协调版共同结构规范对32万吨巨型油船的影响评估

以32万吨巨型油船（VLCC）为例，通过描述性规定与直接强度计算，对比分析协调版共同规范与油船共同规范的差异，评估新规范对目前巨型油船结构可能带来的影响。     

巴巴多斯岛的船只

对于船舶爱好者而言,巴巴多斯岛为他们拍摄大量豪华旅游客船提供了绝佳的机会,因为这些船会频繁地在该港口停泊,其他类型的船只也是这座充满田园情趣的加勒比岛屿的常客,这其中包括内陆船、小型沿海船、油轮,集装箱船和散装货船。多年来很多爱好者可以在码头前沿拍摄到在此停泊飘荡的各种类型的船只,但是现在却很难再接近码头了。[编者按]     

大型船舶采用气囊上下水工艺安全对策的研究报告

这是一份软课题研究的综合报告。船舶采用气囊上下水工艺在我国已经有20多年的历史,实践证明它是一项低成本、低消耗、低污染、高效率、高可靠性、机动灵活、具有我国自主知识产权的创新技术。以目前的水平来说,下水20000吨级以下的船舶已安全可行,但市场的需求和技术的发展希望在更大型的船舶上采用气囊上下水工艺。为此,在进行广泛调查研究的基础上,针对大型船舶和超大型船舶采用气囊上下水工艺中存在的不确定因素,以及它们可能引发的“安全”隐患提出对策,从技术和管理的角度来促进此项技术的健康发展。     

远洋船舶防海盗实务

无论从安全还是经济角度讲,世界反海盗的形势都非常严峻。从海盗常见的袭击方式入手,针对集装箱船、散杂货船、油船、小型船舶的特点,分别提出防御海盗的对策,建议船舶应坚持"以防为主""拒海盗于船舷以外"的方针。     

CO2 emission statistics for the world commercial fleet

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions of the world commercial fleet. The analysis is based on the Lloyds-Fairplay world ship database for 2007 and produces various emissions statistics of the following major ship types: bulk carriers, crude oil tankers, container vessels, product/chemical carriers, LNG carriers, LPG carriers, reefer vessels, Ro-Ro vessels and general cargo ships. A separate analysis is carried out for small vessels under 400 GRT and for passenger vessels. The main outputs from this analysis for each ship type-size bracket are the emitted grams of CO₂ per tonne-km and an estimate of the total CO₂ produced in a year. The methodology for estimating these statistics is described, and a comparison with other studies is made.     

Casualty analysis of large tankers

This article presents detailed results of a comprehensive analysis of recorded accidents of large oil tankers (deadweight greater than 80 000 tonnes) occurring between 1978 and 2003. The analysis encompasses a thorough review of available raw accident data and their postprocessing in a way to produce appropriate statistics useful for the implementation of risk-based assessment methodologies. The processing of the captured data led to the identification of significant qualitative historical trends of tanker accidents and of quantitative characteristics of large tanker accidents, such as overall accident rates per ship-year. Data were also analyzed for all major accident categories separately, taking into account tanker ship size/type, the degree of accident severity, and the oil spill tonne rates per ship-year; this led to the identification of heavily polluted worldwide geographical areas as a result of large tanker accidents.     

Bulging Merchant Ships

Bulging is the process of adding a new skin to an existing ship to regain strength, reduce draft, and increase stability. A previous 1989 ASNE paper was entitled "Bulging Warships" and by its very name announced that it would not deal with applying bulges to non-military ships. This paper reviews the history of bulges being applied to merchant vessels. Bulges are most often applied to merchant vessels when the traffic is better than expected requiring a quick increase in carrying capacity or when regulatory authorities demand an increase in the stability standard to allow continued service. Rather than enduring the long and expensive process of buying a new vessel, the owner will send an existing ship into the yard to be cut and lengthened or, in the case of ferries, have more passenger spaces added topside. Such modifications cause weight and stability growth that requires additional hull strength, buoyancy, and waterplane area that only a larger dimensions hull can provide. The paper includes an appendix updating the 1987 warship bulge history and a second appendix on the post-1987 attempts to bulge modern US Navy ships.     

Supply and demand of new oil tankers

This paper examines the world-wide supply and demand for new oil tankers. A simultaneous supply and demand model is developed and estimated using two-stage least squares techniques and empirical data from 1972 to 1983. The relationships between tanker newbuilding orders and prices, and other relevant market factors are analysed. Major factors affecting the tanker new building market are identified. The results indicate that: oil price and second-hand tanker price are predominant factors influencing future newbuilding demand; a moderate decrease in laid-up tonnage would not induce a significant increase in newbuilding orders; shipbuilding capacity is a more influential factor for the short-run supply of new tankers than shipbuilding cost. Technological change has also played an important role in the market.     

舟山北部水域大型泊位规划对通航效率影响的仿真模拟研究

远期规划的舟山北部水域大型泊位高达50余个。进港航速低、历时长、乘潮和靠泊时间窗口要求特殊,是大型船舶影响港口通航效率的主要因素。在现状及近、远期港口规划条件下,基于Arena仿真建模方法,构建舟山北部水域大型船舶进出港仿真模型,定量统计分析不同阶段大型泊位规划对船舶通航效率的影响。结果表明:近、远期规划实施后大型船舶流量增加33%和65%,远期规划中黄泽作业区的船舶平均等待时间较现状增加约10.5 h,小洋山作业区和鼠浪湖作业区分别增加约0.5 h和2 h,对通航效率整体影响有限。     

长江航运新船型开发与设计

总结长江干线干散货船、集装箱船、油船、化学品船、汽车滚装船、川江载重汽车滚装船、江海直达运输船在系列化、专业化、标准化、大型化方向已有的技术成果,展望长江航运对船型及相应技术的需求,分析发展趋势。     

"定远号"铁甲舰的仿古设计

介绍“定远号”铁甲舰的历史背景资料，仿古设计意图及设计中主尺度及主要参数选择、总体布置、性能及结构、设备配置及外形仿真，船舶空调系统和压载水系统。     

A statistical investigation of time-variant hull girder strength of aging ships and coating life

Risk- and reliability-based approaches are increasingly being applied in assisting inspection and maintenance planning. One of the keys to such approaches is properly predicting the hull girder strength (HG) of gradually degradated hull structures. The development has been limited by the lack of data on aging ships—validation of the developed methods has not been possible. To fill the gap of knowledge on hull strength of ships in service, this paper presents a database of as-gauged hull structures and a statistical study of the time-variant HG of tankers. The expanded data set was collected from 2195 as-gauged girth belts (transverse sections) of 211 single-hull tankers that were 12–32 years old. It was intended to (1) provide actual data on hull girder section modulus (HGSM) of tankers, (2) investigate the general trends of the change in the HG over ships’ service life, and (3) propose formulations for presenting time-variant HGSM and coating life.

The data set demonstrated a high variation of HGSM that changed over time. The mean value and standard deviation of HGSM loss were derived as functions of time. The probability density function (pdf) of coating life was also derived. Comparisons were made between previous studies on HG and the current data set. It was found that almost all previous studies showed much greater HG loss than what this database revealed. The refinement of existing calculations appears to be needed. The data set and statistical study were expected to form the basis for validating formulations of HG that are key components in risk- and reliability-based approaches.     

Association rule learning to improve deficiency inspection in port state control

ABSTRACT

The inspection of foreign ships in national ports is a critical measure in port state control (PSC), preventing substandard ships from entering national ports. Multifarious inspection items, limited inspection time and inspector manpower are challenging PSC inspection. This research applies data mining to analyze historical PSC inspection records in Taiwan’s major ports to extract potential valuable information for PSC onboard inspections. Using the Apriori Algorithm, the analysis identifies many useful association rules among PSC deficiencies in terms of specific ship characteristics, such as ship types, societies, and flags. The general rules identified show that the items ‘Water/Weathertight conditions’ and ‘Fire safety’ are significantly related. Besides, in the analysis of the various ship types, several different rules are found. After comparing the analysis of ship types and ship societies, it can be observed that the association rules for specific ship types, such as oil tankers, have a better effect than those for individual ship societies do. These identified rules can not only help inspectors effectively spot the associated deficiencies, but also improve the efficiency of PSC inspection. The ports other than Taiwan’s ports can apply a similar analysis method to identify corresponding association rules suitable for their own inspections.     

Longitudinal strength of ships with accidental damages

This paper presents an investigation of the longitudinal strength of ships with damages due to grounding or collision accidents. Analytical equations are derived for the residual hull girder strength and verified with direct calculations of sample commercial ships for a broad spectrum of accidents. Hull girder ultimate strengths of these sample vessels under sagging and hogging conditions are also calculated, based on which correlation equations are proposed. To evaluate a grounded ship, using the section modulus to the deck would be optimistic, while using the section modulus to the bottom would be conservative. On the contrary, to evaluate a collided ship, using the section modulus to the deck would be conservative, while using the section modulus to the bottom would be optimistic. The derived analytical formulae are then applied to a fleet of 67 commercial ships, including 21 double hull tankers, 18 bulk carriers, 22 single hull tankers and six container carriers. The mean values, standard deviations and coefficients of variation for the coefficients in these new analytical formulae are obtained. The ship length exhibits little influence on these coefficients because they are close to the mean values although ship length spans from 150 to 400 m. The ship type shows some influence on the residual strength. Uniform equations are proposed for commercial ships which do not depend on a ship's principal dimensions. These formulae provide very handy tools for predicting the residual strength in seconds, without performing step-by-step detailed calculations, an obvious advantage in cases of emergency or salvage operation.     

HCSR：犹抱琵琶半遮面

据悉，IACS近来年倾情打造的协调共同规范（HCSR），又将整体发布时间向后推迟了半年。是何原因使IACS集结了全部人力物力投入的HCSR如此姗姗来迟？HCSR闯重重关HCSR不仅是IACS要完成对工业界许下的将CSR协调一致的承诺，更是为了满足国际海事组织（IMO）GBS审核而全力应对的措施。     

Maritime piracy in the Indo-Pacific region – ship vulnerability issues

This paper describes the current situation with piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly off the Horn of Africa and in Southeast Asia. This situation may be aggravated due to the downturn in international shipping following the global financial crisis. This has led to surplus shipping capacity, crews paid off, lower profits, and ship owners seeking to cut costs. Many ships are laid up in anchorages prone to sea robbery, and there is a risk that ships might be less well maintained and operated. This paper also explains how some ships are more vulnerable to attack than others. Sub-standard ships are more likely to be successfully attacked than quality vessels. Issues are identified that might be addressed by the shipping industry and ship owners, as well as by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). In addition to being a victim of piracy, the shipping industry could be adding to the problem by laying up ships in vulnerable areas, reducing wages and sizes of crew and employing sub-standard ships. This situation could be symptomatic of wider problems in international shipping that throw doubt on the effectiveness of current regimes for ship safety, security and marine environmental protection.     

The economics of double-hulled tankers

A cost-benefit analysis is conducted on the double-hull requirements for oil tankers in United States' waters contained in the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990. The benefits of reduced spillage are compared with the increased construction and operations costs of double-hulled vessels. In the most probable scanario, the expected benefits are only 20% of the expected costs. Double-hulls do not even show a positive net present value with the most favorable assumptions. Even if double-hulls prevent all of the spillage that occurs due to collisions and groundings, and that the damage per gallon spilled is as extensive as in the ‘Exxon Valdez’ incident, the benefits are under half of the costs.     

加速单壳油船淘汰新规则的研究

国际海事组织 ( IMO)第 5 0届海洋环境保护委员会 ( MEPC)通过了有关单壳油船加速淘汰的修订案 ( MARPOL公约附则 I第 1 3G条 ) ,包括为油船延长申请状态评估计划( CAS)和禁止单壳油船装载重等级油 ( HGO)的新规则 ,有望于 2 0 0 5年 4月 5日在默认接受程序之下被强制执行。本文对此进行了介绍。并论述了其对油船市场影响     

天津港船舶定线制与优化锚地规划的思考

基于天津港VTS管理细则和天津港船舶进出港交通流现状,统筹船舶定线制和锚地规划,提出在天津港水域进一步完善船舶定线制的建议.通过分析天津港锚泊状况和天津港的进出口船舶数据,提出优化锚地的具体方案,对锚地船舶进行分类,增加了锚地与航道、交通流密集区的间距,确定锚泊船之间的安全间距,细分锚地、区隔锚位,并为各锚位给出统一编...     

港口大型溢油应急处置方案探讨

大型油船港口码头及石油储备设施附近港口码头,一旦发生溢油事故,一般部是大型溢油事故事故现场具有其独特的特点,溢油应急处置需要根据溢油现场的实际情况确定应急救援工作所需要的人员、物资和设备,并制定有针对性的应急处置方案溢油应急处置方案的能否有效与实施,决定着整个溢油应急工作的成败.