Active Controls in Ground Transportation — A Review of the State-of-the-Art and Future Potential

SUMMARY

Active control systems offer significant functional advantages over passive systems; their introduction into production-line vehicles, however, is cautious and slow. This survey describes the recent progress in the analysis, design and technology of active controls in vehicles. It includes the state-of-the-art of their introduction into operation as well as their future potential in view of recent advances in technology and computer aided design strategies. The survey has been limited to suspensions for vehicles on roads and tracks.     

纯电动客车传动系统的技术研究

随着全球变暖和石油危机的加重,近年来,世界各国开始开发新能源汽车。新能源汽车是指以新能源(包括电能、太阳能、燃料电池等)为动力,降低传统汽车对石油资源的依赖,减少环境污染,是今后汽车工业发展的方向。而我国一直在推广纯电动客车的发展,但还存在核心技术、资源投入以及统筹协调等方面的问题,只有有效提升动力电池、驱动电机、传动系统等关键零部件工程化和产业化,掌握纯电动客车的信息化和智能化等核心技术问题,才能促进纯电动客车的良性发展,更有效推动我国自主研发纯电动客车同国际先进水平接轨。为了有效提高纯电动客车的运行性能,需要通过对传动系统进行有效控制,匹配其实际行驶状态,针对不同运行道路智能调节,使纯电动客车舒适性、经济性、安全性等达到有效发挥。本文将简单对纯电动客车传动系统的技术进行分析,探讨纯电动客车传动系统技术研究和优化措施,促进纯电动客车设计与制造技术水平的优化和提升,使其更有助于符合现代的实际应用。     

国外汽车塑料件的应用发展及我国对策思考

简要介绍了国内外汽车塑料件市场现状，通过重点分析国外塑料类材料在汽车内饰件、外饰件、功能件及全塑车身上的应用，对比探讨了我国的差距，提出了我国加快汽车塑料件开发应用的对策及思考。     

Modeling and Analysis of Automotive Antilock Brake Systems Subject to Vehicle Payload Shifting

The steerability and stability of vehicles must be maintained during emergency stopping and evasive driving maneuvers on degraded road surfaces. The introduction of antilock brake and traction control systems (ABS/TCS) has expanded the envelope of safe vehicle operation for the majority of drivers. These mechatronic systems combine an electronic controller with wheel speed sensors, an electro-mechanical hydraulic brake actuator, and in some instances, engine intervention through the engine control unit, to regulate wheel slip. The development of ABS systems has traditionally depended on extensive in-vehicle testing, at cold weather proving grounds, which contribute to lengthy product development cycles. However, recent attention has been focused on the use of simulation and hardware-in-the-loop strategies to emulate test conditions in a controlled setting to shorten product design time and methodically address critical safety issues. In this paper, the effect of transient load shifting due to cargo movement on ABS performance in light-duty vehicles will be investigated. Analytical and empirical mathematical models are presented to describe the chassis, tire/road interface, wheel, brake modulator, and cargo dynamics. Two strategies, a model-free table lookup and model-based discrete nonlinear controller, are presented to regulate the ABS modulator's operation. These vehicle and controller dynamics have been integrated into a simulation tool to investigate the effect of transient weight transfers on the vehicle's overall stopping distance and time. Representative numerical results are presented and discussed to quantify the ABS systems' performance for various loading and operating conditions.     

汽车音响防盗原理和解码实例

阐述汽车音响防盗系统基本原理及锁死的解码方法,详细介绍7款代表车型的音响系统锁死后的解码过程。对驾驶、维修人员有很实用的参考价值。     

山区高速公路崩塌落石勘察设计浅析

崩塌、落石已成为高速公路建设、运营中常见不良地质之一,严重威胁过往车辆的安全,并可能造成交通中断。结合西南地区多条山区高速公路勘察、设计、施工情况,就崩塌、落石勘察设计方法、原则进行探讨。     

中国新能源汽车产业与技术发展现状及对策

为促进中国新能源汽车产业与技术的发展,首先从中国新能源汽车发展现状出发,对现阶段中国新能源汽车整体产业、关键零部件产业及基础配套设施等产业链重点环节发展现状进行系统的梳理,并对中国新能源汽车整车技术、动力电池技术、驱动电机技术、燃料电池技术等核心技术取得的进展进行总结。然后,通过对标国外纯电动汽车、插电式混合动力汽车、燃料电池汽车、动力电池及驱动系统的技术前沿,分析中国新能源汽车与国际先进水平之间存在的差距与不足。基于现状分析,从战略政策、核心技术、研发生产、产业体系、示范推广、产品销售6个方面对目前中国新能源汽车发展存在的问题进行深度剖析,并进一步从顶层设计、自主创新、基础支撑、产业生态、配套体系以及商业模式6个方面为中国新能源汽车未来的产业发展路径和技术突破方向提供对策建议。最后,对中国未来新能源汽车产业与技术的发展路径进行思考。研究结果表明：产业布局方面,应合理布局整车及零部件配套企业,推进企业集群化,产业集聚化;纯电动汽车应着重发展一体化电动底盘,加大新体系动力电池的研发力度;插电式混合动力汽车应重点发展高性能混合动力总成与专用发动机,以及动态协调控制技术;燃料电池汽车应以发展燃料电池电堆及关键材料为重点,同时兼顾燃料电池系统及核心部件的开发。     

基于用户认知的新能源汽车内饰研究

在体验经济时代(在消费过程中追求顾客满意、注重自我体验),新能源汽车作为汽车行业的新兴产业,不断受到人们的追捧,其内饰比外观更为重要。在新能源汽车的内饰中,许多零部件具有不可替代的互动性,这也是用户了解新能源汽车内饰的关键因素之一。在智能化时代的背景下,大多数新能源汽车制造商单纯地将智能技术应用到新能源汽车上,其内饰造型、人机交互和使用体验已经不能满足客户对新能源汽车的要求。人机工程学是新能源汽车内饰设计的出发点,掌握用户形象认知是新能源汽车内饰设计的关键。因此,本文从用户的认知角度来研究新能源汽车的内饰设计与创新。     

电动汽车动力驱动系统现状及发展

本文介绍了电动汽车动力驱动系统设计，着重分析比较电动汽车驱动系统技术诸如电机、功率变换器和控制技术等方面，并指出其技术热点和发展趋势。     

In-vehicle technology for self-driving cars: Advantages and challenges for aging drivers

The development of self-driving cars or autonomous vehicles has progressed at an unanticipated pace. Ironically, the driver or the driver-vehicle interaction is a largely neglected factor in the development of enabling technologies for autonomous vehicles. Therefore, this paper discusses the advantages and challenges faced by aging drivers with reference to in-vehicle technology for self-driving cars, on the basis of findings of recent studies. We summarize age-related characteristics of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions on the basis of extensive age-related research, which can provide a familiar to better aging drivers. Furthermore, we discuss some key aspects that need to be considered, such as familar to learnability, acceptance, and net effectiveness of new in-vehicle technology, as addressed in relevant studies. In addition, we present research-based examples on aging drivers and advanced technology, including a holistic approach that is being developed by MIT AgeLab, advanced navigation systems, and health monitoring systems. This paper anticipates many questions that may arise owing to the interaction of autonomous technologies with an older driver population. We expect the results of our study to be a foundation for further developments toward the consideration of needs of aging drivers while designing self-driving vehicles.     

考虑拖延行为的排队长度模型研究

HCM2000 Back of Queue模型(BQ模型)的计算值比实际调查值偏大,而且模型关于排队车辆的界定不能保证现场调查的客观性。提出了车辆拖延行为的定义,分析了拖延行为使BQ模型偏大的2种情况。建立了拖延行为模型,将车辆减速-停车等待-加速过程转化为温和减速-低匀速-温和加速的3阶段模型。通过低匀速行驶时间与停车时间之间的关系,可以得到车辆发生拖延行为的条件。建立了考虑拖延行为的排队长度与BQ模型之间的关系,并以首辆拖延车辆能否通过交叉口以及饱和度是否大于1为判别条件,提出了排队长度修正模型。通过实例验证了修正模型的可行性,而且修正模型可以保证现场调查的客观性和可操作性。     

Recent Development in Active Steering of Railway Vehicles

Summary This paper presents the recent development on active steering for railway vehicles, and carries out a technical appraisal of different actuation schemes and control approaches. It brings together the latest research activities and findings for the full active steering techniques for rail vehicles with the solid-axle wheelsets, independently-rotating wheelsets and wheel-pairs without axles, but relevant work on passive and semi-active solutions is also briefly described. Potential benefits of the use of a combination of modern control technology and mechatronic approach are evaluated, and in particular solutions for the difficult design trade-off between the stability and the curving performance are presented. Various actuation configurations are discussed, and advantages and drawbacks of those schemes are investigated. The outline design using a number of control methods is analysed, and measurement requirement and state estimation techniques essential for implementation of the active steering schemes are also explored. In addition the issue of safety criticality is highlighted and a possible approach for developing fault-tolerant systems is proposed. Overall the paper provides an authoritative assessment of the major advances in actively-steered wheels and addresses outstanding critical issues.     

Optimization and integration of ground vehicle systems

This article deals with the optimal design of ground vehicles and their subsystems, with particular reference to 'active' safety and comfort. A review of state-of-the-art optimization methods for solving vehicle system design problems, including the integration of electronic controls, is given, thus further encouraging the use of such methods as standard tools for automotive engineers. Particular attention is devoted to the class of methods pertaining to complex system design optimization, as well as approaches for the optimal design of complex systems under uncertainty. Some examples of design optimizations are given in the fields of vehicle system dynamics, powertrain/internal combustion engine design, active safety and ride comfort, vehicle system design and lightweight structures, advanced automotive electronics, and smart vehicles.     

浅谈柴油机满足国IV两条技术路线

近年来,随着人们对环境保护的日趋重视,世界各国对内燃机废气排放的要求变得越来越严格,轻型柴油车开始实施国Iv标准。目前由于机内排放控制并不能完全起到净化效果,因此对已排出燃烧室但尚未排到大气中的废气进行处理,采取机外控制技术显得很有必要。PM和NOx是柴油机主要排放污染物,如何同时降低这两种尾气组成,达到国Ⅳ排放水平,是当今世界柴油机技术的难点和研究热点。本文介绍目前国内满足柴油机国IV排放标准的SCR和EGRDPF／DOC两种主流技术路线。通过对比分析两种系统的原理和优缺点得出适合国内发展的路线,并浅谈未来柴油机排放控制的发展方向。     

动力电池低温热管理系统评价技术研究

电动汽车的普及对动力电池相关的技术提出了更高的要求,使电池保持在合适温度区间工作的动力电池热管理 系统已经成为各大厂商的核心技术需求。由于锂离子电池在冬季低温环境下性能下降、寿命衰减尤为明显,低温热管理 技术更是近年来动力电池研究的重点。从锂离子电池在低温环境中的性能劣化机理出发,对低温热管理系统的发展现状 进行了综述,并结合最新研究进展,归纳了一套电动汽车低温热管理评价方法。     

新能源汽车维修中电子诊断技术的应用研究

随着社会经济的不断发展,我国科学技术得以迅速发展,无论是计算机领域还是汽车行业都得以空前发展.在新时代环境背景下,汽车领域中的新能源汽车已逐渐趋于完善,与人们的生活实现了有效渗透,且其因具有节能、环保等优势受到了人们的欢迎与关注.随着新能源技术的不断发展,其相关行业的市场投放量得以逐渐增加,且相应维修技术也得到了迅速发...     

IAA 2012前瞻——部分参展企业概览

戴姆勒:阵容强大 日前,戴姆勒集团在2012德国汉诺威国际商用车展的预展上带来了将在全球首发的2款车型以及在欧洲首发的1款车型.作为预展的一部分,戴姆勒旗下的共16款商用车型在斯图加特展出,其中包括梅赛德斯-奔驰Citan城市轻型商用车、梅赛德斯-奔驰和赛特拉品牌的全新城市客车和豪华旅行客车、新能源商用车领军车型梅赛德斯-奔驰威霆(Vito)E-Cell电池车和扶桑Canter混合动力车,专为重型运输配送作业设计的梅赛德斯奔驰Antos也首次对公众亮相.     

智能路面发展与展望

为了促进智能路面的发展,综述了智能路面各项技术的研究进展和发展趋势。首先提出了智能路面的定义,在此基础上明确了智能路面的体系架构,包括路面信息感知获取层、信息集成处理层、综合服务层和能量供给层;重点介绍了智能路面信息采集技术、信息管理与分析技术、能量收集与利用技术、自我调节技术和基于智能路面的车路协同技术等关键技术的发展现状,讨论了智能路面的设计和建造方法;最后提出了智能路面现有研究存在的问题和不足,并对其今后的发展做出展望。研究结果表明：智能路面是由特定的结构材料、感知网络、信息中心、通信网络和能源系统组成,具有多种智能,并且能够为人、车、环境提供服务的道路路面;智能路面的发展将有助于充分发挥道路自身潜力和适应未来的交通工具;在路面信息的采集过程中,传感器在耐久性和实用性等方面存在的技术难题仍需进一步解决;智能路面的各种能量收集和自我调节技术应着重解决低成本和高性能的问题;物联网、大数据、云计算和各种人工智能方法在智能路面的监测和管理过程中具有广阔的应用前景;智能路面作为一种新型的道路路面,其设计和施工可以结合建筑信息模型（BIM）、模块化施工、3D打印和智能压实技术,集合成一套新的建造工艺。     

Connected cruise control: modelling,delay effects,and nonlinear behaviour

Connected vehicle systems (CVS) are considered in this paper where vehicles exchange information using wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. The concept of connected cruise control (CCC) is established that allows control design at the level of individual vehicles while exploiting V2V connectivity. Due to its high level of modularity the proposed design can be applied to large heterogeneous traffic systems. The dynamics of a simple CVS is analysed in detail while taking into account nonlinearities in the vehicle dynamics as well as in the controller. Time delays that arise due to intermittencies and packet drops in the communication channels are also incorporated. The results are summarised using stability charts which allow one to select control gains to maintain stability and ensure disturbance attenuation when the delay is below a critical value.     

燃料电池汽车的关键技术

电动汽车是一种高科技、高投入及无污染的新型交通工具，近些年来得到了迅猛发展。文章介绍了国内外电动汽车的发展现状，从电子技术、信息技术以及系统优化等角度阐述了燃料电池汽车开发中的关键技术，指出作为一种清洁和高效的发电动力，燃料电池有望成为下一代的车辆动力装置。