Identification of ice loads on shell structure of ice-going vessel with Green kernel and regularization method

Ice loads are important environmental loads that can influence the structural safety of ships during navigation in ice-covered waters. The identification of ice loads on ship hulls is the core of ice load monitoring. In this study, a new ice load identification model based on Green kernel and regularization methods is established. First, the forward model for ice load identification is developed through the discretised convolution integral of ice loads. Next, three commonly used regularization methods, including Tikhonov, truncated singular value decomposition, and least square QR-factorization (LSQR) are adopted to reduce solution errors. The LSQR method is thereafter selected as the optimal regularization operator, and its regular property is proved by numerical cases with ice-induced strains that contain noise. Finally, two load identification cases are conducted on an experimental rig to evaluate the feasibility of the model in ice load identification. The identified loads can determine the signal features of applied loads in the time domain with good accuracy. This identification model provides new insights for full-scale ice load monitoring.     

冰载荷对加筋板轴向压缩极限强度的影响

船舶在冰区航行时,将遭受浮冰的挤压,船舷侧部位的加筋板会受到冰载荷的作用。以单筋单跨加筋板为研究对象,采用非线性有限元法对冰载荷下加筋板轴向压缩极限强度进行分析。研究冰载荷的大小、加载区域面积和加载区域位置的不同对极限强度的影响规律。结果表明,冰载荷大小一定,冰载荷作用区域面积逐渐增加时,加筋板的轴向压缩极限强度随着面积的增加基本呈线性增加。冰载荷作用区域位置距离加筋板中心点距离逐渐增加时,加筋板的轴向压缩极限强度逐渐增加,且随着相对距离的增加,对加筋板轴向压缩极限强度的影响越来越大。这些结果可用于指导冰区船舶结构的设计以及维护。     

Depth estimation of surface cracks based on the measurement of crack opening deformation and numerical–experimental iteration

We propose a new method to estimate the depth of a surface crack based on the measurement of crack opening deformation (COD) by using strain gauges. Through finite-element (FE) analysis of several surface cracks with different crack depth, it was found that the distribution of crack depth along the crack line can be approximated by multiplying a certain proportional α to the distribution of COD per unit nominal strain (normalized COD). The strain gauges are cemented just on the crack line and at a reference position, and the normalized CODs are measured under the impact load excited by hammer punching. The surface crack depth is estimated from the normalized COD measurements by a numerical–experimental iteration method based on FE analysis. The estimated distribution of the surface crack depth along the crack line shows good agreement with the shape of a real crack depth.     

浮冰冲击作用下的乙烯运输船体 舷侧结构强度分析

对无限航区的21000m3乙烯运输船舷侧结构,分别采用纵骨架式和横骨架式冰区加强设计。根据FSICR规范要求,更新舷侧冰带区域内构件尺寸,并针对艏部冰带区域内船体结构,分别建立了原始的、纵骨架式的和横骨架式的冰带结构设计有限元模型。通过强度计算,认为艏部冰带区新结构满足规范设计载荷要求。在此基础上,单独建立艏货舱冰区舷侧外板板架有限元模型,研究两种新设计形式适用的外板在更大浮冰冲击载荷作用下塑性变形。计算结果表明:纵骨架式结构外板塑性变形明显低于横骨架式。     

Field experiments on laterally loaded piles for an offshore wind farm

Pile foundations are widely used to support offshore wind turbines due to their cost effectiveness and rapid constructions. Offshore piles must be designed with enough capacity to withstand overturning moments caused by wind turbines and other environmental factors such as wave excitations and extreme winds. In this study, a full-scale field experimental test is undertaken to determine the pile behaviour under various lateral loading conditions. A distributed fiber optic sensing technology is used to measure strains along two instrumented piles. The bending moments and lateral deflections are calculated from distributed fiber optic sensors, and then analysed with the various p-y methods. Field measurements indicated that for two offshore piles ZK01 and ZK28 with diameter of 2 m and length of 71.5 m and 77.5 m, the maximum lateral movements under a given lateral load of 800 kN were 369.1 mm and 351.7 mm, respectively. The maximum bending moment occurred at 6.5 m and 5.5 m below seabed level with the corresponding depth of 12.15D and 11.95D for pile ZK01 and ZK28, respectively. The position of “zero crossing” of soil resistance for two instrumented piles is almost the same, even though the piles have different lengths. The lateral deflections and bending moments of the two instrumented piles are predicted by the API and hyperbolic method, which indicates that the hyperbolic method yields larger prediction errors than the API method. A modified p-y approach is then proposed for more reliable predictions when compared with field measurements.     

复合材料加筋板的光纤光栅测试与分析

设计材料用量相同的复合材料帽形加筋板和T形加筋板,基于2种结构的应变规律理论分析和有限元应变计算结果,提出在筋内部铺设光纤光栅的方案,并制作试验模型进行应变试验测试。将理论应变分布规律、有限元应变计算结果、电阻式应变片测试结果和光纤光栅应变测试结果进行对比分析,结果表明,光纤光栅应变测试结果的线性度要优于应变片。对于帽形加筋板和T形加筋板,光栅的单向应变测试结果与有限元计算结果的误差分别为6%和4%,剪切应变误差均为23%,且上述误差均小于应变片测试结果与有限元计算结果间的误差。     

深水半潜式平台大型生活区结构强度研究

结构安全是保证深水半潜式钻井平台在恶劣海况、复杂载荷作用下正常作业的基本前提,而大型生活区往往因参与平台总强度而发生结构损伤,开展对生活区危险区域结构强度和位置布置研究是半潜式平台安全作业运营的重要保障。采用随机性设计波方法确定波浪参数,开展含生活区的半潜式平台结构响应计算和变形分析,总结主导生活区高应力区域的典型波浪载荷工况。通过横向和纵向布置位置对比分析,总结生活区参与平台总强度的规律。结果显示,主导生活区结构强度的典型波浪载荷工况为中纵剖面扭矩和中纵剖面剪力工况;当生活楼前侧围壁与平台首部侧围壁齐平时,参与平台总强度程度较大;生活楼长度增加会增大其参与平台总强度程度;生活楼的长度应避免与平台立柱内侧板的间距相当;分析结果可为半潜式平台生活区设计提供技术支持。     

First year ice interactions on Molikpaq: Measurements and experiments

The Molikpaq is a steel mobile arctic structure which has been used for exploration of hydrocarbon reserves on the Canadian Beaufort shelf. In early 1986, the Molikpaq experienced numerous interactions with various ice features at Amanuligak I-65. An extensive ice loads investigation program was conducted as a joint industrial project. Ishikawajima-Harima Heary Industries (IHI) has proposed a method to estimate the global ice load on an arctic structure by utilizing results from ice tank experiments. Experiments were conducted in the IHI ice model tank using a model of the Molikpaq. A comparison between the measured ice loads and the estimated ice loads was made and it was found to be in fair agreement, in spite of some uncertainties involved in both the measured and the estimated ice loads. In this paper, instrumentation which the Molikpaq employed in the investigation program is briefly introduced. Failure modes of ice features observed in the program are also mentioned. The basic idea behind the dual parameters testing and estimating method (DuPTEM) is described. The model experiments and the results are then outlined. The comparison between the measured and estimated ice loads is shown. Finally, uncertainties in both the estimated and the measured ice loads are discussed.     

Numerical simulation of level ice impact on landing craft bow considering the transverse isotropy of Baltic Sea ice based on XFEM

Ice bending is a major failure mechanism of level ice when ships and marine structures interact with level ice. This paper aims to investigate the ice bending and ice load when level ice collides on ships and marine structures using numerical simulation method, and compare the numerical results with field test. The fracture of ice is simulated with extended finite element method (XFEM), and cohesive zone concept is used to describe the crack propagation. In order to consider the characteristics of S2 columnar ice, a transversely isotropic elastic material model is used for the ice bulk elements, and a transversely isotropic Tsai-Wu failure criterion is adopted to predict the initiation of cracks. A well-controlled field test of a landing craft bow colliding with level ice in Baltic Sea is simulated to verify the numerical scheme. The ice plate's continuous deformation, crack initiation and crack propagation at different impact velocities and angles are simulated and the results are discussed. In the simulation, the bending crack emerges at the midline of the top surface of ice plate, then propagates towards free boundary, and finally a circumferential crack forms. It is found that with the impact velocity increases, the bending load increases and the fracture size (perpendicular distance from the crack to the contact edge) decreases. And as the angle between the landing craft bow and vertical direction increases, the bending load and the fracture size decrease. The simulated results corresponds well with the field test. The competition between the circumferential crack and radial crack is also found in the simulation and will be discussed in this paper. The results show that this method well simulates the bending of level ice and predict the ice load, and provides a good approach for investigating the mechanism of different forms of level ice fracture.     

脆性冰与加筋板接触的近场动力学模拟

文章应用了一种被称为近场动力学的无网格方法来模拟层冰与加强板的接触过程。介绍了键型近场动力学的基本理论和数值方法。为了描述物体连续或不连续区域,近场动力学采用了统一空间积分—时间微分方程。短程排斥力用来描述属于不同物体内的物质点之间的相互作用力。考虑到冰的拉伸压缩强度的不同,数值模型中采用了一种弹脆性的本构模型。通过将近场动力学模拟结果与实验对比来确定应用近场动力学方法模拟冰—结构相互作用的可行性与准确性。数值模拟的冰力与冰载荷分布与实验数据和船舶设计假定一致。     

锥体海洋平台结构冰荷载的离散单元分析

在冰区油气开发中,锥体结构可以有效降低冰力,避免强烈的冰激振动,是目前渤海油气平台的主要结构形式。为研究海冰与锥体结构的相互作用过程,文章建立了适用于模拟海冰破碎特性的离散单元模型。该模型将海冰离散为若干个具有粘接-破碎功能的颗粒单元,并通过海冰弯曲试验确定了单元间的粘接强度;然后对海冰与锥体结构的作用过程进行了数值计算,获得了相应的动冰荷载及冰振响应;在此基础上讨论了不同锥角影响下冰荷载及结构振动响应的变化规律。结果表明,水平方向冰荷载及结构冰振响应随锥角的增加明显增加,而竖直方向冰荷载则显著降低。该离散单元模型还可进一步应用于不同类型抗冰结构的冰荷载分析,有助于解决冰区结构物的抗冰结构设计和冰致疲劳分析。     

艏艉破冰模式极地船冰区划分及冰载荷弯矩剪力对总纵强度的影响

对于首尾破冰模式的极地船舶,规范中并没有详细给出其冰带划分的方法,仅仅提到尾部破冰参考艏部破冰区域划分,但由于船体尾部线型和艏部线型差距较大,故并不能很好的适用,本论文以一艘PC4级110kt极地原油船为例,就此针对尾破冰模式进行冰区带划分。 另外冰载荷产生的弯矩剪力对船体总体强度的影响也在本文中论述。     

Recent progress on wave induced loading measurements in warships

Recent measurements of wave induced hull strain and flexure in RN warships are presented together with the derivation of the current design criteria for extreme hull girder bending loads. The history of the development of the shipboard instrumentation used is given and recent developments to improve the quality and ease of analysis of the data are described. An unexpectedly high transverse asymmetry in the longitudinal strains measured in destroyers is shown to be the result of a combination of vertical and lateral bending in oblique seas. Finally recent theoretical comparisons between the loading of Deep-Vee hulls and conventional UK rounded bilge hulls are presented which demonstrate the higher loading experienced by this type of hull form.     

船舶结构有限元分析中分布载荷的离散化

本文给出了船外水压力在船壳板及船体结构有限元网格节点上离散的一种方法。只要适当地选择本文所给出的计算公式，该方法可应用于任何受分布载荷作用的结构有限元分析或其它数值分析法中。     

Methodology for global structural load effect analysis of the semi-submersible hull of floating wind turbines under still water,wind, and wave loads

In designing the support structures of floating wind turbines (FWTs), a key challenge is to determine the load effects (at the cross-sectional load and stress level). This is because FWTs are subjected to complex global, local, static, and dynamic loads in stochastic environmental conditions. Up to now, most of the studies of FWTs have focused on the dynamic motion characteristics of FWTs, while minimal research has touched upon the internal load effects of the support structure. However, a good understanding of the structural load effects is essential since it is the basis for achieving a good design. Motivated by the situation, this study deals with the global load effect analysis for FWT support structures. A semi-submersible hull of a 10-MW FWT is used in the case study. A novel analysis method is employed to obtain the time-domain internal load effects of the floater, which account for the static and dynamic global loads under the still water, wind, and wave loads and associated motions. The investigation of the internal stresses resulting from various global loads under operational and parked conditions and the dynamic behavior of the structural load effects in various environmental conditions are made. The dominating load components for structural responses of the semi-submersible floater and the significant dynamic characteristics under different wind and wave conditions are identified. The dynamic load effects of the floating support structure are investigated by considering the influence of the second-order wave loads, viscous drag loads induced global motions, and wind and wave misalignments. The main results are discussed, and the main findings are summarized. The insights gained provide a basis for improving the design and analysis of FWT support structures.     

水下环境中螺栓轴向拉力测试技术研究

提出了一种新的测量螺栓轴向拉力的方法，即应变计填埋法，并对其作了比较详细的介绍。此方法解决了不能在螺栓轴表面粘贴应变片的问题，尤其是在水下测量螺栓的轴向拉压力。这种方法较其他测量方法有着更多的优点；同时，通过将实验室内螺栓应变计的标定结果和理论计算进行比较，说明了此种方法的可行性和测量的精确程度。曾经将此种测量方法应用于了螺栓轴向拉力的实际测量中，并获得了很好的测量结果。     

曹妃甸矿石码头一期工程冰荷载研究

结合我国冰荷载研究现状,介绍曹妃甸矿石码头结构抗冰设计研究成果及冰荷载的设计标准和计算方法,以及由此得到的一些体会和启示,供设计人员参考。     

大型油船冰区加强结构设计研究

介绍芬兰-瑞典冰级规范和主要船级社规范对冰级和冰带区域的划分,分析冰载荷及其作用原理。以10.99万吨AFRAMAX成品/原油船为载体,研究结构布置形式及高、低位冰区水线等冰区加强设计难点和对策,指出冰区加强设计中应注意的有关问题,提出冰区航行船舶设计时应遵循的原则,得出IA冰级符号将使船体结构增重1.05%的结论。     

中国新型极地考察船冰载荷预估研究

本文针对中国新型极地考察船所受冰载荷进行了研究,其中包含了平整冰阻力和浮冰碰撞力.对于船舶设计者和建造者来说,船舶冰载荷的预估非常重要.本文采用经验公式方法计算了该船在平整冰中航行的冰阻力,并且与模型试验结果进行了对比.结果显示,计算和试验结果中的冰阻力都随船舶航行速度的增大而增大,经验公式方法可以预测出合理的平整冰阻力.通过计算得到了该船的性能曲线,即该船在不同厚度平整冰中航行所能达到的速度.此外,本文还考虑了该船与圆形浮冰之间的三维斜向碰撞问题,采用解析方法评估了浮冰对船舶的撞击力,研究了撞击位置、法向框架角度以及浮冰尺寸对碰撞力的影响.基于计算结果,本文就冰载荷的预测进行了讨论并提出了一些建议.