A review of physical flexible ship models used for hydroelastic experiments

Hydroelasticity of ships has been established as a necessary form of investigation for both slender ships and high-speed craft. Experimental investigations have spanned various topics, including symmetric and antisymmetric, harmonic and transient, linear and nonlinear responses. Models have varied in size and the way the structure is modelled, depending of the focus of the investigation. The multitude of interacting physical mechanisms introduce almost-impossible-to-resolve scaling issues, and the eventual compromises depend on the aim of the investigator. This publication provides a comprehensive review of the evolution of these experimental techniques, from the first appearances of the field to the modern state-of-the-art and potential future directions.     

船舶在波浪中的水平弯曲——扭转耦合响应水弹性分析

本文以二维反对称水弹性理论分析了大开口船体结构的弯扭耦合响应。分析中船体结构简化为Ｔｉｍｏｓｈｅｎｋｏ梁,流体的作用以切片理论来考虑。计算结果和模型试验结果吻合良好,这为大开口船舶的弯扭耦合分析提供了有效简便的计算方法。     

The design and commissioning of a fully elastic model of a uniform container ship

Experimental hydroelasticity has not followed the rapid evolution of its computational counterpart. Hydroelastic codes have changed significantly in the past few decades, moving to more detailed modelling of both the structure and the fluid domain. Physical models of ships are, even today, manufactured with a very simplified structural arrangement, usually consisting of a hollow rectangular cross section. Appropriate depiction of the internal structural details ensures that properties relevant to antisymmetric vibration are scaled accurately from the real ship to the model. Attempts to create continuous, ship-like structures had limited success, as manufacturing constraints did not allow for much internal structural detail to be included. In this investigation, the first continuous model of a ship with a detailed internal arrangement resembling a container ship is designed, produced using 3D printing and tested in waves. It is demonstrated that the global responses of the hull in regular head waves agree well with theory and past literature, confirming that such a model can represent the behaviour of a ship. Furthermore, it is found that the model is capable of capturing local responses of the structure, something that would be impossible with “traditional” hydroelastic ship models. Finally, the capability of the model to be used to investigate antisymmetric vibrations is confirmed. The methodology developed here opens a whole new world of possibilities for experiments with models that are tailored to the focus of the investigation at hand. Moreover, it offers a powerful tool for the validation of modern state-of-the-art hydroelastic codes. Ultimately, it creates the next step in the investigation of dynamic responses of ship structures, which contribute significantly to accumulating damage of the hull. Better understanding of these responses will allow designers to avoid over-engineering and use of big safety factors to account for uncertainties in their predictions.     

舰艇作战系统信息模型研究

系统安全机制是舰艇作战系统的重要组成部分,建立舰艇作战系统信息模型是构建舰艇作战系统安全机制的基础。在分析舰艇作战系统体系结构的基础上,对系统的功能组成进行研究,利用UML建模工具,从数据模型和动态模型2个方面完成系统信息模型的描述。舰艇作战系统信息模型的建立,为实现系统安全机制的构建提供了坚实的基础。     

有限水深下舱段模型水下声辐射圆柱形阵列测量研究

在水面舰艇的研发阶段,随着对其声隐身性能指标的提高,一般采用数值仿真或者舱段模型试验来考核并优化其声学设计。对于舰艇水下声辐射预报方法,也会利用舱段模型试验来验证。考虑试验成本、操作便利性和背景噪声等因素,一般将舱段模型放置在露天水池进行水下辐射噪声测量,因此开展舱段模型在有限水深露天水池的水下声辐射测量研究非常有必要。为了分析有限水深露天水池中舱段模型水下辐射噪声圆柱形阵列测量方案的合理性,本文对在2种水域模型的封闭半圆筒结构水下声辐射进行数值仿真,并对小水线面双体船缩比模型进行了露天水池试验和噪声估算。分析计算和实测结果,验证了有限水深露天水池中舱段模型水下辐射噪声圆柱形阵列测量方案的合理性。该研究成果对于露天水池中舱段模型水下辐射噪声测量试验具有指导意义。     

破片侵彻作用下的波纹夹层板横舱壁结构响应分析

主流大型舰船的横舱壁结构以加筋板型式为主,但加筋板受制于其单层结构特点,较难提出新的设计.设计一种波纹夹层板,将其应用于大型舰船的横舱壁结构.采用有限元软件建立简化数值模型,研究在高速破片侵彻作用下的波纹夹层板横舱壁结构动态响应和破坏机理,并与传统单层加筋板横舱壁结构进行比较.结果 表明,应用波纹夹层板,横舱壁结构的抗...     

海船结构的总纵强度可靠性分析

本文在研究船舶结构总纵度强度的外载荷和结构能力的概率模型的基础上,应用结构可靠性原理中的全概率法和改进的一阶二次矩法编制了计算程序。通过对5艘实船的计算,分析了这些船舶的实际安全水平,特别,根据ZC规范要求的最小强度的最大载荷作了可靠性分析,得出了这5艘船的最低安全水平。在改进的一阶二次矩法计算的基础上,给出一种与传统的确定性设计方法形式相似但比其更为精确的安全设计条件及其相应的强度减小因子和载荷放大因子计算方法,供结构直接设计强度校核所用。     

层次分析法在大型水面舰艇动力系统总体性能分析中的应用

针对大型水面舰艇动力系统总体性能各指标重要度排序的问题,建立了动力系统总体性能指标评估体系模型,采用层次分析法(AHP)来计算评估体系各指标的权重,并对AHP法的标度和判断矩阵错误元素的调整方法进行了改进.运用AHP的9/9～9/1标度法以及新的判断矩阵错误元素调整方法对大型水面舰艇总体性能指标评估模型中各指标权重进行了分析,最终的排序结果与舰艇运行实际相符合,从而验证了AHP法对大型水面舰艇动力系统总体性能分析的合理性和可行性.     

Two- and three-dimensional hydroelastic modelling of a bulker in regular waves

The relatively high rates of bulk carrier casualties in recent years, as well as structural features such as large deck openings, make this vessel type a suitable example for investigating the influence of hydroelastic modelling on predicting wave-induced loads and responses. Two- and three-dimensional fluid–flexible structure interaction models, due to their different degree of complexity and associated data requirements, can be used at different stages of the design process when estimating wave-induced loads, namely preliminary and detailed design stages, respectively.

In this paper, therefore, two- and three-dimensional hydroelasticity theories are applied to predict and compare the dynamic behaviour of a bulk carrier hull, based on OBO MV Derbyshire, in waves. Both symmetric and antisymmetric motions and distortions are incorporated in these investigations. The three-dimensional structural model consists entirely of shell finite elements, representing all major external and internal structural components, whilst the two-dimensional model is generated using Timoshenko beam finite element and finite difference discretisations. Issues relevant to the structural modelling stage, for both idealisations, are discussed. The in vacuo dynamic characteristics are compared for all models, with particular emphasis on the influence of hatch openings, shear centre and warping on the antisymmetric dynamics of the structure. For the wet analysis the fluid–flexible structure interaction is carried out using two-dimensional (Timoshenko beam and strip theory) and three-dimensional (beam and shell finite element idealisations combined with potential flow analysis based on pulsating source distribution over the mean wetted surface) analyses. Comparisons are made between steady-state responses predicted by two- and three-dimensional models in bow quartering regular waves.

It is shown that whereas the predicted symmetric dynamic responses obtained from two- and three-dimensional models are in good agreement, differences are observed for the antisymmetric dynamic characteristics. It is thought that this may be due to inadequacies in the beam models employed when simulating the global dynamic behaviour of this highly non-prismatic hull girder whilst allowing for the effects of warping.     

舰艇结构局部振动计算模型研究

针对舰艇结构局部振动计算模型进行了系统的分析研究,探讨了确定计算模型的几个关键性问题,同时结合目前甸新一代舰艇才建造实践,具体分析了多种舰艇结构局部振动的计算模型,对振动计算模型的建立具有一定指导意义。     

国内航行入级海船及其规范体系发展分析

摘要：阐述了国内航行入级海船的现状和发展趋势,针对国内航行船舶船型大型化趋势,指出了CCS修订的国内航行入级海船规范和法规适应CSAD海船发展的修订特点,分析了其适应性、覆盖面和合理性,并对规范、法规未来发展提出了建议。     

水介质对船冰碰撞结构响应的影响

以极地运输船舶艏部作为研究对象,建立基于流固耦合算法的船-水-冰耦合技术对三维船艏与冰体碰撞的结构响应问题进行了研究,结合非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA对比分析了考虑流固耦合(即有水介质)的船-水-冰碰撞模型和不考虑流固耦合(即无水介质)的船-冰碰撞模型与同质量不同速度的冰体发生碰撞下的结构响应问题,揭示了不同碰撞工况下船舶在损伤变形、碰撞力、速度等方面的变化特征及差异,同时阐述了水介质在船冰碰撞中的作用,可以为极地运输船舶的抗冲击结构设计提供参考。     

环日本海地区的航线优化研究

随着环日本海地区贸易往来的频繁,优化该地区航运网络结构,提升海运通达性,成为推动该地区经济发展的重要手段.因此,提出一个以航运企业利润最大为目标的航线网络优化模型.该模型综合考虑航线、船型与需求间的关系,以船舶的载重量为约束,优化航运企业的资源配置,设计航线及选择适宜船型.利用实际数据对该模型进行检验,结果显示,优化的航线网络以及确定船型在不同经济条件下有所差别,可为环日本海航线的开辟与运营提供借鉴.     

高速单体船航行性能与结构力学特征综合优化初步研究

建立高速单体船航行性能与结构力学特征综合优化的数学模型,将遗传算法改进成一种适应多目标和多约束的算法,并将其应用于高速单体船航行性能与结构力学特征综合优化计算问题,利用界面友好的VC 软件编程。优化结果表明,改进的遗传算法计算可靠、效率高,并为设计综合性能优良的高速单体船船型准备了良好的基础条件。     

多用途杂货船载运原木沉船事故分析

承运原木的多用途杂货船,近年来连续发生沉船事故,事故的发生已不是孤立的一件事故,而是有着内在联系的一类事故。事故的发生有外在的恶劣气象海况原因,更有船舶本身的原因。有货物的原因,更有装载的原因。有装卸的原因,更有船舶结构的原因。总之,事故的发生不是偶然的,而是长期生产营运中船舶疲劳过度的必然结果。     

双船法联合起重支撑结构的设计与分析

为双船法（Twin Marine Lifter，TML）联合起重拆解大型海上油田设施设计一种可调节气隙的支撑结构，该结构便于安装和拆卸，对施工船舶的船体吃水性能要求低。建立支撑结构的有限元模型，进行强度校核和屈曲校核，给出支撑结构的应力分布和各杆件利用率。设计方案和分析方法可为拆解大型海上结构物专用装备的设计提供参考。     

数值水池及其在船舶与海洋工程中的应用

船舶物理模型试验周期长,费用昂贵,外界干扰因素难以控制,测量技术也有待发展,而计算机模拟的数值波浪水池具有费用低、无触点流场测量、无比例尺效应、能消除物模中由传感器尺寸及模型变形等因素对流场的影响,可获得较为详细的流场信息等优点。本文报道了作者在Fluent软件平台的基础上,经过二次开发,在所建立的数值水池中对船舶快速性、船舶与海洋结构物耐波性能等的研究进展。研究表明,数值水池可准确计算模型尺度下的高速船舶的阻力,可准确地模拟再现船舶与海洋结构物周围的自由面波形,计算预报波浪中实尺度船舶与海洋结构物的受力和运动,以及高海情下结构物所受到的冲击力等。     

板桩码头向深水化发展的方案构思和实践——遮帘式板桩码头新结构的开发

针时板桩结构型式仅适用于中小码头建设这一长期困扰水运工程界的课题，研究开发了半遮帘式和全遮帘式板桩码头结构型式。在京唐港区2万t级板桩码头改造为5万t级泊住工程中，利用半遮帘桩减小作用于原前板桩下半部分的土压力，而且不设锚碇拉杆，取得了成功；采用全遮帘式板桩结构，又成功建设了10万t级深水泊位。经南京水利科学研究所进行离心模型试验，验证了设计是正确的。     

A non-geometrically similar model for predicting the wake field of full-scale ships

The scale effect leads to large discrepancies between the wake fields of model-scale and actual ships, and causes differences in cavitation performance and exciting forces tests in predicting the performance of actual ships. Therefore, when test data from ship models are directly applied to predict the performance of actual ships, test results must be subjected to empirical corrections. This study proposes a method for the reverse design of the hull model. Compared to a geometrically similar hull model, the wake field generated by the modified model is closer to that of an actual ship. A non- geometrically similar model of a Korean Research Institute of Ship and Ocean Engineering (KRISO)’s container ship (KCS) was designed. Numerical simulations were performed using this model, and its results were compared with full-scale calculation results. The deformation method of getting the wake field of full-scale ships by the non-geometrically similar model is applied to the KCS successfully.     

基于遗传算法的编队条件下舰船修理周期结构优化

舰船的部署和修理活动在全寿命期内是按其修理周期结构进行,而编队的使用则需要编队内各舰艇的修理周期结构的相互配合,通过组合优化各舰艇的修理周期结构,可以使编队拥有更多的部署时间。在舰船修理周期结构的定量描述模型基础上,构建了编队的修理调度模型,并采用遗传算法对编队的部署能力进行了优化分析。实例分析结果表明:优化后编队的部署时间可达到近110个月,相对于未优化前提高了50个月。