Assessment of uncertainty in the CFD simulation of the wave-induced loads on a vertical cylinder

The paper addresses different uncertainty analysis methods commonly used for uncertainty quantification in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies and compares a constant Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) number based approach for uncertainty estimation to the ITTC recommended grid and time-independent procedures. Four different uncertainty estimation procedures are presented and discussed. To compare their performance and better understand CFD related uncertainty quantification in wave load simulations on offshore structures, the methods are applied to a case study of the wave loads on a fixed vertical cylinder. The numerical or CFD wave tank is generated using the open-source CFD toolkit OpenFOAM. Uncertainty is assessed for the case study using four different uncertainty estimation procedures for verification and later, validation is attempted by comparing the CFD results with experiments. The study concludes that a constant CFL number based uncertainty study provides more stable results and is better suited for uncertainty estimation in CFD than the ITTC recommended individual grid and time step uncertainty study.     

基于显式有限元方法的二维楔形刚体入水砰击载荷并行计算预报

局部砰击载荷是在船舶首部结构设计时重点关注的问题。文章基于显式有限元方法,选用任意拉格朗日—欧拉算法(ALE),针对某30°二维楔形刚体入水砰击问题,开展了数值预报工作。针对模型网格密度开展了收敛性分析。数值预报的加速度、砰击压力等时域结果与已公开发表的模型实验的结果进行了比较,吻合非常好。鉴于在微机上数值计算时间比较长的问题,文中探讨了并行计算技术在模拟中的应用。     

不同海况下艏部砰击及鞭状效应的试验与数值分析

为了更深入地研究船舶的鞭状效应,在拖曳水池中对某船进行了艏部砰击及鞭状效应分段模型试验研究。提出了一种可以考虑砰击力的非线性水弹性计算方法。并改进了传统的分段模型,采用变截面梁对船体刚度进行模拟以更好地接近实船。在规则波迎浪下观察到了严重的艏部砰击现象。试验数据表明,当波高从5.6m增大到21m时,由于鞭状效应原因,总弯矩相比低频波浪弯矩的增大值从24.64%增长到92.02%。最后,将不同海况下的测量结果与基于线性与非线性水弹性理论的计算结果进行了比较分析,初步验证了文中方法和程序在预报船体波浪载荷中的适用性。     

Some analytical results for the initial phase of bottom slamming

The deformation of boat hull bottom panels during the initial phase of slamming is studied analytically using a linear elastic Euler–Bernoulli beam as a representation of the cross section of a bottom panel. The slamming pressure is modeled as a high-intensity peak followed by a lower constant pressure, traveling at constant speed along the beam. The problem is solved using a Fourier sine integral transformation in space and a Laplace–Carson integral transformation in time. Deflection and bending moment as functions of time and position for different speeds, bending stiffnesses, etc. are given. In particular the effect of slamming load traveling speed on structural response of the simplified bottom structure is investigated. It is found that rather large deflections and bending moments are encountered at certain speeds of the pressure, which suggests that bottom panels may benefit from tailoring their stiffness and mass properties such that loads are reduced. This would vary with boat particulars and operation (deadrise angle, mass, speed, sea state, etc). The importance of the high-intensity pressure peak often encountered during slamming is also studied. It is seen that for relatively slow moving slamming loads the pressure peak has little influence. However, for faster moving loads its influence can be significant.     

Hydroelastic analysis of a rectangular plate subjected to slamming loads

A hydroelastic analysis of a rectangular plate subjected to slamming loads is presented. An analytical model based on Wagner theory is used for calculations of transient slamming load on the ship plate. A thin isotropic plate theory is considered for determining the vibration of a rectangular plate excited by an external slamming force. The forced vibration of the plate is calculated by the modal expansion method. Analytical results of the transient response of a rectangular plate induced by slamming loads are compared with numerical calculations from finite element method. The theoretical slamming pressure based on Wagner model is applied on the finite element model of a plate. Good agreement is obtained between the analytical and numerical results for the structural deflection of a rectangular plate due to slamming pressure. The effects of plate dimension and wave profile on the structural vibration are discussed as well. The results show that a low impact velocity and a small wetted radial length of wave yield negligible effects of hydroelasticity.     

Hydroelastic slamming

An overview of the many water-impact (slamming) problems in ship and ocean engineering is given. Theoretical and experimental drop tests of horizontal and nearly horizontal elastic plates are reviewed. It is shown that maximum pressure cannot be used to estimate maximum slamming-induced stresses when maximum pressure is large, because dynamic hydroelastic effects then become important. Further, the significance of hydroelasticity increases with decreasing dead-rise angle, increasing impact velocity, and increasing the value of the highest local natural period of the structure. It is emphasized that the slamming problem must be hydrodynamically studied from a structural point of view. Comparisons between theory and full-scale measurements of slamming-induced local strains in the wet-deck of a catamaran are presented. The importance of the rigid body vertical accelerations and the influence of the side-hulls on the impact velocity are pointed out. Received: October 4, 2000     

Benchmark study on slamming response of flat-stiffened plates considering fluid-structure interaction

This paper presents a benchmark study on the slamming responses of offshore structures’ flat-stiffened plates. The objective was to compare the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation methodologies, modeling techniques, and established researchers' experiences in predicting slamming pressure. Three research groups employing the most common commercial software packages for numerical FSI simulations (i.e. LS-Dyna ALE, LS-Dyna ICFD, ANSYS CFX, and Star-CCM+/ABAQUS) participated in this study. Wet drop test data on flat-stiffened aluminum plates of light-ship-like bottom structures available in the open literature was utilized for validation of the FSI modeling. A summary of the experimental conditions including the geometry model and material properties, was distributed to the participants prior to their simulations. A parametric study on flat-stiffened steel plates having actual scantlings used in marine installations was performed to investigate the effect of impact velocity and plate rigidity on slamming response. The FE simulation results for the total vertical forces acting on the stiffened plates and their structural responses to those forces, as obtained from the participants, were analyzed and compared. The reliable and accurate predictions of slamming loads using the aforementioned commercial FSI software packages were evaluated. Additionally, equivalent static slamming pressures resulting in the same permanent deflections, as observed from the FSI simulations, were reported and compared with analytical models proposed by the Classification Standards DNV and existing experimental data for calculation of the slamming pressure. The study results showed that the equivalent load model depends on the water impact velocity and plate rigidity; that is, the equivalent static pressure coefficient decreases with an increase in impact velocity, and increases when impacting structures become stiffer.     

计及水-空气-结构耦合的结构砰击载荷预报方法研究

船舶在恶劣海况下航行时,船体与波浪之间会发生剧烈的砰击现象,严重时会造成船体局部结构损坏或降低船舶总纵强度。随着工业技术的革新和海洋资源开发的需要,当代船舶不断向高速化和大型化发展,船舶发生砰击现象的概率也越来越高。开展结构砰击特性研究,准确地预报结构物的砰击载荷,对船舶航行和人员安全有重要的意义。本文基于水动力学软件 Fine/Marine,建立水域-空气域-结构耦合的分析模型,对楔形结构的砰击特性进行数值仿真分析,并研究不同斜升角及不同入水速度对砰击载荷的影响。     

规则波和不规则波中船舶艉砰击及其振动响应的试验研究

在拖曳水池中对某船舶进行了艉砰击及其振动响应的试验研究.在规则波以及不规则波中的零航速、艉随浪情况下观察到了严重的艉砰击现象.试验数据分析表明,合成弯矩可以分成由波浪载荷引起的低频成分以及由砰击载荷引起的高频成分.由于严重艉砰击载荷的作用,发现在某次规则波试验中合成弯矩比波浪弯矩要大出44%,在3.24m不规则波中合成弯矩增加了43%.不规则波中的试验数据统计表明合成弯矩分布范围服从Weibull分布.推导了服从Weibull分布随机变量的短期概率极值预报公式,针对试验数据进行了预报.还讨论了试验数据分析中的不确定性问题.试验研究表明,对于艉部平坦肥大的船舶,在设计和使用中需要引起对艉砰击及其振动响应问题的重视.     

基于显式有限元方法的二维楔形体砰击压力系数预报

利用LS-DYNA软件对二维楔形体入水问题进行研究。基于显式有限元方法,选用任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法,建立了包含空气、水和楔形体的完全耦合的二维有限元模型,研究流场的射流现象与压力变化情况,预报了二维楔形体砰击压力系数,并与已公开发表的模型试验结果吻合较好,从而为后续砰击载荷计算提供可靠的方法。     

Experimental study of slam-induced stresses in a containership

Experiments for the ship motions and sea loads were carried out on a segmented model of a container ship in ballast condition. Comparisons between the measurements and the theoretical results were carried out for the vertical motions and bending moments. For the evaluation of the primary stresses it is assumed that the total vertical bending moment induced by waves is divided into one component obtained by the linear theory and another one is due to the slamming loads. Several formulations for the determination of the slamming loads are compared with experimental results. The vibratory response of the model is calculated by modelling the hull with rotational springs and rigid links. Linear finite elements with a consistent mass formulation are adopted for the structural model and the response is obtained by modal superimposing and direct integration methods.     

Numerical study on the dynamic response of a truncated ship-hull structure under asymmetrical slamming

Dynamic response of ship-hull structure under slamming has tracked widespread attention in the marine structural design. However, our understanding on the dynamic characteristics largely relies on the symmetrical slamming cases. This paper presented a preliminary numerical investigation on the dynamic response of a truncated ship-hull structure under asymmetrical slamming based on the uncoupled CFD-FE method. Asymmetrical slamming loads were predicted through combining the seakeeping analysis and CFD method. In there, three kinds of motions (vertical, horizontal and roll motions) of 2D ship sections were obtained through the seakeeping analysis and then the slamming pressure was predicted through simulating the water entry with various motions based on CFD method. The dynamic response was analyzed through finite element method. Numerical predictions including ship motions, slamming loads and dynamic analysis were validated against published experimental data and numerical calculations. The characteristics of asymmetrical slamming loads were analyzed showing obvious asymmetry in space, and the dynamic characteristic of the ship bow structure was further clarified through discussing the deformation and stress distribution. These results are useful for readers for better understanding the dynamic characteristics of the bow structure under slamming.     

下水式升船机船厢底缘形式研究*

通过比尺为1:20的船厢出入水过程概化物理模型,对下水式升船机船厢主体底缘形式进行系统研究,探讨不同底缘形式的船厢对出入水过程船厢池水面波动、吸附力、拍击力及附加水动力荷载的影响。研究表明：船厢底缘角度的增大可有效降低船厢出水吸附力与入水拍击力,同时考虑到船厢底缘角度的增大会引起船厢质量的增加,提出船厢底缘较优角度为4°。     

砰击载荷作用下船底肋骨等效设计压力的确定

通过一个船体二维分段的自由落体试验,测量模型入水速度、砰击压力和结构响应,获得模型底部板架在砰击载荷作用下的响应特征;对结构模型在均布静压力作用下的应力响应进行有限元分析;比较试验和计算得到的应力响应,获得作用在模型肋骨上的砰击压力的折减系数,从而使该结构在设计时仍可按常规的静力计算方法进行强度校核。该折减系数与船体入水速度成线性关系,在已知船体设计入水速度和试验压力分布时,可以获得船体设计均布静压力。     

基于SPH方法的M型快艇入水载荷仿真分析

[目的]为研究M型快艇典型截面结构入水过程中受到的水动力载荷,[方法]基于光滑粒子动力学(SPH)液-气两相流算法,模拟平板和弓形模型的入水过程,以验证所用算法的精确性。在此基础上,模拟M型快艇典型截面结构的入水过程,并与相关文献的试验结果进行比较。[结果]结果显示:两种结构入水过程的仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好。M型快艇入水过程中存在二次砰击现象,即在主船体斜升角较大时会导致第1次砰击载荷较小,若斜升角过大时第2次砰击过程中结构则受到的砰击载荷会显着增加。[结论]研究结果表明,SPH两相流算法可以很好地模拟M型快艇入水过程,斜升角的设计大小应适当。     

基于船波相对运动的船艏砰击仿真方法

在分析船波相对运动表达式的基础上计算船艏典型剖面的船波相对运动,探讨船艏入水过程中的砰击问题,对比船体某剖面3种入水仿真模型计算所得的砰击载荷,讨论三维外形和航行速度对船艏剖面砰击外载荷的影响。在该分析中,船体在规则波浪中的运动用基于三维势流理论的水动力软件AQWA计算获得,船波相对运动通过理论推导计算获得,用对船艏结构施加强迫运动的方式模拟船波相对运动的真实过程。采用An—sys／Ls—Dyna软件的流固耦合分析进行入水仿真,流体划分为ALE体积网格,船艏视为刚体,划分为Lagrange有限元网格。对比结果表明：在三维模型中,相邻剖面引起剖面最大压力点处的液面变化对该点的砰击压力有增大效果,航速有增大剖面砰击压力的作用,减小船艏底部纵向斜升角有利于降低砰击压力。     

潜艇非稳态流场计算流体力学不确定度分析

依照ITTC推荐规程对美国DARPA潜艇模型SUBOFF光体在不考虑自由表面情况下的CFD计算进行不确定度分析。选取中间尺度的时间步长,验证中采用细、中、粗三套网格。在最精细的网格上进行不同时间步长的研究。最后对潜艇表面压力计算进行确认。     

Response-based extreme value analysis of moored offshore structures due to wave, wind, and current

Floating moored offshore structures have a significant future in offshore operations as an attractive economic alternative to fixed structures in deep waters and/or in areas where there is no existing infrastructure. This paper describes an analysis procedure based on the structure variable approach to estimate load and response values of a moored offshore platform at a given return period by taking into account the joint occurrence of wave, wind, and current. The results show that the most severe mooring loads may not occur when wind, wave, and current are collinear and are at their maximum design values, i.e., the 50- or 100-year case. It is recommended that the extreme mooring design loads for moored offshore systems should be determined through a range of physical or numerical simulations where wave, wind, and current are noncollinear and act with less severe magnitudes than the 50- or 100-year case. This recommendation has also been adopted in the ITTC/Ocean Engineering Committee recommendations to the ITTC Conference held in September 1996.     

Slamming load on a very large floating structure with shallow draft

The objective of this paper is to estimate the slamming load acting on a pontoon-type very large floating structure with a shallow draft. Experiments were carried out using elastic models with different rigidities in regular waves. The results revealed that the slamming load was strongly influenced by the rigidity of the model. The conditions under which slamming occurs depended on the extent of the bottom emergence and the velocity of the relative wave height at the bow of the model. These results were related to a simple procedure for estimating slamming load.     

船舶首部结构入水砰击过程研究

对刚性船舶首部结构砰击过程进行仿真研究,分析砰击过程中的液面变化,以及船舶首部结构砰击压力与入水速度、结构曲率的关系。研究弹塑性首部结构入水砰击问题。针对弹塑性首部结构入水砰击过程中各个构件上的应力、变形、吸能等参数进行动态响应分析,对优化船舶首部结构形式和保证结构安全性具有十分重要的研究意义。