制动防抱技术（3）：制动车轮动力学

制动车轮的运动学和动力学是ＡＢＳ控制参数选取及压力控制方法的理论基础。本章主要介绍车轮动力学及控制参数的几种测定方法。     

ABS车轮转速传感器

介绍了ＡＢＳ车轮转速传感器及其测量电路的基本原理、构造及功能等。     

车轮最佳滑移率控制的研究

本文采用车轮制动过程中加速度及滑移率特性研究了寻求最佳滑移率的方法，并采用最佳滑移率进行车轮制动及驱动制动控制。通过模拟及试验验证此方法是有效的。     

车轮制动油缸的改进设计

为补偿制动蹄片的磨损，在制动油缸上需设置间隙调整机构，通常所见为人工手调整。利用碟形弹簧片在内圆柱面中的单向运动性，可实现间隙自动调整。     

Experimental investigation into the mechanism of the polygonal wear of electric locomotive wheels

Experiments were conducted at field sites to investigate the mechanism of the polygonal wear of electric locomotive wheels. The polygonal wear rule of electric locomotive wheels was obtained. Moreover, two on-track tests have been carried out to investigate the vibration characteristics of the electric locomotive's key components. The measurement results of wheels out-of-round show that most electric locomotive wheels exhibit polygonal wear. The main centre wavelength in the 1/3 octave bands is 200?mm and/or 160?mm. The test results of vibration characteristics indicate that the dominating frequency of the vertical acceleration measured on the axle box is approximately equal to the passing frequency of a polygonal wheel, and does not vary with the locomotive speed during the acceleration course. The wheelset modal analysis using the finite element method (FEM) indicates that the first bending resonant frequency of the wheelset is quite close to the main vibration frequency of the axle box. The FEM results are verified by the experimental modal analysis of the wheelset. Moreover, different plans were designed to verify whether the braking system and the locomotive's adhesion control have significant influence on the wheel polygon or not. The test results indicate that they are not responsible for the initiation of the wheel polygon. The first bending resonance of the wheelset is easy to be excited in the locomotive operation and it is the root cause of wheel polygon with centre wavelength of 200?mm in the 1/3 octave bands.     

Real-time models for wheels and tyres in an object-oriented modelling framework

This article presents models for wheels and tyres in the application field of real-time multi-body systems. For this rather broad class of applications it is difficult to foresee the right level of model complexity that is affordable in a specific simulation. Therefore we developed a tyre model that is adjustable in its degree of complexity. It consists of a list of stepwise developed sub-models, each at a higher level of complexity. These models include semi-empirical equations. The stepwise development process is also reflected in the corresponding implementation with the modelling language Modelica. The final wheel model represents a supermodel and enables users to select the right level of complexity in an unambiguous way.     

两轮独立驱动电动车驱动控制系统的研究

文章以两轮独立驱动的电动车为研究对象,探讨了整车的驱动控制系统。系统以汽车稳定性为控制目标,基于横摆力矩实现车轮驱动力矩的分配,并在MATLAB环境下,建立了整车驱动控制系统的仿真模型,验证了控制系统的有效性。结果表明:基于横摆力矩的整车控制系统较好的跟踪目标参数,能有效提高汽车操纵稳定性。     

Development of an electric scooter for practical use

The new electric scooter which has been developed by Honda complies with the Japanese regulation for motorcycles with a maximum displacement of 50 cm³ or with limited rated power of 0.6 kW. The acceleration from 0 to 200 m in 17.3 s is similar to that of a scooter with a gasoline engine in the same category, and the travel distance of 35 km per charge in the urban area driving mode is sufficient for practical use. This performance was achieved by adopting a high performance NiCd battery, DC brushless motor, belt torque converter, low rolling resistance tire, etc., while pursuing the optimum combination of these components. The cycle life of the battery has exceeded 300, which corresponds to the estimated life-time traveling distance of a conventional scooter.     

Development of an auxiliary mode powertrain for hybrid electric scooter

This paper proposes a design and implementation of an auxiliary mode, hybrid electric scooter (HES) by means of more cost-effective way for improving scooter’s performance and efficiency. The HES is built in a parallel hybrid configuration with a 24V 370W auxiliary power electric motor, a 24V 20AH battery, and an electronically controlled fuel injection internal combustion engine (ICE) scooter. In contrast to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the issues concerning cost, volume, and reliability are even more rigorous when developing hybrid electric scooters (HESs). Therefore, the drive topology and control strategy used in HEV cannot be applied to HES directly. In order to hasten the developing phase and achieve the parametric tune-up of the HES component, a dynamic simulation model for the HES is developed here. Because the powertrain system is complex and nonlinear in nature, the simulation model utilizes mathematical models in tandem with accumulated experimental data. The method about the mathematical model construction, analysis and simulation of the hybrid powertrain used in a scooter are fully described. The efficacy of the model was verified experimentally on a scooter chassis dynamometer and the performance of the proposed hybrid powertrain is studied using the developed model under a representative urban driving cycle. Finally, Simulation and experimental results confirm the feasibility and prosperity of the proposed hybrid HES and indicate that the designed hybrid system can improve the fuel consumption rate up to 15% compared with the original scooter.     

基于视觉的智能车辆自主导航最优控制器设计

本文主要介绍作者设计、制造的新型智能车辆JUTIV－Ⅱ的基于视觉的最优控制器设计技术、实验表明，我们采用的基于视觉的最优控制器算法有效、可靠。     

桥梁智能决策辅助系统的开发

以桥梁的表观检测数据及无破损检测试验结果为依据,利用神经网络、模糊评判、遗传算法及免疫遗传算法等最新信息处理技术建立起整套的桥梁智能决策辅助系统(专家系统),系统按照维修管理步骤(检查→评价→对策),建立数据库系统、老化评价系统、维修管理计划最优化系统以及由老化原因选定抑制老化要因的对策系统等。该系统不但可以帮助桥梁管理者处理大量的检测数据,评价既有桥梁的老化特性,还可以根据预算和施工条件,给出最佳的桥梁维修管理方案。     

港口照明智能控制系统设计

开发港口照明系统的智能调光系统,并通过网络对港口照明系统进行集中网络控制与管理可实现港口照明综合节能。文中对港口照明智能控制系统进行分析,构建了无线传感网络与局域网组合的港口照明智能控制系统构架,同时解决了港口照明系统关键技术问题：港口照明控制单元的主控电路、检测电路以及通信电路等,结合港口GIS技术,设计了港口照明智能控制软件的架构,并对系统的功能进行分解与描述。     

一种电动汽车车载高频智能充电机的设计研究

采用单片机和充电集成电路进行充电机的设计,不但能够实现对一般的蓄电池进行充电,而且还能够实现相应的过压、温度等保护功能,从而可以充分发挥蓄电池的性能,延长电池的使用寿命,并避免简易充电器在充电时可能对电池造成损害的情况发生。