预测船体分段焊接变形方法概述

船体分段在焊接过程中产生的焊接变形会使船体结构强度降低,精确预测和控制焊接变形是现代造船工艺的要求.焊接变形分析方法包括实验法、解析法、数值分析法、等效载荷法等,常用的是后两种方法.数值分析法采用热弹-塑性有限元模型精确模拟焊接现象,但计算工作量大;等效载荷法计算焊接区域的固有应变,并将其转化为等效载荷,进而应用弹性有限元分析求得整个结构的焊接变形.     

Design method for steel deck plates under quasi-static patch loads with allowable plastic deformations

Plastic deformation of plates in steel deck structures under heavy vehicle or helicopter wheel loads is common in ships and offshore structures, and is therefore of significant interest to designers of ro-ro/cargo ships, helicopter-carrying ships and offshore platforms. To provide insight into the plastic deformation of plates, the nonlinear elasto-plastic response of stiffened steel plates loaded quasi-statically by a central rigid rectangular indenter is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The numerically-determined stiffened plate permanent deflections compare well with those obtained experimentally. The concept of applying the elasto-plastic method to the design of deck plates under wheel patch loads is introduced, and the design principle of wheel patch loaded plating is studied together with the design criteria. A simple design formula to determine plating thickness is proposed based on an acceptable level of permanent set. Ship-mounted helideck plating design cases are given to illustrate the elasto-plastic method, and comparisons are made between the thicknesses derived using the proposed design formula and those found from Lloyd's Register (LR), Bureau Veritas (BV) and DNV-GL rule requirements.     

两级交变载荷下船体结构典型节点疲劳试验研究

江海直达船属于浅吃水大型宽船,往复航经江段和海段,其疲劳问题不容忽视。将江段和海段载荷简化为小和大2级交变载荷,选取较为典型的船底纵骨贯穿横舱壁节点,通过对比试验探讨2级交变载荷对该船疲劳寿命的影响。试验结果表明,在试验工况下,变幅载荷中的大载荷是导致裂纹扩展的主要因素,小载荷的参与会降低大载荷作用下裂纹扩展的速率。采用等效应力法对变幅载荷下节点的疲劳寿命进行评估,发现采用Miner准则所得结果偏保守,采用均方根法所得结果偏危险,采用修正的Miner准则所得结果精度较高,推荐采用该方法评估2级交变载荷下船体结构典型节点的疲劳寿命。     

A practical method for torsional strength assessment of container ship structures

Container ship structures are characterized by large hatch openings. Due to this structural property, they are subject to large diagonal deformations of hatch openings and warping stresses under complex torsional moments in waves. This necessitates torsional strength assessment of hull girder of container ships in their structural design stage. In this paper, a practical method for torsional strength assessment of container ship structures with transparent and consistent background is discussed based on the results from up-to-date analyses. In order to estimate the torsional response characteristics as accurately as possible, three-dimensional Rankine source method, after being validated by tank tests, is employed for estimation of wave loads on a container ship, and FE analyses are conducted on the entire-ship model under the estimated loads. Then, a dominant regular wave condition under which the torsional response of the container ship becomes maximum is specified. Design loads for torsional strength assessment that give torsional response equivalent to the long-term predicted values of torsional response are investigated based on the torsional moments on several container ships under the specified dominant wave condition. An appropriate combination of stress components to estimate the total hull girder stress is also discussed.     

船冰碰撞载荷下船舶结构加强方案研究

为了探究水介质对船—冰碰撞结构响应的影响,文章首次对考虑水介质中的船—冰碰撞问题进行了研究。模拟了船舶与冰体在水介质中的碰撞场景,研究船—水—冰三者共同耦合作用对船—冰碰撞的影响。将该计算方法应用于船—冰碰撞的多种工况计算,对比分析了增加外板厚度、横隔板厚度以及肋骨间距等多种加强方案对船体结构响应的差异。揭示了碰撞区域的损伤变形、碰撞力、结构吸能随外板厚度、横隔板厚度和肋骨间距的变化而变化的规律,分析了船舶肩部各主要构件对于抵抗冰载荷作用的能力及贡献。所得结论对于进行冰区船舶结构设计具有参考作用。     

Equivalent design pressure for ship plates subjected to moving slamming impact loads

When a ship navigates at sea, the slamming impact can generate significant load pulses which move up along the hull plating. The effect of the moving pressure has so far not been explicitly considered in the Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships. Based on a modal superposition method and the Lagrange equation, this paper derives analytical solutions to study the elastic dynamic responses of fully clamped rectangular plates under moving pressure impact loads. The spatial variation of the moving slamming impact pressure is simplified to three types of impact loads, i.e. a rectangular pulse, a linearly decaying pulse and an exponentially decaying pulse. The dynamic responses of fully clamped rectangular plates under the moving slamming impact pressure are calculated in order to investigate the influence of the load pulse shapes and moving speed on the plate structural behaviour. It is found that the structural response of the plate increases with the increase of the moving speed. The response of the plate subjected to a moving pressure impact load is smaller than the case when the plate is subjected to a spatially uniform distributed impact load with the same load amplitude and load duration. In order to quantify the effect of the moving speed on the dynamic load, a Dynamic Moving Load Coefficient (DMLC) is introduced as the ratio between the dynamic load factor for the moving impact load and that under the spatially uniform distributed impact load. An expression for DMLC is proposed based on analyses of various scenarios using the developed analytical model. Finally an empirical formula which transforms the moving impact loads to an equivalent static load is proposed.     

高水头船闸阀门顶止水安装变形试验与数值模拟

针对高水头船闸反弧门顶止水安装变形的问题,采用止水切片试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究半圆头型止水在不同安装荷载作用下的变形轮廓、位移变形、头部凸起和接触宽度等安装变形规律及等效应力分布规律.结果表明,基于力学试验获得原型材料参数和接触力学计算理论,止水变形数值模拟结果与1∶1切片试验结果吻合较好;随着安装扭矩增大,止水半圆形头部凸起高度近似线性增大,胸墙处止水接触宽度呈非线性变化趋势;止水头部与压板、座板接触边界位置应力梯度最大,是止水最易发生损坏的部位.     

大型LNG船液舱晃荡结构动响应研究

在船舶尺度和营运状态与传统条件发生很大变化的情况下,大型液化天然气(LNG)船液舱晃荡研究显得尤为重要.本文分析了NO96型LNG船液舱围护结构的特点,采用显示积分方法研究不同晃荡压力峰值和持续时间的晃荡冲击载荷作用下液舱围护系统结构动响应,得到不同工况下结构的动态失效特性.最后回归基于比例极限和突变永久变形的临界压力载荷公式,并给出液舱围护系统结构设计准则和安全性评估方法建议.     

船体分段焊接变形仿真

船体分段在焊接过程中产生的焊接变形会使船体结构强度降低,然而精确预测和控制焊接变形是个难题.文章提供了准确预测焊接变形的固有应变等效载荷法.这种方法运用有限元法结合固有应变理论以及实验结果对焊接变形进行分析:引入简化的弹-塑性分析杆-弹簧模型,通过分析得到固有应变受焊接区域约束度及最高温度分布情况的影响;将固有应变转化为等效载荷,应用弹性有限元分析求得整个结构的焊接变形.计算结果与LEECH计算及实验结果吻合较好.     

围阱内流体振荡载荷试验研究

很多水面舰船为吊放声呐、潜水系统等特殊设备,设置了围阱结构。舰船航行过程中,围阱随边的壁面将受到底部剪切层的冲击,且围阱内的流体在外部来流和波浪的激励下将发生剧烈晃荡,流体的晃荡运动会对围阱内壁面产生较大的砰击载荷。针对该问题,开展了模型试验,对围阱内剪切层冲击及流体晃荡的载荷进行研究,分析剪切层冲击及流体振荡载荷随流速、围阱开口形式等参数的变化规律,通过对比围阱内不同位置测点的测试结果,确定流体晃荡载荷较大的区域,指导围阱结构设计。     

冰载荷对加筋板轴向压缩极限强度的影响

船舶在冰区航行时,将遭受浮冰的挤压,船舷侧部位的加筋板会受到冰载荷的作用。以单筋单跨加筋板为研究对象,采用非线性有限元法对冰载荷下加筋板轴向压缩极限强度进行分析。研究冰载荷的大小、加载区域面积和加载区域位置的不同对极限强度的影响规律。结果表明,冰载荷大小一定,冰载荷作用区域面积逐渐增加时,加筋板的轴向压缩极限强度随着面积的增加基本呈线性增加。冰载荷作用区域位置距离加筋板中心点距离逐渐增加时,加筋板的轴向压缩极限强度逐渐增加,且随着相对距离的增加,对加筋板轴向压缩极限强度的影响越来越大。这些结果可用于指导冰区船舶结构的设计以及维护。     

用于轴系校中的船体变形计算研究

船体变形是影响船舶推进轴系校中质量的一个非常重要的动态因素.在综合考虑引起船体变形的三种主要因素的基础上,以76000t成品油轮为例,计算了极限装载状态下的重力分布和极限海况时的波浪载荷.通过对整船有限元模型合理施加重力、浮力及环境温度载荷,并模拟船舶水弹性约束,得到船体二层底的局部变形,为在轴系校中计算中计入船体变形的影响奠定了基础.     

海上风机在三种风载荷作用下的疲劳分析方法研究

文章提出一种基于等效疲劳载荷的快速有效的结构优化设计方法,首先通过bladed模拟得到时域下的风载荷,然后通过雨流计数法则和等效损伤理论得到相应的疲劳载荷谱和等效疲劳载荷,接着以导管架式海上风机为例,利用AN-SYS对其进行三维建模,选取三种典型管节点和两种非管节点,基于热点应力法计算了其在三种风疲劳载荷作用下的疲劳损伤,通过比较三种载荷作用下的疲劳损伤结果,验证了等效疲劳载荷的可靠性.接着又计算了各等效疲劳载荷分量单独作用下的海上风机焊接节点的疲劳损伤,得出各疲劳载荷分量对疲劳总损伤的贡献,可以为设计者提供更好的载荷设计依据.相比于传统的时域疲劳分析方法和疲劳载荷谱方法,等效疲劳载荷方法更加方便有效.     

滚装船在波浪中横摇时船上滑动重载荷的同步效应

滚装船中车辆等重载荷由于固定装置失效而随船摇荡作自由滑动时,往往由于反复碰撞致使在甲板上作自由滑动的重载荷随着时间增多.由于波浪和内部滑动车辆共同作用,使滚装船的横摇加剧.这是许多滚装船发生倾覆的重要原因之一.本文对由滚装船和两辆滑动车辆组成的浮基多体系统,取滚装船的横摇角和两辆自由滑动车辆在甲板上的横向位移为此系统的三个自由度,运用多体系统动力学方法,建立了系统的动力学方程.以某型海峡滚装渡轮为例,对在两辆车自由滑动和波浪共同作用下的滚装船浮基多体系统的横摇响应和车辆位移响应进行了数值计算,得出了多个自由滑动的重载荷因相互碰撞在舷侧舱壁的约束下随着时间的延长其运动将趋于同步的结论.     

轮印载荷下I型夹层板架结构静强度力学性能试验研究

现代舰船的直升机起降时会通过轮胎将载荷作用于飞行甲板的板架上,这种载荷通常被称为轮印载荷。除此之外,相对于传统加筋板结构形式,I型夹层结构具有轻质、高比强度等优点,是一种可以应用于船舶飞行甲板的新型结构形式。本文针对轮印载荷局部重载和位置不确定的特点,设计了合理的试验贴片方案及加载程序,并将试验数据与理论值对比,分析误差原因,研究I型夹层板架结构的板格在四种典型位置轮印载荷作用下的静强度力学性能。试验结果表明,夹层板架结构在载荷附近测点的应力水平较大,同时其上面板沿船宽方向的弯曲应力大于沿船长方向的弯曲应力,而下面板2个方向的弯曲应力特性与上面板相反。这些结论对于I型夹层板架结构在轮印载荷下的力学性能研究具有重要意义。     

Research on shafting alignment considering ship hull deformations

Ship hull deformation is one of the most significant influences on propulsion shafting alignment. Based on the calculation fundamentals of ship hull deformations, a new method of shafting alignment considering ship hull deformations is proposed in this paper. Ship loadings, wave loads and environment temperature differences in some extreme conditions, as well as elastic constraints, are simulated and applied to the finite element model of 76,000 DWT product oil tanker, so that ship hull deformations can be solved. Then, the deformations of the double bottom are converted to bearing offsets, which behave as boundary constraints for shafting alignment calculations. Taking the condition of light ship in calm water as a reference, the impact of hull deformations on shafting alignment is analyzed and optimized shafting alignment considering ship hull deformations is realized.     

等效模型仿真技术在船舶电网仿真中的应用

针对船舶电网的仿真,提出了一种等效模型的仿真方法.此方法在研究发电机的动态特性的时候,将负荷进行等值,建立一个等效功率模型;相对应的,在研究不同负荷的动态特性的时候,将所有发电机等效成一个电源母线.通过对一个两台机组构成的简单环网的对比研究,验证了这种仿真方法的有效性.     

三峡工程明渠汛期通航船舶绞滩缆桩强度分析

用有限元分析了驳船缆桩及周围甲板在绞滩力作用下的受力状况,据此对局部结构提出了加强要求。     

外接平板型金属夹层结构连接构件极限强度分析

激光焊接钢质夹层结构在国外已用于实船,其连接形式是亟待解决的关键问题之一。基于有限元分析软件ANSYS,研究了面内载荷作用下,I型金属夹层结构外接平板型连接构件的失效模式和极限承载能力,以及5种典型初始缺陷的尺寸和连接构件的设计参数对极限载荷的影响规律。结果显示,连接构件较短时,结构失效的主导因素是焊接接头形成了塑性铰;连接构件较长时,主导因素是连接构件失稳。对于各种类型的初始缺陷,随初始缺陷尺寸的增大,极限载荷均降低;连接构件、以及靠近连接构件的夹层面板和夹层腹板的初始缺陷对极限载荷的影响较大。在控制重量的条件下,欲增大极限承载能力,最有效的途径是增大连接构件厚度,并选取合适的连接构件长度。     

两种舰船—飞机耦合系统的降阶建模方法

舰船的运动和甲板的变形，对着舰飞机的冲击载荷会产生影响，而该冲击载荷又会直接影响飞行甲板的变形，因此两者的运动是耦合的，需要把它们作为一耦合系统进行分析。本文对该耦合系统提出了两种降阶建模方法。该方法首先对飞行甲板进行动力缩聚，使其只包含在整个降落过程中会与飞机起落架的运动发生耦合的所有自由度，然后把降阶了的模型与飞机一起建工耦合动力学方程。运用该方法建立起来的动力学方程规模将大大减小。通过对某型号飞机及舰船计算表明，本文提出的方法是可行的。