油气泄漏灾害下海洋平台风险评估及安全措施研究

油气泄漏引起的火灾和爆炸事故是海洋平台主要风险之一。为了提高海洋平台作业环境的安全性,以辽河1号海洋平台为研究背景,用事件树(Event Tree)方法和ALARP(As Low As Reasonable Practicable)评价标准为依据,以挪威船级社(DNV)风险分析软件SAFETI为计算工具,对油气泄漏灾害下海洋平台进行定量风险评估,并对影响事故风险的因素进行了研究,提出了火灾和爆炸灾害下海洋平台危险区域的防护措施,得到了较好的效果。     

Assessment of offshore structures under extreme wave conditions by Modified Endurance Wave Analysis

Recently, various approaches have been introduced to estimate the response of offshore structures in different sea states by stepwisely intensifying records. In this article, a more practical approach entitled Modified Endurance Wave Analysis (MEWA) considering the random and probabilistic nature of wave loading and utilizing optimal time duration is introduced. Generation procedure of this approach is described based on two practical wave theories: random and constrained new-wave. In addition, assessment of a simplified model representing a typical fixed offshore platform under extreme wave conditions in the Persian Gulf is performed making use of MEWA. A comparative analysis has been also carried out to investigate the accuracy and computational costs of MEWA. The results indicate that MEWA can be a time-saving and also reliable method both in design and assessment of offshore platforms.     

广西近海溢油扩散数值模拟

利用MIKE 21 HD模块模拟广西近海二维潮流特性,根据实测水文资料对广西近海二维水动力模型进行了验证。应用MIKE 21 OS溢油模块加载广西近海二维水动力数据,建立广西近海二维溢油扩散模型,对溢油事故进行影响预测。研究结果表明,风场、潮流场和溢油事故发生位置对溢油轨迹都有着重要影响。风场是油膜漂移方向的最大影响因素,在不同溢油事故发生位置的工况下,溢油的漂移轨迹和扫海范围可能完全不同。     

主管受拉K型管节点抗冲击性能有限元研究

偶然荷载引起的撞击会造成海洋平台中的管桁架严重损伤,尤其是管节点的破坏,严重时会导致整个平台的损坏,因此管节点是海洋平台设计研究中的一个重要内容.本文以海洋平台中常见的K型管节点为研究对象,利用有限元软件ABAQUS研究了3个主管在受拉状态下的K型管节点的抗冲击性能.在研究过程中以几何参数和荷载参数为主要变量,分析了各相关参数对管节点的抗冲击性能的影响.确定了K型管节点在冲击荷载作用下的破坏模态.在对冲击力、位移、能量耗散等时程曲线的分析中揭示了抗冲击性能工作机理.研究结果表明:支主管的径厚比以及支管的拉压状态对管节点所受到的最大冲击力和节点变形具有较显著的影响.     

考虑应变强化效应海底管道极限承载力研究

文章基于线性强化材料模型,推导了轴向拉力作用下海底管道极限弯矩承载力解析解,给出了海底管道在轴向拉力与弯矩载荷同时作用下的极限承载力的近似解,编制了海底管道极限承载力计算程序BCP。通过与实验结果的比对,验证了解析方法的正确性。结论表明考虑应变强化效应的海底管道极限承载力结算结果更为合理,该文可为海底管道的结构强度设计和安全性评价提供一定的参考依据。     

Modified environmental contour method for predicting long-term extreme responses of bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines

Predicting extreme responses is very important in designing a bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines. The commonly used method that account for the variability of the response and the environmental conditions is the full long-term analysis (FLTA), which is accurate but time consuming. It is a direct integration of all the probability distribution of short-term extremes and the environmental conditions. Since the long-term extreme responses are usually governed by very few important environmental conditions, the long-term analysis can be greatly simplified if such conditions are identified. For offshore structures, one simplified method is the environmental contour method (ECM), which uses the short-term extreme probability distribution of important environmental conditions selected on the contour surface with the relevant return periods. However, because of the inherent difference of offshore wind turbines and ordinary offshore structures, especially their non-monotonic behavior of the responses under wind loads, ECM cannot be directly applied because the environmental condition it selects is not close to the actual most important one.The paper presents a modified environmental contour method (MECM) for bottom-fixed offshore wind turbine applications. It can identify the most important environmental condition that governs the long-term extreme. The method is tested on the NREL 5 MW wind turbine supported by a simplified jacket-type support structure. Compared to the results of FLTA, MECM yields accurate results and is shown to be an efficient and reliable method for the prediction of the extreme responses of bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines.     

老龄化船舶与海洋结构物机械性损伤研究进展(英文)

船舶与海洋结构物在服役期内会承受如结构腐蚀,疲劳裂纹以及机械性损伤等与役龄相关的结构退化与损伤,并会诱发一系列安全性、健康性以及经济风险性的问题.实际上,已有报道表明这些与役龄有关的结构退化与损伤经常会引起船舶与海洋结构物的灾难性事故.因此,为了发展更有效可行的方法来加强技术管理以控制这些结构退化和损伤,降低结构老龄化所带来的损失,开发先进的技术以及开展相应的科研工作极为重要.结构的机械性损伤与结构腐蚀和疲劳损伤相比所受关注的程度要小得多,但结构机械性损伤在一些情况下也是诱发结构失效的主导因素.文章针对老龄化船舶与和海洋结构物的机械性损伤同题,总结了包括结构磨损、撕裂,凹陷,接触性损伤和事故性损伤的当前研究现状和研究进展,给出了有关机械性损伤的预报、减轻和防止的方法,并对未来的研究与发展方向给出了建议.     

Extreme hawser tension assessment for FPSO vessel during offloading operation in Bohai bay

The Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit (FPSO) is an offshore vessel that produces and stores crude oil prior to tanker transport.Robust prediction of extreme hawser tensions during Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) operation is an important safety concern. Excessive hawser tension may occur during offloading operations, posing an operational risk. In this paper, AQWA has been used to analyze vessel response due to hydrodynamic wave loads, acting on a specific FPSO vessel under actual sea conditions. Experimental validation of numerical results has been discussed as well.This paper advocates methodology for estimating extreme response statistics, based on simulations (or measurements). The modified ACER (averaged conditional exceedance rate) method is presented in brief detail. Proposed methodology provides an accurate extreme value prediction, utilizing all available data efficiently. In this study the estimated return level values, obtained by ACER method, are compared to the corresponding return level values obtained by Gumbel method. Based on the overall performance of the proposed method, it is concluded that the improved ACER method can provide more robust and accurate prediction of the extreme hawser tension.Data declustering issue has been addressed. Paper highlights ability of ACER method to account for a set of varying sea state probabilities, as required in engineering long term statistical analysis.Described approach may be well used at the vessel design stage, while defining optimal vessel parameters that would minimize potential FPSO hawser tension.     

Field data observations for monitoring the impact of typhoon “In-fa” on dynamic performances of mono-pile offshore wind turbines: A novel systematic study

For offshore structures such as offshore wind turbines (OWT), typhoon is usually considered one of the most critical threats to structural safety performances and service life due to its heavy wind, wave, and even coexisted storm surge. Meanwhile, it is challenging to obtain the systematic data from the environmental conditions, structural dynamic vibrations and the SCADA record, when typhoon passes by the offshore wind farm. Taking into account these situations, a real-time multi-source monitoring system enabling the investigation of the typhoon impact on the performances of OWT, has been firstly established and implemented to a 4.0 MW mono-pile OWT in Rudong, Jiangsu, China. One of the major contributions in this work is to develop the monitoring system using a unique environment of real-world data that has been synchronously obtained from waves, winds, vibrational accelerations, inclinations of towers and SCADA data during the typhoon “In-fa” passing by the wind farm, and provide the scientific community with the underlying standards and technical recommendations. To investigate the influence caused by “In-fa”, comparison results of the measured data in the range of June to August have been analysed. It is worth noting that two conclusions have been obtained: (1) the region near the nacelle is not always the most critical vibrational area. Actually, the change of the maximum structural response in the position under different external loads should be applied to effectively evaluate the structural safety; (2) the measured accelerations exhibit an obvious decay process in the presence of the turbine rotor-stop, but not the yaw rigid-body motion. This observation promotes the accurate identification of modal parameters for the long-term monitoring. Consequently, these valuable findings to facilitate the assessment of structural operational conditions have been developed into two guide-lines. All the data and analyses presented in this paper provide a valuable insight into the design, energy efficiency, safety monitoring and damage diagnosis of OWT structures.     

海上风机导管架基础钢管桩稳桩平台结构强度分析

海上风机导管架基础钢管桩沉桩施工通常需要专门的稳桩平台辅助进行。结合作业工艺要求、海洋环境条件和相关规范,对钢管桩稳桩平台进行结构设计。采用SESAM软件和ANSYS Workbench软件分别对稳桩平台整体结构强度和吊耳局部结构强度进行计算分析,并根据规范对计算结果进行评估。结果表明,稳桩平台整体结构强度和吊耳局部结构强度均满足规范要求。该计算分析方法同样适用于海上升压站导管架基础、海上单桩基础稳桩平台或其他类似导管架结构的强度评估。     

Development of simplified method for prediction of structural response of stiffened plates under explosion loads

During their lifetime, marine structures may be exposed to accidental loadings such as from collisions or explosions, as well as environmental loadings such as from slamming, sloshing and green water. Such loadings can cause damage to structures. Therefore, to minimize such damage, advanced and robust design guidelines should be formulated. Among those loads, in this study, explosions imparting an impulsive pressure loading containing a rapid increase in pressure and a short duration that can cause serious casualties, property losses, and marine pollution were considered. In this paper, a practical and robust method for damage assessment of marine structures exposed to explosion loads based on a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system and numerical simulations is proposed. The SDOF method was improved by introduction of new and better idealization resistance for the system and consideration of the effect of strain-rate, and subsequently was verified by a numerical method developed using the commercial ABAQUS software package. The numerical method was itself validated by comparison with relevant pulse pressure test data available in the open literature (good correlation was shown). Based on the validated numerical models, a rigorous parametric study of the structural response of stiffened plates having actual scantlings of offshore structures was performed. The numerically obtained maximum deformations were compared with the results from the improved SDOF method in a parametric study, and the variation of both methods was verified. Finally, simple yet accurate and reliable formulations for prediction of structural response were empirically derived. These formulations are expected to be usefully employed as a first-hand tool for prediction of damage extent of marine structures (including offshore structures) due to explosion loads.     

海工项目火气控制分析

防火、探火、控火及灭火是海洋工程项目安全设计的重中之重,是各个船级社审核的重点之一。为保证自动探测火灾及合理控制火灾蔓延,需合理划分防火分区,合理布置火灾探测器,制定详细关断原则,确认表决逻辑、各种关断的因果逻辑、风油切断逻辑,完成火气安全系统设计原理。并最终完成火气探头回路图和火气切断系统图的设计。     

港珠澳大桥西人工岛钢圆筒及岛内回填砂成岛技术

港珠澳大桥西人工岛钢圆筒及副格围护结构振沉完成后，为确保其整体稳定性，采用定点、接力、分层抛填的方案对钢圆筒及副格内回填砂施工，有效控制了钢圆筒围护结构在回填砂施工期间的结构稳定性，防止了不利工况的出现。人工岛围闭前，采取设置龙口直接抛填以及泵送等方式进行水下回填；人工岛围闭后，采取水上抛填加陆上倒运的方案快速实现了人工岛陆域形成，为外海人工岛快速成岛积累了经验。     

基于内聚力模型的X65管线钢稳定裂纹扩展研究

断裂破坏是海工结构中主要的失效模式之一。对管线钢管的断裂韧度评定以及其裂纹扩展行为的模拟研究,对于评估管道结构的安全性、结构完整性有重要的指导意义。在众多用于模拟裂纹大变形稳定扩展的理论中,内聚力模型方法(CZM),对大范围屈服的断裂行为分析十分有效。它具有强大的物理基础以及可在数值方法中逐步实现的适应性。鉴于此,文章运用CZM模型对X65管线钢双引伸计法的断裂韧度试验进行模拟,对比计算与试验结果。研究了不同CZM模型参数对模拟结果的影响,并优化了模型。用其作为计算模拟预测X65管线钢稳定裂纹扩展行为的方法,可替代部分实验来完成可靠性评估。     

Iterative methodology for response based analysis of an FPSO mooring system

Response based analysis (RBA) has been developed for prediction of extreme N-year return period responses and design metocean conditions of offshore structures. For applying the RBA, the behaviour of the offshore system subjected to a long history of metocean conditions needs to be predicted, and then, the probabilistic analysis is applied to estimate its long-term responses. Due to the large number of analysis cases required, the structural simulation is usually performed either by simplifying the structural model or by using computationally efficient tools, such as frequency-domain (FD) analysis. These approaches usually decrease the accuracy of predictions mainly when they are utilized for nonlinear systems. On the other hand, employing time-domain (TD) simulations leads to more accurate results but it is computationally expensive. Application of RBA for a weathervaning FPSO, which is the subject of the present study, makes TD analysis an essential requirement because of a highly nonlinear behaviour of the system. In the present study, an efficient methodology is proposed that aims at reducing the computational efforts of RBA by joint application of TD and FD simulations in combining the structural and statistical analyses through a single process, such that the number of time-consuming TD simulations is minimized. After initial screening using the results from FD simulations, the methodology identifies the response events (storms) that contribute the most to the N-year response and sets out an iterative process in which only those events that are most important are analysed by fully-coupled TD simulations. Within such events, a similar approach is also applied to intervals (sea states) where only the most contributing intervals are analysed in TD, and the remaining intervals are left for a less accurate FD analysis without sacrificing the overall accuracy. The proposed methodology provides a robust framework for distinguishing between “mild” and “severe” response events, without specifying any predefined limits for the metocean parameters or making a subjective judgement. Although it is developed for the mooring system of a weathervaning FPSO, it should also be applicable to any type of offshore structure and any structural response. This paper is the first part of the study and concentrates on the development of the efficient methodology to optimize the application of RBA to FPSO mooring systems, whilst its detailed application is subject of the second part of the study.     

Quantitative assessment of hydrocarbon explosion and fire risks in offshore installations

A risk-based design framework should involve both risk assessment and risk management. This article introduces and describes a number of procedures for the quantitative assessment and management of fire and gas explosion risks in offshore installations. These procedures were developed in a joint industry project on the explosion and fire engineering of floating, production, storage and off-loading units (the EFEF JIP), which was led by the authors. The present article reports partial results, focussing on defining the frequency of fires and explosions in offshore installations. Examples of the aforementioned procedures’ application to a hypothetical floating, production, storage, and off-loading unit (FPSO) are presented. A framework for the quantitative risk assessment of fires and explosions requires the definition of both the frequency and consequences of such events. These procedures can be efficiently applied in offshore development projects, and the application includes the assessment of design explosion and fire loads as well as the quantification of effects of risk control options (RCO) such as platform layout, location and number of gas detectors, isolation of ignition sources etc.     

大箱形物体在限制水道上的阻力特性分析

采用重叠模方法、忽略自由表面的影响、考虑限制水道边界条件因素,利用CFD商业软件FLUENT通过求解控制大箱形物体在低流速限制水道上的Navier-Stokes方程来分析大箱形物体阻力特性。数值模拟与实验室模型试验结果的比较表明采用所提出的数值计算方法进行大箱形物体在限制水道上的阻力分析可以得出符合实际的合理结果。     

Study on the preciseness of hot spot stress of web-stiffened cruciform welded joints derived from shell finite element analyses

A new simple and accurate shell FE-based structural Hot Spot Stress (HSS) determination method for web-stiffened cruciform joints has been proposed. Local stress of welded joints in full-scale bulk carrier (BC)’s lower stool models subject to bending and pressure loadings are examined. HSSs determined by the proposed method are compared with those derived by Lotsberg’s method and the conventional 0.5t-1.5t extrapolation. As results, following are found:

(1)

The local stress of full-scale BC lower stool models with various stool angle and plate thickness can be calculated accurately solely from shell FE results by means of the proposed method.

(2)

HSSs of welded joints in full-scale BC lower stool models subject to bending and pressure loadings derived by the proposed method show good agreement with the target HSSs determined from fine solid models. This demonstrates the validity of the proposed method for actual ship structures under the real load.

(3)

The excessive safety allowance of HSS determined by the conventional 0.5t-1.5t extrapolation can be reduced substantially by adopting Lotsberg’s method or our proposal. The proposed HSS determination method gives more accurate estimates compared to Lotsberg’s method under the conditions chosen, and the application range of the proposed method is equal to or wider than Lotsberg’s method.

     

Review of empirical and semi-empirical Y factor solutions for cracked welded tubular joints

The practical use of fracture mechanics has been established for use on large turbine and electric generator rotor components used in the atomic power generation and the aircraft industry. Application areas in the offshore industry have also been identified. Fracture mechanics is currently used at the design stage of offshore facilities. It provides the basis for fatigue life prediction, steel selection and tolerance setting on allowable weld imperfections. Fracture mechanics is also used during the operational stage of a structure to make important decisions on inspection scheduling and repair strategies and as a tool for establishing limits on operational conditions. Linear elastic fracture mechanics relies on the use of the stress intensity factor concept. The stress intensity factor is a very important fracture mechanics parameter. Therefore, the accuracy of any fracture mechanics model for the prediction of fatigue crack growth in offshore structures for example will depend very much on the accuracy of the stress intensity factor solution used. Several empirical and semi-empirical solutions have been developed over the years with varying degrees of accuracy. This paper presents a review of some of these methods and attempts to assess their accuracy in predicting Y factors for welded tubular joints by comparing predicted results with experimental data obtained from fatigue tests conducted on large scale welded tubular joints. The experimental results were conducted under simulated service conditions, using a jack-up offshore standard load history (JOSH). A comparison between the experimental and predicted results shows that there may be other factors, which influence fatigue crack growth under variable amplitude conditions. Some of these factors have been identified and discussed in this paper.     

ROV在导管架检查中的应用与安全管理

海上石油平台安装后,需要定期对导管架水下检查,以确保人员和生命财产安全。ROV遥控潜水器类似于一种＂带缆的水下机器人＂。在超过空气潜水范围的水深处检查具有明显的安全、效率、成本优势。介绍了ROV的功能和优势,介绍了固定式平台之钢质导管架式平台特点。以某导管架为案例,详细介绍了ROV的操作步骤。并介绍了ROV作业中的风险...