可液化场地20万吨级卸荷式板桩码头地震反应分析

地震作用下场地液化是码头结构发生破坏的主要原因之一。针对一种20万吨级卸荷式板桩码头建立二维有限元数值模型，采用有效应力法对该码头结构进行动力时程分析，研究其在可液化场地条件下的受力变形特征以及周围土体的动力反应。结果表明：可液化场地条件下，板桩码头的前墙变形与传统单锚式柔性挡墙不同，未出现明显的凸胀变形；地震作用过程中前墙承担的弯矩最大，最大弯矩位于海底泥面附近；码头结构对周围土体的地震反应有放大效应，临空面对土体地震动峰值加速度(PGA)影响范围随地震强度的增加有减小的趋势；墙后填土液化范围随地震动强度的增加逐渐扩大，在0.50g情况下存在整体滑移的危险。     

地震作用下的液化砂土地基PHC管桩动态响应

为研究液化砂土地基上的PHC管桩在地震作用下的动态响应,利用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立土体、实体PHC管桩和桩顶等效质体组成的数值模型,同时考虑水体、土体和PHC管桩之间的耦合作用。通过在模型底部施加地震荷载进行完全非线性动力分析,研究土体的液化情况、场地的变形以及PHC管桩的响应。结果表明,地震作用引起了饱和砂土有效应力减小,全高度的砂土均发生了液化;液化的发生与否以及发生时间不仅与土体的埋深有关,也与地震荷载的序列和地震荷载的峰值加速度相关;埋入土中的桩身正应力呈先增大再减小的趋势,最大值出现在护坡和砂土交界处;埋深较浅处桩的侧向位移大于埋深较深处;由于PHC管桩在强震作用下的位移和内力值均较大,应在码头建造之前对极易液化的场地进行改善。     

砂性土地震液化的NCEER判别法在港口工程中的应用

目前在关于砂性土地震液化的判别方面,国际工程界普遍接受的方法之一是基于Seed简化的修正NCEER判别法,在我国对外承包工程项目中应用该方法判别砂性土地震液化的工程实例也较多。以某港口项目为例,重点介绍NCEER法的基本原理和对砂性土进行地震液化判别的具体操作步骤,通过对工程计算结果进行深入分析,探讨用碎石桩改善砂性土地震液化性能的可行性,提出NCEER法计算过程中需要注意的几点问题。     

Validation of earthquake analysis methodology of a suction-caisson foundation-structure through model testing

Suction caissons are one of the most widely used foundation solutions for subsea structures and wind farms. Seismic response of subsea structures is however seldom documented properly, often just treated as a foundation capacity issue applying a quasi-static acceleration and not considering the inertial interaction between the structure and the soil. The more relevant tasks to document are the motions of the unit and the response of the externally connected flowlines and equipment/systems on the unit.Based on a case study located in the Shah Deniz field in the Caspian Sea, model centrifuge tests and numerical modelling were carried out to validate the global response of a 4-caisson supported manifold structure subject to seismic motions in soft clay. The centrifuge tests were carried out at 58 g at the centre for geotechnical modelling at UC Davis. To simulate the soil-structure interaction, a series of non-linear springs defined by kinematic hardening models were used in analyses with the ABAQUS software. This development includes the algorithms for determining the required model parameters. A very good agreement between recorded response from the centrifuge test and calculated response from the FE-analyses was achieved.The development and validation of the soil model presented in this paper is an improvement in design methodology for caisson foundations subjected to earthquake loading. The non-linear soil springs are well suited to incorporate in more detailed structural analyses where an accurate representation of the foundation response is required. The paper also briefly describes how the subsequent earthquake design analyses were performed for the Shah Deniz manifold structures making use of the validated soil spring model and the added value it gave to the project.     

曹妃甸通岛路引堤工程地震液化可能性的原位测试判别分析

通过对3孔标准贯入试验和30孔静力触探试验结果的分析,表明以粉细砂吹填而成的曹妃甸通岛路工程在采取了相应的工程措施后,从总体上消除了地震液化的可能性。对用粉细砂填筑工程地震液化可能性的工程改善和判别具有可借鉴的价值。     

太中银铁路地震液化带桥梁深基坑开挖施工技术

对太巾银铁路地震液化带桥梁深基坑开挖的施工技术进行了研究.首先依据太中铁路地震液化带地区的地质特点,详细地分析了地震液化带软上地区桥梁深基坑开挖过程中存在的施T技术问题;提出了真空轻型井点降水、钢管桩围堰和两者相结合的方案来解决太中银铁路地震液化带桥梁深基坑开挖施工过程中可能出现的喷砂冒水和滑坡等灾害.通过分析和试验结果的研究表明,在地震液化带区域采用井点降水和钢管桩围堰及其相结合的方法进行深基坑开挖支护是可行和有效的.     

码头成层地基中地震动的非线性反演方法

为了合理地对某码头结构进行抗震分析,采用非线性土层随机地震反应分析方法,结合自由场地地表处测得的地震加速度记录,反演得到了基岩加速度,为结构抗震分析提供了合理的地震动输入.由于土体是一种显著的非线性材料,采用一种简化的方法求解剪切模量和阻尼比,从而确立了土体的动力本构关系,建立了非线性反演方法.最后,结合某高桩码头工程,对该工程地表加速度进行了非线性反演得到基岩地震动.计算结果表明该反演方法是正确的,有着较高的精度.     

港口结构抗震设计方法的发展（3）

以我国、美国和日本的港口码头设计规范、手册为基础,对我国、美国和日本港口码头抗震设计的方法进行了分析,同时介绍了国际航运协会标准《港口结构抗震设计指南》的有关规定。此系列论文共分6部分,该文为第3部分。分析和对比了上述规范中抗震设计时场地类别划分、地基液化判别、动主动土压力和动被动土压力的计算方法。对比表明,我国、美国和日本场地土的分类方法相似,但划分的类别数不同。对于地基液化,我国规范通过土的地质年代、黏粒含量和标准贯入击数采用两步判别法进行判别;美国港口设计手册采用地震剪应力方法进行判别;日本的液化判别方法比较复杂,采用土的均匀系数、标准贯入击数、等效加速度和循环三轴试验进行综合判别。对于动土压力计算,各规范都采用经典的物部-冈部公式或以该公式为基础改进的公式。     

土体液化判定方法对比及应用

目前国内外已有多种液化判定方法。由于不同方法采用的判定依据不同,导致计算精度有所差别,判定时可能会得到不同的结论。为增强判定液化势的准确性,对国内外常用的液化判定标准进行对比分析,进一步阐明NCEER法与LPI法针对不同抗震液化敏感性需求时的适用性。结果表明,对抗震液化敏感性要求较高时,可利用NCEER法,其更适用于单点液化势评估;抗震液化敏感性要求较低时,可利用LPI法,其更适用于总体液化势评估。研究成果已成功应用于沙特吉赞JIGCC项目地基抗液化处理中,为该项目建设提供有力的技术支撑。     

海底管线抗液化试验研究

地震时砂土液化是造成海底管线大量破坏的主要原因之一。国际上的专家对地震液化情况进行了大量的试验和分析，得出了很多有价值的结论。现在已经有多种抗液化措施应用于实际工程，防止地震砂土液化对海底管线造成严重破坏。地震砂土液化情况下，海底管线的主要破坏形式是管线上浮。提出用翼形板加固管线进行抗液化的新措施，并通过振动台的对比试验验证了新措施的可行性。对实际工程具有重大意义。     

Experimental study on seismic vibration control of an offshore wind turbine with TMD considering soil liquefaction effect

Wind energy is clean and sustainable. Taiwan is establishing offshore wind farms using wind turbines in the Taiwan Strait. However, these are located in an earthquake-prone area with sandy seabed conditions. To ensure their safety and reliability, the turbines’ support structure must be protected against wind, waves, and seismic loads. Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are commonly employed to reduce structural vibrations. A TMD is more simply incorporated into turbine structures than are other energy dissipation devices. In this study, a 1:25-scale test model with a TMD was constructed and subjected to shaking table tests to experimentally simulate the dynamic behavior of a typical 5-MW wind turbine with a jacket-type support structure and pile foundation. The scaled-down wind turbine model has a nacelle without rotating blades; therefore, the aerodynamic and rotational effects due to the rotating blades were ignored in this study. A large laminar shear box filled with saturated sandy ground was used to simulate the typical seabed conditions of Taiwanese offshore wind farms. The TMD system was designed to be tuned the first-mode frequency of the test model. Two ground accelerations, selected by considering wind farm site condition and near-fault characteristics, were used for excitation in the test. The responses of the test model with and without the TMD system were compared, and the influence of soil liquefaction on the effectiveness of TMD vibration control was addressed.     

循环弹塑性本构模型在港口沉箱码头抗震理论中的应用

在港口抗震中采用循环弹塑性本构模型对港工建筑物的地震破坏机理进行数值分析与振动台实验。选取在港口建设中最常见的沉箱码头作为研究对象,采用循环弹塑性本构模型,FD-FE耦合方法模拟地震荷载作用下地基土液化导致的沉箱码头岸壁的整体失稳。然后通过水下大型振动台的模型实验进行验证。数值分析与模型试验破坏趋势基本吻合。结论表明：循环弹塑性本构模型在港口工程抗震理论研究中有一定的参考应用价值,为循环弹塑性本构模型在港口建设实际工程中的推广起到一定的铺垫作用。     

振冲法加固砂土地基工艺选择及施工参数控制

根据砂土的黏粒含量,振冲法可采用不加填料的振冲密实法或有填料的振冲置换法,选择合适的振冲施工工艺和确定合理的工艺参数,与地基加固效果和地基处理的工程投资密切相关。在振冲器的振动荷载作用下,由于饱和砂土的液化产生振密作用,根据孔隙水压力的增长模型,推导了饱和砂土的临界液化时间,并分析留振时间的影响因素。结合两个工程实例,探讨了振冲密实法和振冲置换法两种工艺的适应性及加固效果。根据砂土的类型和黏粒含量,将砂土地基分为3类,不同的砂土地基采用合适的振冲工艺,并得出施工参数的合理区间。     

水运工程水下振动台的应用研究与进展

在充分了解国内外地震对水工建筑物危害程度及水下振动台应用现状的基础上,分析了水下结构物抗震设计计算与结构抗震物理模型试验的差异,阐述了在交通行业建设大型水下振动台的必要性和重要性,明确了建设水下振动台需要解决的关键技术问题,对水下振动台应用前景进行了分析。     

钢管桩码头地震易损性分析的单自由度模型

结构地震易损性分析的关键是确定结构在不同地震动强度下的反应值。由于需要考虑地震动的不确定性,须对大量地震动记录进行统计分析,特别是直接对码头结构进行抗震分析的情况下,计算量很大。为降低钢管桩码头易损性分析的复杂程度,提出一种可用于码头易损性分析的单自由度模型,该模型采用曲线型骨架线和Masing准则模拟钢管桩码头的恢复力特性。为验证该模型的合理性和有效性,将一个钢管桩码头结构等效为单自由度模型,并基于云图法分别对原型结构和单自由度模型进行了易损性分析,结果表明二者的易损性曲线吻合良好。     

饱和砂土振动液化过程中桩的响应数值模拟

首先通过桩土相互作用的振动台模型试验模拟饱和砂土的振动液化过程,并实测桩身应变等数据,为数值计算提供可供比较的试验数据;其次依据饱和弱化土层p-y关系,利用拟静力计算方法,应用温克尔地基梁模型数值模拟饱和砂土振动液化过程中桩身弯矩。通过拟静力计算结果和试验结果的对比分析,认为当桩顶惯性力的折减系数为0.6时,数值模拟结果成立。     

水工建筑物抗震设计中土超孔隙水压力计算

水工建筑物地震分析中,超孔隙水压比是判断土体是否液化与计算地震动土压力时的基本参数。针对美国规范水工建筑物抗震设计中超孔隙水压力的计算问题,介绍场地循环应力比、等效循环应力比、液化触发系数等概念,并考虑工程实际情况,通过一个重力式码头设计实例说明其计算步骤。结果表明,本方法可以解决土体超孔隙水压比的估算问题。     

Joint earthquake and wave action on the monopile wind turbine foundation: An experimental study

Offshore wind turbines in regions of active seismicity are under a potential threat caused by the joint earthquake and ocean wave action. Taking NREL-5MW monopile wind turbine as the prototype, this study is devoted to probe the joint action of strong earthquakes and moderate sea conditions. A series of shake table model tests of scale 30:1 have been carried out by the contemporary world unique facility (Earthquake, Wave and Current Joint Simulation System) to investigate the structural response in dry flume, low and high calm water levels, with and without regular or random waves. Particular interest has been in the nacelle acceleration subjected to strong ground motions as well as to random waves. The experimental results of nacelle peak accelerations and corresponding dynamic amplification factors show that the joint earthquake and wave action is important for the proper evaluation of structural response. Ignoring the effect of wave action in seismic analysis will lead to underestimation of structural response, especially when the monopile foundation is dynamically sensitive. The coupling of earthquake and wave actions is sourced not only from the relative velocity of vibration but also from the initial condition induced by waves. It has been also derived that the peak acceleration excited by a moderate sea condition is comparable to that by a moderate earthquake.     

中印(尼)规范的强震区高桩码头地震反应谱差异

针对中国与印尼抗震设计规范的差异,将设计地震、场地类别、设计加速度反应谱等参数进行对比。结果表明,强震区印尼规范加速度反应谱曲线水平段比中国规范的长,加速度反应谱曲线峰值比中国规范最大抗震设防烈度对应的峰值大。基于某高桩码头工程,利用ANSYS软件,采用振型分解反应谱法,分析同一场地土采用不同规范的地震效应的差异,为类似的抗震设计提供参考。     

全直桩码头结构振型反应谱抗震分析

针对全直桩码头结构形式,以国外某码头工程为研究对象,采用振型分解反应谱法对不同水平地震方向激励进行纵横轴不对称结构动力响应分析,探讨了在不同水平地震方向作用下桩基结构位移和内力的变化规律。计算结果表明:结构平面质量中心和刚度中心不重合时,水平扭转效应对结构受力影响明显,结构地震作用及其扭转耦联振动效应可采用振型分解反应谱法计算;在水平地震作用下,全直桩码头结构的近陆侧桩承担的水平地震力最大,边桩比中间桩群承担了更多的水平地震力,设计中应重视边角桩的受力情况及调整桩基布置形式来减小扭转产生的不利影响。