我国弱势交通参与者交通安全现状及问题分析

对我国交通中的弱势交通参与者进行界定,总结了目前我国城市交通中存在的一些有关弱势交通参与者交通安全方面的问题,详细分析了过去15年我国弱势交通参与者道路交通事故的现状与特征,研究了导致弱势交通参与者交通死亡的主要原因,并提出改善其交通安全状况的对策建议。     

基于心理安全距离的行人风险评价及预警算法研究

为实现在机非混行的交通环境下,对动态、随机弱势道路使用者的准确风险评估,基于行车安全场理论提出了考虑行人心理安全距离的碰撞行人风险评价模型.首先通过考虑行驶车辆是否会危及行人的心理安全,提出了心理安全距离的概念,包括心理安全通行距离和心理安全制动距离2个方面,并通过问卷调研挖掘其可能的影响因素进行数值分析;接着将心理安...     

行人穿越车流的特征性研究

在实地调查测量的基础上,通过统计分析行人穿越车流时的平均步行速度,行人所需要的穿越时间,综合运用交通工程学和心理学理论,分析了影响行人穿越车流的各个因素的特征,得出行人穿行车流过街的流程图,并对防治行人穿越车流过街的违章行为的发生提出了一些建议。     

Macroscopic analysis on the frequency and severity of pedestrian crashes on National Roads in Metro Manila,Philippines

Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users; thus, understanding the primary factors that lead to pedestrian crashes is a chief concern in road safety. However, owing to the limitations of crash data in developing countries, only a few studies have evaluated the comprehensive characteristics of pedestrian crashes, specifically on different road types. This study attempted to develop pedestrian crash frequency and severity models on national roads by using the road characteristics and built environment parameters, based on the road crash data (2016–2018) that involved pedestrians in Metro Manila, Philippines. Remarkable findings included primary roads, presence of footbridges, road sections with bad surface conditions, and increased fractions of commercial, residential, and industrial roads, which exhibited a greater likelihood of pedestrian crashes. Crashes involving elderly pedestrians, heavier vehicles, late-night hours, fair surface conditions, and open spaces were associated with increased likelihoods of fatal outcomes. Essentially, this study provides a macroscopic perspective in understanding the factors associated with the severity and frequency of pedestrian crashes, and it would aid the authorities in identifying proper countermeasures.     

无信号控制人行横道处行人过街特性探析

行人是交通环境中的"弱势群体",尤其是在无信号控制人行横道处,研究行人交通特性是提出改善行人安全措施的前提。本文初步对无信号控制人行横道处人车干扰运行和行人过街运动特性进行定性分析,并选取长春市南湖大路上具有代表性的无信号控制人行横道进行实地观察和试验,定量分析行人到达人行横道规律和行人过街速度特性,其中重点分析年龄、性别和人群中行人数量对行人过街速度的影响。按照年龄将行人分为中、青年人,老人,儿童;按照性别将行人分为男性行人和女性行人;人群中行人数量主要选取1,2,3及4人以上进行研究。这些数据和分析结论对下一步针对实地情况提出改善行人交通安全的方案提供了基本的理论依据。     

Design of emergency braking algorithm for pedestrian protection based on multi-sensor fusion

Globally, safety has become an increasingly important issue in the automotive industry. In an attempt to reduce traffic fatalities, UNECE launched a new EU Road Safety Program which aims to decrease the number of road deaths by half by 2020. AEB (Autonomous Emergency Braking) is a very effective active safety system intended to reduce fatalities. This study involves the design of a multi-sensor data fusion strategy and decision-making algorithm for AEB pedestrian. Possible collision avoidance scenarios according to the EuroNCAP protocol are analyzed and a robust pedestrian tracking strategy is proposed. The performance of the AEB system is enhanced by using a braking model to predict the collision avoidance time and by designing the system activation zone according to the relative speed and possible distance required to stop for pedestrians. The AEB activation threshold requires careful consideration. The test results confirm the advantages of the proposed algorithm, the performance of which is described in this paper.     

Mobility as a service for road traffic safety in a high use of motorcycle environment

Mobility as a service is expected to contribute to a safer, more efficient and sustainable transport by putting the right modes in the right places and connecting them intermodally. The aim of mobility as a service in a local context (MaaS-LC) is to build safety awareness and enhance road traffic safety, and it was developed by combining both a Safety Index and a Walkability Index. The Safety Index was derived from traffic accidents and volume data while the Walkability Index is the result of connections and places in the surroundings. As a case study, a trial experiment was conducted in Phuket, Thailand, which depicted the characteristics of the South and Southeast Asia region. The results showed that the usability and useful information on the MaaS-LC application could influence and change the travel behavior of people. Moreover, the difference between transit users and private vehicle users was how they considered walkability. This study concluded that this app could raise people's safety awareness. Nonetheless, it has yet to show an influence on people regarding their choices of transportation.     

大连市华南广场商圈步行交通现状调查分析与优化建议

步行交通是我国城市居民的主要出行方式之一,步行交通系统服务水平的高低成为了城市居民生活舒适度的重要方面,若要提高居民的出行质量,必先要提高步行交通系统的服务水平。本文根据行人过街的行为表现及特征,以及机动车对行人步行的影响,对大连市华南广场商圈区域进行研究。分析了区域内存在的问题,重点针对行人过街不便、机动车占用人行道等问题进行组织优化。     

Effect of attitudes towards traffic safety and risk perceptions on pedestrian behaviours in Vietnam

This study explores the relationships between attitudes towards traffic safety, risk perceptions and pedestrian behaviours in Vietnam. A questionnaire survey was conducted with a sample of 835 Vietnamese road users. The results from regression analyses and a structural equation model showed that safer attitudes towards traffic safety and higher levels of traffic risk perception are associated with safer pedestrian behaviours. In addition, traffic safety attitudes were found to partially mediate the association between traffic risk perception and pedestrian behaviour. Furthermore, traffic risk perception was significantly predicted by non-traffic risk perception, and people who had higher level of risk perceptions of both kinds were also prone to report safer attitudes towards traffic safety. The practical implications for traffic safety interventions in Vietnam are also discussed.     

基于累积前景理论的无信控路段人车通行冲突博弈分析

无信控路段具有强交互性和高事故率,由于缺乏交通信号将人车进行分离,导致其容易形成人车通行冲突,影响道路通行效率和交通安全.为此,以各道路使用者的损失最小为目标,构建了基于累积前景理论的人车通行冲突博弈模型.通过研究过街行人与机动车辆的交互作用,分析双方决策行为影响因素并构建得失矩阵;同时在考虑决策者主观心理感知的前提下...     

Assessment of distracted pedestrian crossing behavior at midblock crosswalks

Risk of pedestrian-vehicle crashes increased with distraction of pedestrians at roadway crossings. Aims of the study included analysing distracted pedestrian crossing behavior, identifying factors that influence pedestrian crossing speed at a midblock crosswalk, and determining the influence of road cross-section (RCS) on pedestrian walking speed.Three cities in Oregon State in the USA were included in the study: Corvallis, Albany, and Eugene. A combination of digital video and researcher field notes were used to obtain the data at each site. A total of 1045 pedestrian crossings from 23 midblock crossings were observed and analysed to determine the association of distraction type, road cross-section, and other in situ factors with pedestrian walking speed. Data analysis was conducted in two stages. First, the effect of each distraction type (looking at a handheld device, talking on a cell phone, wearing headphones, walking in a pair, walking in a group, and other distractions) on the pedestrian walking speed was examined. The results showed that average walking speed was 4.8 ft./s (1.46 m/s). Pedestrians walking with headphones crossed more quickly (0.91 ft./s) (0.28 m/s) than those with no distractions (5.14 ft./s) (1.57 m/s). In addition, talking on a cell phone was not significantly correlated with walking speed. Moreover, the other four distraction types were associated with decreasing the walking speed by 0.29 ft./s (0.09 m/s) to 0.83 ft./s (0.25 m/s). Second, the influence of pedestrian distraction, crosswalk configuration, land use, compliance rate, and pedestrian demographics on the pedestrian walking speed were examined in this study. Findings indicated that distracted pedestrian in two road cross-sections would require more crossing time than an elderly pedestrian. Pedestrian safety is a key concern in transportation research, and improved understanding of the factors contributing to pedestrian fatalities could enable safer roadways to be designed.     

Vulnerable road users: Cross-cultural perspectives on performance and attitudes

Pedestrians, cyclists and powered two-wheeler riders are considered vulnerable road users, as they are prone to a high risk of injury in the event of vehicular collision. This paper sought to elucidate the road safety performance and attitudes of vulnerable road users in 32 countries. In addition, comparisons between countries and demographic characteristics have been conducted, and recommendations that could enhance vulnerable road users' safety have been provided. For the study, data from the second edition of the ESRA survey (E-Survey on Road Users' Attitudes – ESRA2) conducted in 2018 were utilized. The results indicate that crossing the road at places other than nearby pedestrian crossings, reading a text message or checking social media while walking on the streets, cycling and riding without wearing a helmet, and speeding on powered two-wheelers outside built-up areas but not on motorways/freeways were the most frequently reported self-declared behaviours in the 32 countries. Finally, some solutions on preventing road crashes and increasing vulnerable road users' safety such as infrastructure interventions, use of protective equipment, and training and educational campaigns are discussed.     

International analysis on social and personal determinants of traffic violations and accidents employing logistic regression with elastic net regularization

While the number of road fatalities is declining in developed countries, it is still increasing globally, especially in middle-and low-income countries. In addition to the driver's individual awareness and attitude toward traffic safety, various factors such as the development of road infrastructure and the legal system may have a significant influence on the occurrence of traffic accidents. Thus, it is essential to consider these factors to enhance traffic safety and achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Targets of 3.6.In this study, we developed an Elastic Net Regression model to evaluate the factors that influence an individual's traffic violations and accidents based on an international questionnaire on traffic safety attitude, country fact survey data on traffic regulations, and other statistical databases. As a result, it was revealed that: i) In addition to country-level factors, the individual's attributes and attitudes toward traffic safety have an influence on the experience of traffic violations and accidents. and ii) While the same variables regarding individual attributes and attitudes are selected for both traffic violations and accidents, the selected variables relating to country factors differ between violations and accidents.     

Safety benefits of integrated pedestrian protection systems

This study developed a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of an integrated pedestrian protection system (IPPS) based on simulations. The proposed IPPS consists of active and passive vehicular systems for protecting pedestrians, including a pedestrian warning information system (PWIS), an active hood lift system (AHLS), and pedestrian airbag system (PAS). Two simulation methods were applied in the proposed methodology: a driving simulation and a finite element simulation. A driving simulator was used to obtain the change in collision speed, which is a key parameter for evaluating driving behavior when a PWIS is applied. In addition, a well-known simulator for finite element analysis, LSDYNA was used to simulate the impact of a pedestrian on a vehicle hood in a pedestrian-vehicle collision. The head injury criterion (HIC), which is an outcome of LS-DYNA simulations, is a major parameter for evaluating passive safety systems. The probability of pedestrian fatalities by collision speeds and HICs were estimated to quantify the safety benefits of an IPPS based on the statistical analyses. The results showed that an IPPS is capable of reducing pedestrian fatalities by approximately 90 % associated with jaywalking in the midblock and walking on the roadside. The findings of this study can be used to boost the development of various vehicular technologies for pedestrians. The results can be effectively used for policy making and deriving legislative requirements associated with advanced vehicular technologies for enhancing pedestrian safety.     

道路交通岛安全防护设计的探讨

道路平交路口是城市交通网络中重要节点,是行人过街、车辆转换方向重要位置,也是交通事故频发的位置。道路路口的交通岛设立,原本就是为了保证行人的人身安全,但不合理设计的道路交通岛似乎成了“夺命岛”,让遵守交通规则的行人受到了生命安全威胁。本文通过路口交通岛现状分析、交通事故案例分析,对路口交通岛提出有效、可行的设计思路及设计理念,以提高交通岛的防护性及安全性。     

Bonnet weight reduction and VRU protection: Design proposals implementing non-conventional materials

The use of non-conventional and innovative materials is increasingly important in automotive design. They allow reductions in the weights of structures with consequent reductions in fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. At the same time, they ensure excellent safety levels. Once excellent results in terms of active and passive safety have been obtained, the attention of car manufacturers, and of the public opinion, is focused on the safety of vulnerable road users (VRU), pedestrians and cyclists. Some examples concerning the redesign of a bonnet with the double targets of weight reduction and pedestrian safety are illustrated. Hybrid metal/plastic and more conventional metal sheet solutions are compared. The static performance (stiffness and denting resistance), as well as the impact against a pedestrian head, are evaluated by means of FEM models along with actual regulations.     

汽车碰撞行人交通伤害特点分析

旨在研究道路交通事故中行人损伤的发生特点、事故类型以及损伤机制,从而调查交通事故中行人、车辆以及环境三者之间的关系。事故分析对行人的年龄分布、性别、损伤部位以及严重程度、车辆类型进行了研究,对典型案例进行了详细分析,并进行了AIS、GCS分级。讨论了行人损伤的事故特点,提出了影响行人损伤的因素,讨论了车辆交通环境和道路使用者之间的关系。     

Exploring pedestrian surrogate safety measures by road geometry at midblock crosswalks: A perspective under mixed traffic conditions

Pedestrian safety is generally assessed using frequency of crashes, based on historical data, for a given transportation facility. However, the lack of good and reliable crash data has hampered its apposite analyses and in evaluating the effectiveness of pedestrian safety programs. To overcome this gap, traffic conflict technique (TCT) which relies mainly on the observations of critical traffic situations for safety analysis were developed. However, the applicability of TCTs and related measures under varying non-lane based heterogeneous traffic conditions prevailing in countries such as India is not widely explored. This paper attempts to evaluate pedestrian safety at urban midblock crosswalk using different surrogate safety measures, including vehicle crossing speed, post encroachment time (PET), yielding compliance of driver as well as pedestrian, and conflict rate. The number of conflicts were observed to increase as the average vehicle crossing speed increases, indicating that pedestrians are extremely vulnerable while crossing the road. The PET value for the smaller vehicles, such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers, is recorded to be lower than the heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses. With the addition of one lane, there is a significant decrease in the PET value. The average PET values for the vehicle on eight-lane divided road is less than the six-lane divided, four-lane divided, and two-lane undivided roads. Further, the yielding compliance of the driver as well as of the pedestrian depends on the crossing speed of the approaching vehicle and the type of road geometry. Further, the rate and severity of conflicts increased with a decrease in the pedestrian crossing speed. The yielding behaviour of the drivers as well as the pedestrian's yielding compliance varies by location, highlighting the effect of individual and demographic characteristics on pedestrian crossing behaviour.     

我国弱势群体的交通安全问题

对我国交通中的弱势群体进行了界定,总结了目前我国城市交通中存在的一些有关弱势群体交通安全方面的问题,针对这些实际的交通问题提出了相应的解决对策和措施,对于改善我国目前弱势群体的交通安全现状具有重要意义。     

Injury analysis of pedestrians in collisions using the pedestrian deformable model

Vehicle safety has become the most important issue in automobile design. However, all efforts to improve safety devices focus on enhancing safety features for occupants. Notably, pedestrians are the second largest category of motor vehicle deaths, after occupants, and account for about 13 percent of motor vehicle deaths. It is essential to design pedestrian-friendly vehicles and pedestrian protection systems to reduce pedestrian fatalities and injuries. To effectively assess pedestrian injuries resulting from vehicle impact, a deformable pedestrian model must be developed for vehicle-pedestrian collision analysis. This study constructs a pedestrian-collision numerical model based on LS-DYNA finite element code. To verify the accuracy of the proposed deformable pedestrian model, experimental data are used in the pedestrian model test. This study applies the proposed model to analyze the dynamic responses and injuries of pedestrians involved in collisions. The modeled results can help assess vehicle pedestrian friendliness and assist in the future development of pedestrian-friendly vehicle technologies.