Estimation of CO2 reduction for Japanese domestic container transportation based on mathematical models

This research discusses domestic feeder container transportation connected with international trades in Japan. Optimal round trip courses of container ship fleet from the perspective of CO₂ emission reduction are calculated and analyzed to obtain basic knowledge about CO₂ emission reduction in the container feeder transportation system. Specifically, based on the weekly origin–destination (OD) data at a hub port (Kobe) and other related transportation data, the ship routes are designed by employing a mathematical modeling approach. First, a mixed integer programming model is formulated and solved by using an optimization software that employs branch and bound algorithm. The objective function of the model is to minimize the CO₂ emission subject to necessary (and partially simplified) constraints. The model is then tested on various types of ships with different speed and capacity. Moreover, it is also tested on various waiting times at hub port to investigate the effect in CO₂ emission of the designated fleet. Both the assessment method of container feeder transportation and the transportation’s basic insights in view of CO₂ emission are shown through the analysis.     

A model system for the ex-ante assessment of city logistics measures

This paper proposes a model system developed in order to support ex-ante assessment of city logistics measures. The model system allows us to simulate the choices of each decision-maker involved in the urban freight transport and logistics and to investigate how the policies and the following measures can influence her/his choices.The model system is an open architecture and consists of two levels: commodity and vehicle. The commodity level allows us to analyse the attraction and acquisition movements taking into account the effects due to city logistics policy implementation affecting the end-consumer and retailer/wholesaler/producer (restocker) choices. The freight sold in each urban shop (or in general urban business) is estimated starting from consumption demand and, then, the restocker’s choices for restocking are analysed in depth. The vehicle level focuses on the restocking process and the links between retailer and wholesaler/producer operating in the study area. This level allows us to investigate the impacts of implementing city logistics measures on journey time, timing and path used for restocking the urban retail businesses.     

船舶柴油机SCR系统尿素喷射控制仿真

选择性催化还原技术(selective catalytic reduction)是一种柴油机尾气排放后处理技术。针对船舶柴油机SCR系统非线性、难以建模以及难以控制的特点,分析系统内部的化学反应,根据能量和质量守恒确定各状态量满足的微分方程,建立SCR系统数学模型,并验证其特性。为了实现SCR系统的控制目标,即保证NH3逃逸量不超过限定值的前提下,尽可能提高NOX转化率,以NH3逃逸量为约束输出,NOX出口浓度为控制输出,氨喷射量为控制变量,设计了非线性模型预测控制器,实时计算系统所需尿素喷射量。实验仿真表明了非线性模型预测控制器的有效性,稳态工况和瞬态工况下NOX转化率分别达到了93.803%和91.760%,NH3逃逸量均低于10ppm ,满足Tier III标准对船舶柴油机尾气氮氧化物排放的限制。     

生长进化拓扑优化算法在油船中剖面结构优化上的运用

单元进化生长拓扑优化算法较之其他拓扑优化算法有其独特之处,文章通过引入单元生长进化算法对VLCC中剖面横撑结构进行优化设计。结合单元应力指标函数及单元权重系数确定优化模型的目标函数,通过计算单元应力确定单元权重系数的迭代递推关系式,结合有限元平衡方程建立优化数学模型,通过解析计算知优化模型目标函数的取值主要取决于体积函数值,依此建立完整的单元生长进化优化流程。通过与ANSYS连续体拓扑优化计算的比较可知单元生长进化算法更加简单高效,对VLCC轻量化设计具有一定的理论参考价值。     

Mathematical model of steel lazy-wave riser abandonment and recovery in deepwater

To meet the increasing applications of the deepwater steel lazy-wave riser (SLWR), the riser abandonment and recovery (A&R) is a great challenge for SLWR installation and its mechanical analysis is necessary and significant. This paper is focused on the abandonment and recovery process which is of great importance to the installation feasibility and analysis. A comprehensive mechanical model based on the nonlinear large deformation beam theory for simulating the deepwater SLWR is proposed. And a simple and suitable model for analyzing the A&R cable is developed. The presented model with detailed boundary conditions is able to deal with three different A&R methods. Numerical analysis is conducted by the finite difference method to investigate the riser configurations and somev important mechanical parameters of the pipeline and cable which exert influences on the riser's performance and the A&R cable's requirement. Parametric comparison study is conducted to analyze the advantage of different method. The proposed model can help on development of deepwater SLWR A&R design and analysis.     

Impacts of energy development on coastal recreation: The case of New Jersey

Abstract

This paper presents the methodology and results of a study commissioned by the Division of Coastal Resources of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. The objective of the study was to assess the economic and social impacts of potential energy activities on New Jersey's shorefront recreational resources for the purpose of formulating policies concerning the location of energy facilities on the coast. The Coastal Tourism Response Model developed as part of the project is briefly described and suggestions are offered for model application. The paper reviews the literature assessing the impacts of environmental changes on human attitudes and behavior and further discusses energy facilities and tourists in particular. It concludes that energy facilities, if carefully planned, can coexist with tourism activities, and stresses the role of regional differences and local attitudes toward development and preservation as key factors in determining the state policy.     

船舶过程测量采集控制系统的开发与应用

船舶运行过程中,重要的运行参数信息需要进行测量、采集和显示,同时作为控制系统的输入参与控制.本文通过采用NI硬件板卡平台和基于LabVIEW的软件平台,开发1套船舶过程测量采集控制系统,能实时、可靠地完成参数的过程测量、采集、显示和控制,同时经过工程应用证实系统的可行性.     

Workshop report - Public policy and transport

This workshop considered the wider public policy goals of a range of transport interventions. Particular attention was paid to assessing the role of integration of the different components of the transport system and of the integration of transport with other economic sectors. This assessment was informed by Ray Pawson’s realist evaluation approach, with its emphasis on the inter-relationships between context, process and outcome. The context was provided by case studies covering small urban areas, large urban areas and inter-urban corridors. The three key processes identified related to a regulated system with public ownership and control, a deregulated system with private sector ownership (‘competition in the market’) and a system in which there was public planning of the transport system but private provision (‘competition for the market’). Outcomes can be assessed using cost-benefit analysis tools to determine impacts on economic welfare or more qualitative approaches can be used to determine the extent to which accessibility or sustainability goals have been achieved. The evidence provided suggests that wider public policy goals are more important for urban than for inter-urban transport and it thus in urban areas where integration should be pursued with most vigour. The most relevant process for achieving this would seem to be variants of the competition for the market model. Some policy recommendations are made and implications for further research and for future conferences assessed.     

Inclusionary housing in the California coastal zone

Abstract

This article evaluates the performance of the California Coastal Commission's inclusionary housing program by examining: (1) the scope of the housing regulations, (2) initial permit decisions on residential projects, (3) the disposition of these permits overtime, and (4) the composition of completed projects and a best‐case projection of possible project completions. Using a case study of Southern California, factors affecting program success are discussed, including the effects of the various regulations, the availability of project subsidies, local government permit policies, and housing market fluctuations. The authors conclude that such state regulatory programs cannot be expected to succeed in urbanized coastal areas without incentives for developers and augmented state agency authority, superseding local land use controls.     

船舶大气污染物岸基嗅探式自动监测系统设计与验证

为实现船舶大气污染物排放量的远程测量,初步筛选出高排放船舶,提高船舶排放监管的针对性和效率,设计一种基于嗅探式传感器的岸基监测设备和配套的软件平台系统。系统通过采集船舶大气污染物浓度数据、船舶自动识别系统(Automatic Indentification System,AIS)数据和气象数据等实时信息,基于船舶尾气排放量在线估算方法、船舶尾气排放扩散数值模拟、观测数据的模式识别算法等,实现船舶尾气排放特征的在线识别和疑似高排放船舶的粗筛。对比在相同环境条件下CALPUFF模型计算得到的气体污染物模拟理论浓度,验证岸基嗅探式自动监测系统的监测可行性和准确性。     

数字化声发射技术在潜水器管道泄漏监测中的应用研究

为了研究数字化声发射技术在潜水器管道泄漏监测中的可行性,文章创建了管道泄漏声发射检测系统,提出了应用于潜水器管道泄漏的声发射通道采集控制参数,对潜水器管道泄漏现象进行了试验研究,验证了系统的有效性和实用性。同时通过对管道泄漏声发射信号参数的统计分析和傅里叶变换,获得了潜水器管道泄漏声发射信号的RMS、ASL、能量以及频率等幅频响应特性随传播距离和管道内部压力的变化规律,为在潜水器服役过程中进行声发射实时监测提供物质基础和技术支撑。     

Planning vessel air emission regulations compliance under uncertainty

In this paper we consider the reduction of air emissions from vessels when uncertainty is taken into account. Uncertainty in the reduction effects of the different existing air emission controls is currently high and makes their selection for vessel emission regulations compliance a challenging process. We develop a two-stage stochastic optimization model that addresses this uncertainty. The model’s objective is to plan the installation of air emission controls over a specified time horizon for a vessel to comply in the most cost-efficient way with the air emission regulations. The uncertain reduction effects of the controls are modelled by a set of scenarios. The approach is applied to a case study with real data. The solution exposes the important impact of uncertainty on this problem, especially on the SO _X reduction, while the CO₂ reduction plan seems in this case not affected by uncertainty.     

一种海底小目标近距离探测系统及试验研究

随着水下航行器技术的发展及探雷等特殊场合的需求,利用水下小平台探测海底小目标的方式逐渐受到重视,本文依据参量发射阵理论,结合参量阵的优势、截断参量阵的特点,设计了一种应用于海底小目标近距离探测的系统,测试该探测系统在近距离的特性,进行沉底及掩埋目标的探测实验,结果表明,该参量阵系统能够实现海底小目标近距离探测,在现有条件下所做的探索工作具有一定的工程参考价值.     

Hysteretic damping model for laterally loaded piles

Fatigue assessment is a critical design aspect for many offshore structures. Soil-foundation interaction has a direct impact on the system dynamic response of these structures. While the stiffness of the soil-foundation interaction influences the system's natural frequency, the damping influences the amplification of the structural response to environmental excitations. This paper presents a simplified model for estimating the soil damping due to nonlinear soil response for pile foundations, which have wide applications in the offshore industry, such as for supporting jacket platforms, wind turbines and wellhead facilities. The proposed model is fundamentally linked to the damping response of the soil measured at element level therefore it offers design engineers an efficient and accurate way to estimate soil-pile interaction damping based on site-specific soil data. Approaches to include the suggested model for structural analysis are also proposed.     

Dynamic response of offshore jacket structures under random loads

In this paper, the dynamic response of a scale model of a jacket offshore structure is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The experiments were conducted both in air and in water. The in-water experiments were done in the towing tank of Memorial University to simulate the realistic operating conditions. The model was subjected to random wave loads. Froude's law of modeling was used to obtain the dimensions of the scale model based on the dimensions of an existing structure. The effects of varying the structure's weight, and the characteristics of the wave loading were investigated. The structure's weight was changed by adding weights to the structure's deck. A finite element model was designed to determine the dynamic response of the model. Excellent agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was obtained.The reaction force at the foundation was estimated from strain measurements and compared with the finite element calculations. Fair agreement was obtained.This work is the first stage of a project whose objective is to develop a method for structural damage detection using the free vibration response of the structure. The free vibration response will be obtained from the stationary random response of the structure using the random decrement method. Having an accurate model to describe the dynamic response of the structure is the first step in this study.     

Tragedy of the San Francisco bay commons

Abstract

Although the early efforts to save San Francisco Bay in the 1960's provided the role model for protection of California's 1100 mile ocean coastline, neither Proposition 20 of 1972 nor the California Coastal Act of 1976 provided any benefits to San Francisco Bay. One result is that the Bay is locked into its urban, shoreline‐use dominated plan of 1969 while every other estuary and coastal wetland in California receives much stronger protection of its resources. Furthermore, due to the complexity of California's water laws, there is no instream flow protection for receiving waters such as San Francisco Bay. This is particularly critical considering that 70% of the Bay's freshwater inflow has been diverted. The Bay's present decline as the largest and most important estuary on the West Coast, as well as its possible death as an estuary, may be irreversible. The problem requires the immediate attention of engineering, scientific, economic and legal disciplines if San Francisco Bay is to be saved.     

A numerical study on the installation configuration design of compliant vertical access riser (CVAR) in deepwater

In oil and gas transportation, the compliant vertical access riser (CVAR) system conducts economic and operational advantages due to its special configuration. In this paper, the static performance of the CVAR is studied by an efficient numerical method. According to the unique configuration of the CVAR, the mathematical model is established based on minimum total potential energy principle. The equilibrium equations are discretized by finite difference method and then solved by Newton-Raphson technique. The accuracy of the numerical method is verified by OrcaFlex software. Detailed parametric analysis is carried out based on practical engineering requirements. The effects of buoyancy section's configuration including buoyancy factor, buoyancy section's length and buoyancy section's location, and external environmental factors including wellhead offset distance, water depth and current velocity on installation shape and mechanical properties of the CVAR are analyzed. The research shows that the presented numerical method has good applicability and flexibility for the early installation configuration design of marine risers which have no touchdown section but only one touchdown point and are equipped with multiple buoyancy blocks subjected to forces of different directions and magnitudes, such as CVARs.     

一种新型气囊式抗倾覆装置

当今,船舶防沉减摇的话题一直是人们所关心的。基于现有防沉减摇装置发挥作用存在一定局限性,提出一种新型气囊式抗倾覆装置。本文介绍了该装置的设计方案及功能原理,并对装置系统控制模块及气体发生模块做出了选型。最后以长江某客渡船为例,选取相应气囊尺寸,进行船舶稳性计算,得出气囊装置对船舶稳性的影响情况和船舶复原力臂的变化规律,证实了装置的可行性,同时为以后深入的研究工作提供理论基础。     

Testing the Effects of Constraints on Climate Change–Friendly Behavior among Groups of Australian Residents

This study explores the relationship between Australian's attitudes toward climate change impacts on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). We hypothesize that general attitudes toward climate change, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict intended and reported behavior, and that attitude negatively influences constraints on adopting ERB. The moderating effect of residential condition (urban vs. rural contexts) was tested across these hypothesized relationships. We randomly selected 200 individuals from eight regions: Five within 50 km of the GBR Coastline and three from the Statistical Metropolitan Areas in Australia. We yielded 1,623 surveys by telephone interviews. Findings confirm our hypotheses and suggest the most important predictor of intentions is perceived behavioral control. The two groups of respondents (urban vs. rural) illustrate different relationships. This study offers insight on how managers of the GBR can effectively shape residents' behavioral tendencies that minimize human impacts on the natural environment.     

Dynamics of Integrated Coastal Management: PEMSEA's Experience

The ultimate goal of integrated coastal management (ICM) is to improve the quality of life of coastal inhabitants through achieving the sustainable development objectives. Achieving this goal, however, is often hindered by policy and financial and capacity barriers. This article discusses the role of the interaction between the dynamic forces and essential elements of ICM to address the environmental and management issues at the local level. The experience of Xiamen Municipality, People's Republic of China, is highlighted to showcase how it transformed from an environmentally degraded municipality into a modern, urban garden city in a span of just more than a decade. The socioeconomic and ecological benefits of ICM in Xiamen are obvious, measurable, and well-appreciated by both the government and the citizenry. Useful lessons have also been drawn from several ICM initiatives in East Asia in relation to strengthening coastal management. The key ones are briefly discussed.