水平断面以及垂直断面的散射场都有一定的影响,目标距离海底越近,场点散射声压受海底边界条件的影响越大;阻抗越大,散射声压越大.指向性的分布对受海底阻抗的大小比较敏感.分析浅海声散射时,海底阻抗的影响不可忽视.     

船舶水下辐射噪声计算评估方法及应用

本文采用有限元(FEM)和边界元(BEM)相结合的方法对船舶水下辐射噪声进行研究。首先根据船舶的实际情况建立三维结构有限元模型,包括船体结构、压载、主要动力设备及其隔振方式等,然后结合实船测试的柴油发电机组、推进电机机脚振动和轴系中间支撑基座振动数值,及船模试验得到的螺旋桨脉动压力,计算获得流固耦合下结构的响应,最后将船体外壳水线以下结构响应作为约束条件,通过边界元的方法对水下辐射噪声进行计算和分析。从而对船舶设计阶段水下辐射噪声初步评估方法进行修正,同时对比水下辐射噪声实船测试结果,计算准确性较高,修正后的计算评估方法能进一步提高了设计阶段水下噪声的评估精度,为船舶水下辐射噪声控制提供了依据和参考。     

局部正态物理模型在潮汐河口的应用研究*

首次在潮汐河口采用局部正态物理模型研究了局部冲刷问题,结果表明：采用局部正态物理模型研究潮汐河口 相关工程问题是可行的,试验水力条件的选择、模型边界的确定以及模型的整体变坡是将局部正态模型应用于潮汐河口的 关键技术,提出了简便易行且效果良好的模型边界的确定方法,阐述了模型整体变坡的必要性及方法。     

三峡工程蓄水后坝上河段航道条件变化特点分析

三峡工程蓄水运用后,随着蓄水位的逐步抬高,库区水深增加,对航道尺度、航行条件起到直接的改善作用。然而,水沙条件和边界条件的重大变化也将使大坝上游河段的水流条件、冲淤特性及河床演变规律发生变化,并可能使部分滩险的航道条件趋于恶化,或造成新的碍航滩险。文章利用三峡工程蓄水后2003～2008年航道原型观测资料,在对坝上河段的水沙条件变化总结认识的基础上,重点分析了三峡工程蓄水后坝上河段航道条件变化特点。     

30万t FPSO船体码头抗台系泊设计

针对30万t FPSO码头舾装周期长,船体主尺度大,而码头前沿可用长度较短,台风季节码头系泊不利的问题,为解决该船体的临时系泊要求,以一30万t FPSO码头系泊设计为对象,设计FPSO在常规工况和台风工况2种不同工况下的码头系泊方案,建立2种方案下码头系泊的计算模型,分析船舶在风、流载荷下系泊缆绳的受力规律和设计方案可行性,结果表明:头缆+尾缆+倒缆的系泊方式能满足常规工况的系泊要求,在船体外板额外增加系泊眼板带防风横缆的码头系泊方式可简单、快速解决台风工况的码头系泊安全问题。