甲醇/二甲基醚双燃料均质压燃燃烧氧化机理分析

均质压燃(HCCI)是一种实现内燃机高效,清洁燃烧新的途径,也是海内外发动机燃烧研究人员研究的热点内容.运行工况的扩展和准确的着火时刻及燃烧速率的控制是应用均质压燃的重点和难点.本文针对一种甲醇催化合成得到二甲基醚使发动机燃用双燃料,通过调整两种燃料比例的方法来控制较为准确燃烧时刻和反应速率,使发动机在较大的运行工况范围内实现均质压燃的方法.文章研究甲醇/二甲基醚双燃料均质压燃的氧化机理,从而为理解甲醇/二甲基醚双燃料均质压燃详细化学反应机理和双燃料均质压燃与单燃料均质压燃在放热阶段表现出的不同奠定基础.     

均质充气压缩点燃技术在汽油机上的应用

均质充气压缩点燃着火HCCI(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)作为新一代的内燃机燃烧方式,具有传统火花点火汽油机均质混合气特质,同时具有与传统压燃柴油机相当的高效率,具有实现高效、低排放燃烧的巨大潜力。本文在介绍HCCI燃烧技术的基础上,分析了汽油机实施HCCI的可行性,并介绍了实用化所面临的问题。     

乙醇HCCI燃烧特性试验研究

文中对一台双缸四冲程自然吸气直喷柴油机上进行了乙醇的HCCI的试验,试验分析了过量空气系数和进气温度对乙醇均质压燃燃烧特性的影响。研究结果表明:发动机缸压和压力升高率峰值随着进气温度的上升而增加,并且峰值压力也会提前;过量空气系数的增大,缸压和压力升高率减小。与较小的过量空气系数相比,峰值压力的出现明显推迟。过量空气系数对压力升高率的影响较小,但对放热率的影响相当大。     

均质压燃排放实验研究

更为严格的排放法规,是对国内外发动机设计与改造的巨大挑战。均质压燃(HCCI)作为一种新型燃烧模式,为低排放发动机提供了发展方向,也为内燃机设计提供了广阔视野。本文通过传统柴油机上的HCCI实验,验证了正庚烷的两阶段放热,并研究了进气温度和过量空气系数对HCCI排放的影响。     

CAKA布赛卡汽车发动机速化器技术与现存发动机技术的匹配及优势

<正>发动机燃烧方式现分两类:一类为点燃式发动机(汽油机、燃气机),另一类为压燃式发动机(柴油机);我们以下阐述将以汽油机为例,按点燃方式分为混合气体点燃发动机和直燃发动机(GDI);现     

汽车发动机空燃比的计算与测量

文章应用燃烧化学反应的基本理论,推导了根据排气组成计算空燃比的计算公式,分析了空燃比计算的影响因素,并对AVL4000五气分析仪测得的结果进行了比较分析,为汽车发动机空燃比的计算及测量提供依据。     

HCCI内燃机工作过程控制方式研究及技术前景展望

本文介绍了均质压燃(HCCI)内燃机的工作过程及技术特点,重点阐述了对其工作过程的控制方式,并对其未来发展前景进行了展望,同时点明了其当前面临的技术挑战。HCCI内燃机是近年来广受关注的一类新型内燃机,其兼具传统汽油机及柴油机的技术优势,尽管其目前依然存在一定的技术挑战,但随着相关技术的不断完善与优化,其必将得以广泛应用。     

直喷柴油机燃用纯生物柴油的试验研究

文章研究了在S195柴油机上进行了燃用生物柴油的负荷特性试验。研究的主要内容包括:一、燃用生物柴油对柴油机性能与排放特性的影响;二、改变柴油机供油提前角和喷油压力,研究发动机性能与排放的变化关系。结论包括:生物柴油能大大降低烟度的排放,并能在一定程度降低CO排放,但生物柴油油耗率和NOx排放较柴油高。由于生物柴油与柴油的理化特性有所不同,通过调整供油提前角和喷油压力的试验,得出了在S195柴油机上燃用生物柴油能获得较好的经济性与排放性的喷油压力和供油提前角。     

减少柴油机排放污染的措施

柴油机的排放控制包括减少柴油机燃烧时有害成分的生成和对排气进行后处理.介绍了合理组织燃烧、改善燃料品质、进行废气再循环等减少柴油机燃烧时有害成分的措施;介绍了催化转换器、颗粒过滤器等排气后处理措施.     

未来汽油机发展趋势及节能排放控制措施

本文围绕汽油机的节能与排放问题介绍了目前汽油机的发展现状,并介绍代表未来汽油机在节能与排放方面发展趋势的缸内直接喷射技术(GDI)和均质混和气压燃技术(HCCI)的研究状况以及未来待解决的问题。     

高原区内燃牵引2～4km单线隧道自然通风可行性分析

基于关角隧道、羊八井隧道内燃牵引机车有害气体浓度冬季监测结果,以及拉日线隧址区现场风速观测,提出了拉日线隧道外自然风速的建议值。通过对隧道热位差产生的隧道内自然风速的计算,以及隧道内风速和污染物浓度一维非恒定流数值模拟,确定了隧道内自然风速的合理取值,计算了活塞风风速及活塞风长度;分析了拉日线3 000～4 070 m长度隧道全年内可实现自然通风的时段。研究表明,长度3 000 m以下的隧道,运营期间可实现自然通风;长度3 000～4 070 m的隧道采用自然通风,可在远期运行图周期内使有害气体达标。     

Effect on direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine characteristics fuelled by pine oil,ceiba pentandra methyl ester compared with diesel

This paper explores the experimental investigation of the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of bio fuels from ceiba pentandra methyl ester (CPME), ceiba pentandra methyl ester-pine oil blends (CPMEP) and pine oil and the results are compared with diesel. In ceiba pentandra seed oil the CPME yield is 92% by using transesterification process with the optimum conditions of 560 rpm, reaction time 58 min, catalyst concentration 13 g and methanol amount 500 ml. The viscosity of CPME is high when compare with diesel. So the low viscosity of pine oil is blended with CPME and it can be directly used in diesel engine without any modification. At different loads the Pine oil, CPME and CPMEP blends were used in direct injection naturally aspirated compression ignition engine. The outcomes exhibited that at full load conditions for CPME and CPMEP blends increased brake specific fuel consumption, and decreased brake thermal efficiency, CO, HC emissions. NOx emissions decreased and smoke emissions are increased on CPME and CPMEP blends, expect B25 blend compared with diesel. The combustion analysis like the heat release rate, peak cylinder pressure, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay for CPME, CPMEP blends slightly lower and combustion duration higher than diesel and pine oil. At the Same engine operating condition, the engine fuelled with pine oil the values of brake thermal efficiency 4.79%, peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay are increased. Brake specific fuel consumption, CO, HC, and smoke were 9.46%, 16.66%, 14.89% and 8.33% decreased. However, the NOx emission is 8.29% higher than that of diesel. Experimental fuels up to B50 (50% pine oil and 50% CPME) blends have proved good potential for future energy is needed.     

车用尾气催化净化技术综述

内燃机经过多年的发展仍然是汽车和工程机械的主要动力源,有害污染物的排放是其面临的主要问题之一。对于车用内燃机,尾气后处理催化转化技术的应用已经成为各大汽车生产厂家满足各国严格排放标准的主流技术方案。本文在车用尾气催化转化的基本原理的基础上,分析了氧化催化技术和还原催化技术应用现状及前景,并提出未来催化转化技术发展方向。     

External costs of electric vehicles

Electric vehicles (EV) are often considered a promising technology to decrease external costs of road transport. Therefore, main external cost components are estimated for EV and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). These include costs of accidents, air pollution, climate change, noise, and congestion. All components are estimated over the product lifetime and, where appropriate, differentiated according to fuel type, vehicle size as well as emission location and time. The advantage of this differentiation is, however, compensated by high uncertainties of most cost estimates. Overall, the external costs of EV and ICEV do not differ significantly. Only for climate change, local air pollutants in congested inner-cities, and noise some advantageous effects can be observed for EV. The advantages depend strongly on the national electricity power plant portfolio and potentially also on the charging strategy. Controlled charging might allow for higher emission reductions than uncontrolled charging of EV.     

Road vehicle emission inventory of a Brazilian metropolitan area and insights for other emerging economies

The vehicle fleet in the Ceará state has grown 180% over the last ten years. The growth of the resulting emissions is unknown in view of the expansion of this fleet in the greater Fortaleza Metropolitan Area (FMA). The largest fleet in the FMA is in the Fortaleza city itself, where flex fuel vehicles predominate (∼30%). Flex fuel motorcycles increased significantly (greater than 800%) between 2010 and 2015. This paper aims to estimate the road vehicle emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), aldehydes (RCHO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and particulate matter (PM) from the main road vehicle fleets of Fortaleza and its metropolitan area using a macrosimulation, bottom-up method, between 2010 and 2015. The results showed that road vehicle emissions of CO, NMHC and RCHO increased mainly by Otto cycle vehicles increase due to the introduction of flex fuel vehicles; however, the NO_x and PM emissions noticeable reduction is also a result of emission policies that seed the introduction of new technologies. In 2015, more than 70,000 tons of CO (21.2 ton/1000person), 8000 tons of NMHC (2.5 ton/1000person), 290 tons of RCHO (0.09 ton/1000person), 15,000 tons of NO_x (4.4 ton/1000person) and 600 tons of PM (0.2 ton/1000person) were emitted in the region under study. Comparing with other Brazilian regions, FMA emit higher levels of pollutants per inhabitant than the state of São Paulo and the state of Rio de Janeiro but lower levels than Porto Alegre city.     

Assessing greenhouse gas and related air pollutant emissions from road traffic counts: A case study for Mauritius

The road transport sector is one of the major contributors of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants emissions. Regional emissions levels from road vehicles were investigated, in Mauritius, by applying a fuel-based approach. We estimated fuel consumption and air emissions based on traffic counts on the various types of classified roads at three different regional set ups, namely urban, semi urban and rural. The Relative Development Index (RDI), a composite index calculated from socio-economic and environmental indicators was used to classify regions. Our results show that the urban motorways were the most polluting due to heavy traffic. Some rural areas had important pollution levels as well. Our analysis of variance (ANOVA), however, showed little difference in emissions among road types and regions. The study can provide a simple tool for researchers in countries where data are very scarce, as is the case for many developing countries.     

排放法规与燃油经济性要求对车用发动机技术路线选择的影响研究

本文介绍了世界范围内关于车用发动机而制定的排放法规及相关治理措施,并详细阐述了基于排放法规的车用柴油机技术路线变迁,重点对排放法规和燃油经济性要求对轻型车用发动机及重型车用柴油机的技术路线选择产生的影响进行了研究,并据此进行了展望。内燃机在现在及未来相当长的一段时间内,依然会作为主流的车用动力装置。就目前而言,排放法规及燃油经济性要求依然对车用发动机的技术路线选择起着显著的影响。考虑到当前的世界气候环境及燃料储备,对车用发动机进行节能减排的技术改良可谓势在必行。     

Transport energy consumption in mountainous roads. A comparative case study for internal combustion engines and electric vehicles in Andorra

This paper analyses transport energy consumption of conventional and electric vehicles in mountainous roads. A standard round trip in Andorra has been modelled in order to characterise vehicle dynamics in hilly regions. Two conventional diesel vehicles and their electric-equivalent models have been simulated and their performances have been compared. Six scenarios have been simulated to study the effects of factors such as orography, traffic congestion and driving style. The European fuel consumption and emissions test and Artemis urban driving cycles, representative of European driving cycles, have also been included in the comparative analysis. The results show that road grade has a major impact on fuel economy, although it affects consumption in different levels depending on the technology analysed. Electric vehicles are less affected by this factor as opposed to conventional vehicles, increasing the potential energy savings in a hypothetical electrification of the car fleet. However, electric vehicle range in mountainous terrains is lower compared to that estimated by manufacturers, a fact that could adversely affect a massive adoption of electric cars in the short term.