南宁心圩江底泥重金属污染特征分析

文章采用《土壤环境检测技术规范》对南宁心圩江河流底泥中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As、Hg和Cr八个重金属污染指标进行了检测,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对检测结果进行评价。结果表明,心圩江河流底泥中重金属的总潜在生态危害程度较低,8种重金属的潜在生态危害由大到小依次为HgCdPbAsNiCuZnCr。结合《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》,对心圩江底泥的资源化提出了分类处置的建议:(1)建议心圩江底泥超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但未超过农用地土壤污染风险管制值的部分用于林地使用或固化后作为填料使用;(2)其余未超标的部分作为农用地土壤使用。     

庐山西海高速公路周边土壤重金属检测与评价

以庐山西海高速公路为研究对象,对公路周边土壤中的铅、铜、锌、镍含量进行了检测。用单项污染指数和综合污染指教法对土壤中重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,研究路段周边土壤铅和锌污染处于非污染状态;铜属于非污染~中污染;综合污染指数为1.65,属轻污染;镍属于非污染~中污染,综合污染指数为0.95,属非污染。这表明庐山西海高速公路已造成了公路两侧农田土壤一定程度的重金属污染。     

肯特指数法在高速公路隧道中的安全风险评估

影响公路隧道施工的风险因素有很多,且这些风险因素具有随机性、不确定性和模糊性,需要进行安全风险评估。文章以广西某高速公路隧道为研究对象,根据安全评价的原则和要求,从几种常用的风险评价方法中选择肯特指数法对该高速公路隧道进行安全风险评估。评估结果表明:该高速公路隧道属于可接受风险水平,与现场情况基本吻合,验证了肯特指数法可以很好地用于高速公路隧道施工安全风险评估。     

地铁联络通道冻结法施工安全风险评价

为评价地铁联络通道冻结法施工安全风险,文章依据相关文献并结合已有工程经验和类似工程记录,识别出联络通道冻结法施工四个阶段的主要风险要素,建立了评价指标体系,提出了一种基于层次分析法(AHP)、模糊综合评价法(FCE)和贝叶斯网络法(BN)的联络通道冻结法施工安全评价方法。首先采用层次分析法计算各风险事件的相对权重,采用风险经济损失值描述风险事件的影响后果,采用贝叶斯网络计算风险事件的概率等级分数;然后结合风险经济损失值和概率等级分数,并采用梯形隶属函数来计算风险事件对风险水平的隶属度,将风险事件的权重与风险事件对风险水平的隶属度进行模糊综合运算,可得出联络通道冻结法施工的总体风险水平;最后以兰州轨道交通1号线为例进行实例研究,得到该工程总体风险等级为低风险,评价结果基本能反应实际情况。     

FMECA风险分析法在穿越管道施工过程的应用

外钓岛-册子岛水平定向钻穿越工程施工难度大,施工存在着很多风险。应用国际上先进的风险管理方法—FMECA定性风险评价法,对外钓岛-册子岛海底管道施工过程中的各类潜在事故进行了概率及后果影响评价,并据此采取了风险削减措施,为工程的顺利施工起到了很好的保障作用,同时也为国内外穿越工程施工安全及可靠性评价提出了一种新的方法。     

用模糊数学法评价高速公路两侧土壤的污染程度

文章针对高速公路对其两侧土壤的破坏现状,以衡昆高速公路为例,研究了高速公路对两侧土壤的影响范围,并应用模糊数学法对高速公路两侧土壤重金属的污染状况进行了系统的分析和评价。     

塔纳吉布公路项目风险评价研究

塔纳吉布公路项目是中国电建与阿美石油公司签署的道路升级项目,是中国电建积极响应“一带一路”倡议而进行的合作,由旗下子企业水电八局组织实施。然而由于受到不同国家政治体制、经济文化及施工环境等众多因素的影响,我国企业走出去面临着极大的风险和挑战。为提高海外公路项目的风险评估水平,基于G1法建立了由5个1级指标和16个2级指标构成的海外公路项目风险评价指标体系,并按照相应的判断标度进行计算赋值,建立了海外公路项目风险评价模型。最后对塔纳吉布公路项目进行实例分析,结果表明,塔纳吉布公路项目综合风险为5.7014,属于一般风险,在可控范围内,与水电八局施工的实际情况相符,验证了模型的有效性。     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

埋地压力管道完整性检测及其应用

介绍了基于潜在危害识别的埋地管道完整性检测技术,及其在一条复杂环境原油管道上的应用。通过对管道已有资料的收集分析综合,确定出目标管道存在的主要潜在危害类型,有针对性地对管道潜在危害因素开展完整性检测,并在检测基础上做相关分析评价,对检测到的管道安全隐患实施维护改造,提高了管道的安全性,获得了良好的经济和社会效益。     

长输天然气与城市燃气管道风险评价指标体系比较分析

长输天然气管道和城市燃气管道都是输气管道系统的重要组成部分,但是由于它们所处的位置和经过的区域大不相同,因此二者的风险有很大的不同。文中以《管道风险管理手册》为基础,结合半定量风险评价法中的管道指数法,通过比较长输天然气与城市燃气管道风险评价的指标体系,分析了它们之间的区别,对城市燃气管道的风险评价有一定的指导意义,为其风险评价提供了依据。     

Heavy metals and metalloid contamination in Louisiana Lake Pontchartrain Estuary along I-10 Bridge

In this study, HMs concentration in sediments and water from the Lake Pontchartrain estuary along the I-10 Bridge were investigated in two seasons to evaluate the level of contamination and to assess the effect of vehicular traffic. Vehicular traffic has led to HMs such as As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu accumulation in sediments along the bridge. The HMs content in water especially in summer increased due to high temperature which led to release of HMs from the sediments. The level of pollution attributed to anthropogenic activities was evaluated using several pollution indicators. The overall HMs bioavailability and EFs was mostly high in summer and the concentration of the HMs in both sediments and water was highly influenced by the season and the distance from the highways. The content of As and Cd in lake sediments were higher than the background values (BGV) for both seasons (spring and summer), and Cr and Pb in sediments were higher than the BGV in most sampling points in the spring. According to Sediments Quality Guidelines (SQGs), heavy metals except for As have low biotoxicity, and As could potentially result in harmful effects on the aquatic organisms. The relationship between As and vehicular traffic is less studied so our finding stress the need for further study on source of As in Lake Pontchartrain sediments.     

The contribution of road traffic to particulate matter and metals in air pollution in the vicinity of an urban road

A detailed investigation was conducted to study the sources of particulate matter in the vicinity of an urban road in Žilina. To determine the amount of particulate matter (PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁) present in the ambient air, a reference gravimetric method was used. The main objective of this contribution was to identify the sources of these particles by means of statistical methods, specifically principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), and absolute principal component scores (APCS), as well as using the presence of 17 metals in the particulate matter (Na, Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Sb, Cd, Ba, Pb). To identify the metals in the particulate matter samples and to determine their abundances, spectroscopic methods were used, specifically inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Each of these metals may come from a specific source, such as the burning of fossil fuels in fossil fuel power plants; local heating of households; the burning of liquefied fossil fuels in the combustion engines of vehicles; the burning of coal and wood; non-combustion related emissions resulting from vehicular traffic; resuspension of traffic-related dust; and industry. Diesel vehicles and non-combustion emissions from road traffic have been identified as two key sources of the particulate matter. The results reveal that non-combustion emissions, which are associated with the elements Na, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Mo, Sb, Cd, and Pb, are the major contributors, followed by combustion emissions from diesel vehicles, which are associated with the elements Mg, Ca, and Ba.     

Sources and exposure risk of trace elements for traffic policemen in roadside locations

Samples of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ at four types of roadside location (major road, secondary road, branch road, and expressway) in Tianjin were collected and analyzed in 2015. The average annual roadside PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations were higher than the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS: GB3095-2012). The chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ over four seasons displayed significant differences (p < 0.05). An enrichment factor (EF) analysis revealed that Cd, copper (Cu), Zn, As, Ni, and Pb in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ mainly originated from anthropogenic sources. A factor analysis (FA) and correlation analysis (CA) revealed that vehicle emissions (exhaust and non-exhaust), soil dust, coal combustion, and industrial emissions were the main sources of roadside PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in Tianjin. Both the total hazard quotients (total HQ) and the total carcinogenic risk (total CR) for selected elements in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were within acceptable limits. The HQ of Pb was higher than for other metals, and it should therefore be given special attention. The CR for traffic policemen was highest for Cr exposure (1.01 × 10⁻⁵ for PM_2.5 and 1.52 × 10⁻⁵ for PM₁₀), followed by As and Ni. A sensitivity analysis showed that the total contributions of the metal concentrations, exposure time (ET), and exposure frequency (EF) accounted for over 50% of the risk for Cr, As, and Ni, suggesting that these metals had the greatest impact on the uncertainty of health risk assessments.     

Particulate matter concentrations and heavy metal contamination levels in the railway transport system of Sydney,Australia

Sampling campaign was conducted over six weeks to determine particulate matter (PM) concentrations from Sydney Trains airport line (T2) at both underground and ground levels using DustTrak. Dust samples were collected and analysed for 12 metals (Fe, Ca, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Al, Co, Ni, Ba and Na) by atomic emission spectroscopy. Average underground PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations from inside the trains were 2.8 and 2.5 times greater than at ground level. Similarly, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations on underground platforms were 2.7 and 2.5 times greater than ground level platforms. Average underground PM concentrations exceeded the national air quality standards for both PM₁₀ (50 µg/m³) and PM_2.5 (25 µg/m³). Correlation analysis showed a strong to moderate association between PM concentrations at ground level and background PM concentrations (r² from 0.952 to 0.500). The findings suggested that underground PM concentrations were less influenced by the ambient background than at ground level. The metal concentrations decreased in the order of Fe, Cr, Ca, Al, Na, Ba, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co and Pb. The pollution index (PI) and enrichment factor (EF) values were calculated to identify the levels and sources of contamination in the underground railway microenvironments. PM was remarkably rich in Fe with a mean concentration of 73.51 mg/g and EF of 61.31, followed by Ni and Cr. These results noticeably indicated a high level of metal contamination in the underground environments, with the principal contribution from track abrasion and wear processes.     

Railway transportation as a source of soil pollution

Surface soil (0–10 cm) samples from 60 sampling sites along the length of railway tracks on the territory of Srem (the western part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, itself part of Serbia) were collected and analyzed for seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and ten heavy metals in order to see how the distance from the railroad affects the concentration of some organic and inorganic pollutants in the soil. Samples were taken at a distance of 0.03–4.19 km from the railway. For the soil extraction was used USEPA 3540S method. The extracts were purified on a silica-gel column (USEPA 3630C). The analysis of the extracts was performed by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. PCBs were not detected only at two locations. Mean total concentration of PCBs for all other sampling locations was 0.0043 ppm dry weight (dw) with a range of 0.0005–0.0227 ppm dw. According to values of Nemerow pollution index Cu, Co, Zn and Ni were the most ubiquitous heavy metals in the area near railroad. Based on these results, it can be said that railway transport is a potential source of PCBs and some heavy metals.     

Chemical characteristics of the surface soil,herbaceous cover and organic layer of a compacted skid road in a fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) forest

This study looks at the impacts of timber skidding in a pure fir plantation forest. It compares properties of herbaceous cover, organic layer and surface soil on the skid road and on adjacent undisturbed area. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu are quantified and the mass of herbaceous cover and organic layer, and sand, silt, clay rates, bulk density, compaction and pH of soils were assessed. Both the herbaceous cover and organic layer mass on the skid road were significantly lower than the undisturbed area. The soil of the skid road also had higher bulk density and compaction, and lower organic carbon rates producing much denser and compacted soils. Only P concentration in herbaceous cover samples from skid road was significantly higher, while Ca and Mg contents were considerably lower than undisturbed area. There were no significantly differences in N, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations of herbaceous cover. Compared to the undisturbed area, the organic layer of the skid road had particularly low K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn contents. At 0–5 cm soil depth, P and Fe contents were significantly lower than for undisturbed area but there were no major differences at depth of 5–10 cm.     

Natural variability in exposure to fine particles and their trace elements during typical workdays in an urban area

Studies on the natural human exposures to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and their elements composition are practically non-existent in South America. In order to understand the natural exposure of the typical Brazilian population to PM_2.5 and their trace element composition, we measured PM_2.5 concentrations and collected mass on filters for nine continuous hours during a typical workday of volunteers. In addition, bus routes were performed at peak and non-peak periods, mimicking the routine activity of the population. Mean concentrations of PM_2.5 in the bus and car groups were similar while the fraction of BCe was higher for the bus group. For all routes, mean PM_2.5 concentrations were higher during peak than non-peak hours, with an average of 43.5 ± 33.1 μg m⁻³ and 14.3 ± 10.2 μg m⁻³, respectively. The trace elements S, K and Na originated mainly from vehicle emissions; Na was associated with the presence of biofuel in diesel. Toxic elements (Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn) were found at low levels as evident by the total hazard index that ranged from 2.15 × 10⁻⁰³ to 1.38 for volunteers. For all routes, the hazard index ranged from 2.25 × 10⁻⁰³ to 5.03. Average PM_2.5 respiratory deposition dose was estimated to be 0.60 μg/kg-hour for peak hours. Potential health damages to people during their movements and at workplaces close to the traffic were identified. Improvements in the design of the building to reduce the entrance of air pollutants as well as the use of filters in the buses could help to limit population exposure.     

The influence of workplace environment on lung function of shopkeepers working near National Highway in Jalgaon: A note

The inferior ambient air quality was observed near highway passing through Jalgaon urban center. Among the pollutants critical level of particulates are observed at the roadside during May 2003 to April 2004. The shopkeepers working at the highway sides are at high risk of exposure to the air pollution caused by heavy highway traffic. The lung function test of the shopkeepers shows significant decrease in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second and peak expiratory flow rate. The regular periodic health checkup and use of nose mask will protect the health of shopkeepers working near National Highway passing through Jalgaon urban center.     

济青高速公路绿化带对交通噪声和铅污染的防护作用

公路绿化带可对交通噪声和汽车尾气带来的铅(Pb)污染产生一定防护作用,这对于减轻路域环境污染具有重要意义。采用原位调查和取样分析相结合的方法,研究了山东省济青高速公路路侧绿化带对交通噪声和铅污染的衰减效果。研究结果表明,高速公路绿化带对交通噪声有一定的减轻作用,但在不同的绿化模式下,衰减效果存在较大差异。济青高速公路两侧土壤存在一定程度的Pb污染,在不同绿化模式下,路侧绿化林带对公路Pb污染的防护作用也有较大差别,宽度过大的林带并不是防护Pb污染的理想措施。     

Safety outcomes of internationalization of domestic road haulage: a review of the literature

Abstract

The European Union (EU) promotes gradual lifting of restrictions on foreign hauliers involved in domestic road transport of goods (cabotage), and a major deregulation was scheduled in 2014. Due to complaints from several member states facing competition from new EU-countries with lower labour costs, this process was postponed until 2015. An important aspect related to such a deregulatory reform includes potential consequences for transport safety and accident risk factors. The main aims of the current paper are therefore to examine the potential transport safety outcomes of increasing internationalization of domestic road haulage, and to examine potential accident risk factors of foreign hauliers. This is done by reviewing the research literature. This paper shows that the heavy goods vehicle (HGV) accident risk varies with a factor of up to 10 in European countries, and that the accident risk of foreign HGVs is approximately two times higher than that of domestic HGVs in the studied European countries. The paper points to several risk factors and concludes that better data on accident risk and risk factors must be gathered in order to enable European authorities to correctly analyse and respond to this important traffic safety challenge.