Influential factors in the design of port infrastructure tariffs

ABSTRACT

The main aim of this article is to examine the factors influential to the practical process of port infrastructure tariff design. The analysis is based on the survey data of 67 seaports representing the Australasian, East Asian, European, North American and South American regions. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was first carried out to identify the factors influential to the selection of the infrastructure tariff design model. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the relationship between the variables. The findings showed that demand, knowledge about pricing theories, the dynamics of port and shipping sectors (including competition and ship size), pricing objectives and port cost consideration are influential factors in infrastructure tariff design. Most ports use a mix of pricing approaches including price discrimination, cost-based pricing and market-based pricing. Ports are aware of the basic pricing approaches but have limited knowledge of their application. Based on the results of analysis, policy implications for port management in designing port infrastructure tariffs, limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.     

Factoring a real value of cargo in port investment and funding decisions

Ports are marine gateways to economic activities. Ports’ ability to perform services depends on their facilities, harbor conditions, and other factors. Generally, ports have control over their facilities but must compete for funding to improve them. As for waterways, in the U.S., a Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund was established to fund dredging, which levies a 0.125% cargo value tax on most shippers using U.S. coastal and Great Lakes harbors. Yet, commonly, a gross tonnage metric is used to allocate the fund’s resources, resulting in under-maintenance of some harbors. This, reportedly, deters additional port funding and hinders valuable commerce. Supplemental economic metrics, such as value of commerce or cargo, can improve port financing decisions, but such data is not readily available. Container ports collect cargo value data in nominal terms, but bulk ports do not. When making economic decisions, however, real values must be used. Further, when allocating resources, decision-makers must be able to assess ports over time and relative to each other. Conforming to these criteria, this paper develops three port financing indicators based on a real value of cargo and illustrates their calculations using the U.S. Port of Duluth-Superior as a case study.     

浅谈集装箱班轮重大件装卸作业的海事监管

随着越来越多的集装箱班轮载运重大件货物，集装箱班轮海上运输和港口码头作业大件的风险都在不断加大，对海事部门提出了新的监管要求。文中通过对重大件作业的行政审批许可、通航安全管理、重大件配载和绑扎管理、应急管理进行梳理，总结出基本的重大件货物装卸作业监管方案，一定程度上提高海事监管效能。     

论我国履行《国际海运固体散装货物规则》的策略

《国际海运固体散装货物规则》（《IMSBC规则》）即将于2011年1月1日生效。文中结合近年来发生在渤海海域的多起载运固体散装货物的船舶沉没事故教训,探讨了我国目前在固体散装货物海运相关作业和安全监管方面存在的问题,论述我国履行《IMSBC规则》的必要性,并分别从装货前检测、货物安全适运性申报、港口管理、船舶管理、现场监管等方面提出我国通过国内立法建立履行《IMSBC规则》机制的策略。     

A nested logit model of mode choice for inland movement of export shipments: A case study of containerised export cargo from India

Predominance of containerised mode of transport for export of general cargo has influenced the mode choices on the inland segment. Prior to containerisation the general cargo for export moved to ports invariably on road in break bulk form. Growth of containerisation led to development of inland terminals enabling an exporter to obtain export clearance at the inland points. This process facilitated an exporter to move cargo either in break bulk or in containerised form, and as inland terminals facilitated aggregation an exporter could move cargo either by road or rail. Thus containerisation increased the inland transport options for an exporter from one to three. The paper develops discrete choice models in the Indian context for inland movement of containerised export cargo. Primary data was collected from 124 export firms through a structured questionnaire. This data is supplemented with data from transport firms and terminal operators. Using the above data, a nested logit model with rail container and road truck in one branch was found to predict the mode choice behaviour best. Amongst the transport attributes, total cost and total transit time were found to be influencing the mode choices significantly. The study however did not find the effect of reliability and loss and damage significant. In addition, the model also predicts that non transport attributes - like the percentage of letters of credit that materialise with inland way bills and the value of export benefits that materialise after export - are important in the mode choice decision.     

8400 DWT单货舱重吊多用途船总体设计研究

8 400 DWT多用途船是上海船舶研究设计院为美国船东INTERMARINE设计的一款单货舱多用途重吊船。该船采用两冲程低速柴油机驱动,适合全球航行运载集装箱、干散货、木材制品、钢卷、重大件以及危险品等。该船设有长度为60.9米的超长箱形单独货舱。货舱内设置1层二甲板,该二甲板可以放置在高度不同的两个位置并且可以作为谷物舱壁放置在船长方向上不同的三个位置。甲板左舷设有2台最大工作载荷为150吨的克令吊。联吊能力为300吨,不需要使用浮箱和固定压载。为了提高该船的操纵性,在螺旋桨前方设置了平板呆木。船体结构满足船东安全坐底的特殊要求。     

长三角港口体系结构演变及分货种优势比较

以长三角区域港口为研究对象,采用赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数分析2005—2009年长三角港口的平均集中率和分货种港口的空间集中度,然后从各港口的显示性比较优势和绝对比较优势揭示了各货种在长三角港口内部的转移情况,最后得出在长三角港口体系中,各货种集中程度呈现下降的趋势,集中化程度由高到低依次是:集装箱,石油,天然气及其制品,金属矿石,矿建材料,煤炭。同时上海港集装箱集聚效应加强,散货方面则呈现上海港向周边港口快速扩散、浙江省以宁波-舟山港为龙头集聚效应进一步加强、江苏港口承接转移的同时自身港口结构同步升级调整的特点。     

中国港口向现代服务业转型发展的思考

目前,虽然我国港口取得了快速发展,但服务功能大多仍停留在传统的货物运输和装卸层面,物流服务功能等还未得到充分拓展,与经济社会发展的要求还有差距。基于港口向现代服务业转型的内涵,针对我国港口发展实际,从提升传统服务功能、拓展物流服务功能、加快大宗商品交易平台建设等几个方面提出我国港口向现代服务业转型发展的对策建议。     

基于AHP法的船载固体散货安全评价指标体系研究

文中研究借鉴《IMSBC》的要求,将影响船载固体散货运输安全的因素分为三大类,应用层次分析法构建了固体散货运输安全评价指标体系,并结合实例进行了说明,为解决固体散货船舶监管问题提供了一个全新的思路。     

A simulation study on the design of flexible cargo holds in small-sized bulk ships

A simulation study on the design of flexible cargo holds in small-sized bulk ships is presented. The ships considered are equipped with moveable bulkheads which can be placed in a given number of positions in the cargo hold. In this way the ships' cargo holds can be partitioned into several smaller holds with flexible sizes, and several cargoes can be lifted simultaneously by the same ship. The simulation study deals with designing an optimal cargo hold 'configuration' which gives the best flexibility when cargo quantities vary. The results show that there are significant potential savings by finding an optimal cargo hold configuration.     

Technical,allocative and cost efficiencies of Chinese ports

This paper reports on empirical studies of the technical, allocative, and cost efficiencies (CEs) of Chinese ports based on the panel data of 16 listed port corporations from 1998 to 2011 by means of Bayesian Inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. An error terms approach is used to resolve the Greene Problem in the estimation of allocative efficiency. The results show that the technical efficiencies have tended to decline in most ports. Inputs to R&D and improving management level are insufficient to offset this decline. Seaports have higher CEs than river ports. Ports with higher container cargo proportion have higher CEs. Ports with more than 50% of shares owned by the State have higher CEs.     

货运技术与海损事故

本文结合稳性不足与倾覆沉船事故、大型散货船强度不足与船体毁损事故、货堆倒塌移动与倾斜倾覆事故、湿货渗水流动与倾斜倾覆事故、甲板货装载不当与船体损伤及倾覆沉船事故、“危险货物”装运不当与船毁人伤及水域污染事故等六个突出问题,系统地阐明了货运技术与海损事故的因果关系,并提出相应预防措施,以供广大航运工作者借鉴,从而达到避免或减少海上事故的目的     

Sustainability and national policy in UK port development

Given the private sector character of the UK port system it might well be thought that, so far as port development is concerned, the market ruled. There are of course permissions to be obtained, including planning consent under the Town and Country Planning Acts; but this process has not so far been considered to interfere with market function. Ports are already well used to the process of obtaining approval, to negotiations with objectors and environmental interests, and to mitigating the effects of development when defining projects and seeking approval.

However, as ports policy is being brought into line with transport policy generally, and in particular with Government policy for sustainable development, ports are being faced with a more challenging regulatory framework. The search for sustainable transport is leading Government towards a broader based approach to the approval of development applications in which market need and commercial viability are simply two of a number of considerations which ports must take into account in designing projects which also meet environmental concerns.

There has been a long standing requirement for developers of major projects to carry out Environmental Impact Assessments. In addition Government policy is set out in a number of publications, applying sustainability and the associated “New Approach to Transport Assessment” (NATA) to the ports sector. In a separate and broader initiative it has also considered a radical reform of the planning system and the establishment of national priorities for infrastructure combined with a simplification of the Public Inquiry process. In the event it has been decided not to establish national priorities in the ports sector, although the aim of simplification of the Inquiry process remains.

The aim of this paper is to explore the emerging theoretical and practical issues arising within the development approval process. These are of most concern in the development of major projects for cargoes which have broad hinterlands, and where there are competing locations for new facilities. The most important example of this is in the deep sea container sector where there is a demand for new capacity and a choice of widely spaced locations in the south east of the UK. Some comment will be made on this sector and on the issues arising at the Public Inquiries for the proposed container port developments at Dibden Bay (Southampton) and the London Gateway at Shellhaven on the north bank of the Thames.     

Assessing the economic significance of port activity: evidence from ABP Operations in industrial South Wales

The paper seeks to improve the evidence base surrounding regional ports and their economic impact. The paper reveals that industries dependent on the port infrastructure are actually key regional players, often operating in relatively fast growth sectors, and contributing to the economic and social needs of the local economy. The focus in the case element of the paper is the operations of Associated British Ports (ABP) plc in industrial South Wales. In examining the direct and indirect consequences of the port activity the paper adopts an input-output framework of analysis. A better contextualization of the economic impact of ports is shown to be necessary in the devolved policy-making environment in the region.     

船舶进出港安全时距对沿海散货港区航道通过能力的影响*

沿海散货港区规模化以及散货船舶大型化的趋势对航道航行安全性以及航道通过能力提出了更高的要求.船舶进出港安全时距作为控制同向进出港船舶尾随时间的安全参数,是影响沿海航道通过能力的因素之一.基于港口船舶航行作业系统,利用Arena仿真软件构建模型,研究不同条件下安全时距对沿海散货港区航道通过能力的影响,并将其应用于实例分析.仿真试验结果表明:安全时距与航道通过能力之间呈负幂函数关系;安全时距对双向航道通过能力影响程度更为显著;货物流向变化对二者的敏感关系影响并不明显;单线航道受安全时距的影响程度随通航历时的增加呈递减趋势.     

上海港罗泾港区二期工程规划设计创新

新近建成的上海港罗泾港区是集矿石、煤炭、钢铁等散杂货物为一体的综合性港区,是世界上第一座公共港区为大型钢铁企业提供分拨配送等增值服务的物流港区。罗泾港区规划设计开发了全新的"枢纽港-物流港"联动的平行结构平面布置模式。在传统的公用港口布置方法基础上,运用准时制(JIT)的精益生产(LP)物流理念,优化装卸工艺和港口平面布置,提升服务水平,延伸港口服务链条。实现了物流流程的高度一体化、同步化。节约了极为宝贵的深水岸线和土地资源、降低了能耗。     

Sustainability and national policy in UK port development

Given the private sector character of the UK port system it might well be thought that, so far as port development is concerned, the market ruled. There are of course permissions to be obtained, including planning consent under the Town and Country Planning Acts; but this process has not so far been considered to interfere with market function. Ports are already well used to the process of obtaining approval, to negotiations with objectors and environmental interests, and to mitigating the effects of development when defining projects and seeking approval.

However, as ports policy is being brought into line with transport policy generally, and in particular with Government policy for sustainable development, ports are being faced with a more challenging regulatory framework. The search for sustainable transport is leading Government towards a broader based approach to the approval of development applications in which market need and commercial viability are simply two of a number of considerations which ports must take into account in designing projects which also meet environmental concerns.

There has been a long standing requirement for developers of major projects to carry out Environmental Impact Assessments. In addition Government policy is set out in a number of publications, applying sustainability and the associated “New Approach to Transport Assessment” (NATA) to the ports sector. In a separate and broader initiative it has also considered a radical reform of the planning system and the establishment of national priorities for infrastructure combined with a simplification of the Public Inquiry process. In the event it has been decided not to establish national priorities in the ports sector, although the aim of simplification of the Inquiry process remains.

The aim of this paper is to explore the emerging theoretical and practical issues arising within the development approval process. These are of most concern in the development of major projects for cargoes which have broad hinterlands, and where there are competing locations for new facilities. The most important example of this is in the deep sea container sector where there is a demand for new capacity and a choice of widely spaced locations in the south east of the UK. Some comment will be made on this sector and on the issues arising at the Public Inquiries for the proposed container port developments at Dibden Bay (Southampton) and the London Gateway at Shellhaven on the north bank of the Thames.     

基于协调版共同结构规范的18万吨散货船结构设计

根据IACS2014年1月推出的CSR-H,对目前CSDC设计的18万吨散货船进行符合CSR-H设计。分别运用美国船级社的CA Stage 1程序和CSR-H Bulk Check Stage 2程序进行规范计算和有限元计算,给出满足CSR-H要求的货舱区结构重量对于CSR规范的增加量。主要内容如下：一、比较CSR-H与CSR对散货船要求的差异,分析CSR-H对散货船设计的影响。二、对货舱区各个横剖面进行规范计算,研究CSR-H对板材和型材尺寸的新要求,分析各结构部位与满足CSR船型结构存在差异的原因。三、应用直接计算法对全船货舱区进行屈服和屈曲强度评估,比较基于CSR-H要求的计算结果与CSR要求结构尺寸存在的差异。     

Overseas trade vis-a-vis overseas shipping: Growth and performance in India (1999–2009)

Maritime trade has been and even continues to account for about a lion's share of India's total cargo volumes. Despite the growth of multimodal transport (by land, water and air), shipping still continues to be the major mode of transport in the bulk carriage of country's overseas trade. In view of this vital role of shipping, in the first four decades of independence, under the initiative of planned development and active government support, India's shipping and port sector saw dramatic growth in their performance to build adequate national fleet, in keeping up with the transport of overseas cargo. However, the onset of economic liberalization in 1991 has given rise to many new dimensions in the development of the shipping and port sector of the country with a significant redefinition of shipping and port services, in response to the new global trend patterns. For instance, it has also established the new era of containerization in the mode of cargo delivery from the dominance of the era of bulk and break-bulk trade during the decade of sixties and seventies. Moreover, as global competition increases, in response to this emerging trade patterns within this country, India's volume of traffic growth also increases manifold. So, India's shipping and port sectors need, significantly, to build up and furnish their capacity by increasing the frequency of this mode of transport i.e. the growth of the national overseas fleet to meet this surging demand. This paper, therefore, have focused on this role of shipping in such rising overseas trade, with a view to examine the shipping performance (the growth of overseas fleet) in response to the growing overseas trade at all ports of India during the period (1999–2000 to 2008–2009), in terms of both a mathematical model and a graphical representation. Finally, it concludes that the absolute overseas trade, being highly import dependent, have led to a more or less stagnant performance in overseas shipping, owing to the lack of the adequate growth of absolute overseas exports during this period.     

12 500 DWT重吊多用途船总体设计研究

12 500 DWT多用途船是上海船舶研究设计院为德国船东开发设计的重吊多用途船。满足EEDI、压载水处理、拆船公约等最新的国际规范和环保要求,配备重型起货设备,拥有超长货舱、超大甲板面积,主要用于装运大型工程设备、重货、集装箱、干散货、谷物及危险品等。在总体布置、破舱稳性、主推进装置和节能环保措施等方面进行了研究。该船采用先进的主推进装置,选用超长两冲程G型电喷主机,配隧道式齿轮箱和轴带发电机,定距螺旋桨推进,燃油经济性优秀。