Studies on emergency evacuation management for maritime transportation

Marine transportation is a vital component of the world’s economy and transportation network. The number of people using passenger ships around the globe is increasing worldwide. Similar to other transportation systems, passenger safety is critical in maritime shipment. As emergency evacuation processes for ships are highly different from and more complicated than those for buildings and other vehicles, many researchers have published a vast range of documents related to this peculiar research area. However, there is a tangible lack of sufficient literature review studies that investigate marine emergency evacuation (MEE). That being the case, the potential of marine transportation and the effect of emergency evacuation operation on life safety have inspired the proposal of this study. This paper offers a review of the available literature on MEE modelling, analysis and planning during the period from 1973 to 2017 using a systematic approach. After reviewing relevant academic journals, peer-reviewed conference papers, and technical reports of agencies, relevant literature is analysed. In addition, the literature review is extended by means of proposing a framework methodology which considers different possible conditions and situations during MEE. Finally, insights for ship managers and policymakers are discussed and potential future research directions are identified.     

Risk assessment for fire safety considering characteristic evacuees and smoke movement in marine fires

In the safety design of marine systems, the matter of human life in the event of a marine fire must be considered. It may be difficult to establish a safe evacuation system because a characteristic behavioral pattern based on human factors is elusive. This study consists of three analyses on (1) the state of smoke diffusion, calculated by the use of a two-layer zone model, (2) evacuation movements, simulated by a group behavioral model, and considering the occurrence of panic and the smoke spreading phase, and (3) the risk index for safety assessment using the results of smoke diffusion and escape movements. This risk index can be used for comparisons between various safety systems, and its validity is confirmed by an evacuation model of common spaces on a typical cruise ship.     

Open-type ferry safety system design for using LNG fuel

In this feasibility study, we investigate the viability of using Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) fuel in an open type Ro-Ro passenger ferry and the associated potential challenges with regard to the vessel safety systems. We recommend an appropriate methodology for converting existing ships to run on LNG fuel, discuss all the necessary modifications to the ship’s safety systems, and also evaluate the relevant ship evacuation procedures. We outline the basic requirements with which the ship already complies for each safety system and analyze the additional restrictions that must be taken into consideration for the use of LNG fuel. Appropriate actions are recommended. Furthermore, we carry out a hazard identification study. Overall, we clearly demonstrate the technical feasibility of the investigated scenario. Minimal modifications to the ship’s safety systems are required to comply with existing safety rules for this specific type of ship.     

使用LNG燃料的开放式轮渡安全系统设计（英文）

In this feasibility study, we investigate the viability of using Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG) fuel in an open type Ro-Ro passenger ferry and the associated potential challenges with regard to the vessel safety systems. We recommend an appropriate methodology for converting existing ships to run on LNG fuel, discuss all the necessary modifications to the ship's safety systems, and also evaluate the relevant ship evacuation procedures. We outline the basic requirements with which the ship already complies for each safety system and analyze the additional restrictions that must be taken into consideration for the use of LNG fuel. Appropriate actions are recommended. Furthermore, we carry out a hazard identification study. Overall, we clearly demonstrate the technical feasibility of the investigated scenario. Minimal modifications to the ship's safety systems are required to comply with existing safety rules for this specific type of ship.     

城市道路交通应急救援体系研究

道路交通事故应急救援体系能最大限度地降低交通事故的人员伤亡和财产损失,快速恢复正常的交通通行能力。本文研究并建立了城市道路交通应急救援体系,提供了城市道路交通安全软科学方面的支持。     

Inland transportation system planning by life-cycle impact assessment: a case study. 2nd report: single comparison index

A model to estimate and compare the ecological impact and economic feasibility of a land transportation system (trucks) and a marine transportation system (cargo ships) was developed and presented in a previous report.¹ Three different comparison indices—environmental, economic, and customer service—were used to evaluate and compare their ecological impacts and determine their economic superiority. In this article, a single comparison index is proposed and assessed for the two transportation systems. The estimates were made for nine different routes in Japan. A simple mathematical model of the whole methodology is given. The sensitivity of the weighting factors used in the comparison method was analyzed. The social cost saving in monetary terms through a modal shift is also presented. Received: February 15, 2001 / Accepted: September 19, 2001     

海工产品滑道出运工艺及码头结构分析

针对海工产品因自身质量与体型大、对出运技术要求高的特点,结合近年来我国现有海工基地出运码头工程实例,对海工产品的特点、出运工艺及出运码头结构进行论述。采用分析与对比的方法,形成海工产品出运码头技术,总结深、浅水钻井平台的特点及出运船舶的现状和选取原则,介绍3种滑移出运系统的主要特征及对应的多种典型的出运码头结构。从多角度对工艺系统和结构方案进行对比,提出各方案的适用条件,为海工基地出运码头的设计和施工提供安全、适用和示范性的技术方法。     

琼州海峡客滚船的人员撤离分析

随着海上人员运输和旅游业的发展,以及对生命财产安全关注度的提高,乘客的紧急撤离作为船舶安全的最后一道保障,获得高度重视。以海安会通函MSC/Circ.1033为依据,对琼州海峡950m车道/999客海口-海安航线客滚船的脱险通道,在优化布置的基础上,考虑夜晚和白天两种工况,详细地计算和评估其撤离逃生性能,并对客船撤离系统前期的设计要点进行总结归纳。     

Global regimes,regional adaptation; environmental safety in Baltic Sea oil transportation

Despite significant efforts to improve environmental safety in marine oil transportation, the risk of a major accident with devastating oil spills has most likely increased. Building on the regime analytical approach where it is assumed that international collaboration may benefit participating countries, it is argued that bilateral and sub-regional initiatives may increase maritime safety significantly, compared to exclusive reliance on universal conventions. A distinction is made between on the one hand investments in safety-increasing infrastructure and local capacity building and on the other, vessel design, on-board installations and crew qualifications. It is suggested that bilateral and sub-regional initiatives are more likely to be taken on the former kind of objects, targeting issues, such as modernization of port facilities, monitoring support, assistance in emergency capacity building and designation of ports of refuge, because the interaction between the involved countries are comparably stable in the cases. Actual efforts to improve safety seem to follow the logic of separation between these two types of safety-increasing measures. It is concluded that similar drivers of bilateral and sub-regional initiatives targeting specific aspects of marine safety and contributing to overall collective benefits from improved environmental protection probably exist also in other regions than the Baltic Sea.     

船舶安全管理决策的多目标信息效用模型研究

根据船舶安全管理决策的复杂性,运用多目标效用理论,构建了船舶安全管理决策的多目标信息效用模型,并以船舶适航性和经济效益为目标,对所建立的模型进行验证,表明其科学性和合理性。该模型的建立对于理顺安全管理决策多目标之间的关系,实现船舶安全管理决策的科学化,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

满足安全返港的豪华邮轮轮机系统的拓扑结构

以豪华邮轮的轮机系统为研究对象,分析满足SRtP要求的轮机系统的拓扑结构。首先,分析了SRtP的设计要求和技术指标,SRtP指标主要包括航速和续航力、马桶数量、饮用水储存量、食物储存量、室内温度。然后,通过归类法将相关的轮机系统进行分类,分为SRtP中提及的轮机系统、有序撤离中提及的轮机系统。第一大类再细分为推进器、发电机及其辅助系统,消防、舱底及压载系统,支持安全区的系统。最后,给出了双套系统的拓扑结构、具备隔离功能的并联系统的拓扑结构、消防舱底及压载系统的拓扑结构、安全区系统的拓扑结构、有序撤离中提及的轮机系统的拓扑结构,并分析了各种拓扑结构的容量配置。进而,给出了满足SRtP的轮机系统的搭建策略,为相关系统的设计提供了指导。     

可监测性设计理论在船舶动力机械系统设计中的应用

船舶动力机械系统一旦出现故障直接威胁船舶安全,但是船舶服役后难以增加设备完善动力机械运行状态的监测。为此,提出了可监测性设计理论内涵,在常规船舶设计建造阶段考虑动力机械系统的可监测性,从而构建出可监测性设计理论在船舶动力机械系统设计中的工程应用框架。以远洋救助船动力机械系统为例,分析了可监测性设计理论在机械系统设计中的具体应用。实践证明,可监测性设计理论在船舶动力机械系统中的工程化实施增强了其可监测性,大大提高了自身状态监测和故障诊断能力水平,并且为船舶动力机械创新设计和机械系统的可再制造提供了保障和技术支撑。     

回汽控制对舰用蒸汽动力系统的影响

[目的]船用蒸汽动力系统在紧急减速或换向操作过程中,回汽控制技术是缓解锅炉内锅筒超压问题的有效手段,需对其带来的影响进行研究.[方法]建立增压锅炉、主汽轮机和螺旋桨等设备的蒸汽动力系统仿真模型,针对大型舰船紧急减速过程和换向操作过程中快关阀无回汽、快关阀有回汽、慢关阀无回汽这3种工况,开展回汽控制特性的仿真对比分析.[...     

The analysis of life safety and economic loss in marine accidents occurring in the Turkish Straits

The increase in the world's trading capacity, which has been spurred by globalization, has caused problems in marine transportation, namely congestion. Despite the safety measures currently in place, marine accidents are still not being prevented. This study focuses on marine accidents in the Turkish Straits that have done serious harm to humans, the natural environment, and the economy. To reduce the negative impacts mentioned above, this study considered the most common types of accidents, their causes, and their results. For this purpose, 850 serious marine accidents, which took place in the Turkish Straits between the years of 2001 and 2010 (as recorded by the Undersecretaries for Maritime Affairs), have been analyzed and the data obtained have been systematically tabulated using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology. According to the data, the most significant cause of marine accidents in the Turkish Straits is human error. This study proposes measures to ensure that ship personnel are competent, mentally and physically, to navigate narrow and dangerous waterways in order to minimize the amount of accidents caused by human error.     

Concept for a risk based Navigation Decision Assistant

A concept for a risk based decision support system for navigation of ships that face degrading weather conditions and dangers of damages to a ship at its cargo is outlined. Similar systems exist in various forms, mostly as prototypes, and are based on different ideas of how decision parameters should be communicated to a master as improved basis for decision making. The paper advocates that it is possible to develop a system that systematically is built on risk assessment approaches with the intention of being applicable for a specific ship with a specific loading situation in a real-time environment. The concept is based on modern reliability methodology and relies on state-of-the-art hydrodynamics software and information sources relating to the environment. Based on the various consequences that may occur, the study suggests a selection of limit states and shows how they can be integrated in the decision support system described. The paper presents the risk based concept only while testing of the concept is still in progress.     

舰船岸电接地问题分析

舰船停靠码头一般需要接用岸电系统。本文根据对舰队码头现有的岸电系统实地调研的结果,对岸电与船电在不同的接地形式下所构成的TT系统和TN-C系统进行了分析比较,认为TN-C系统优于TT系统,同时,针对现有船舶岸电系统配置现状,提出了电缆配置改造方案和舰船岸电箱优化方案,并对码头岸电建设和舰船岸电系统设计提出了建议。     

基于SAR的深远海船舶动态感知技术应用展望

针对现有技术手段对深远海区域船舶动态感知能力不足的问题,分析了基于SAR的深远海船舶动态感知技术实现深远海船舶动态监控的可能性,并对海事应用场景进行了初步研究,认为该技术可用于大区域深远海船舶交通态势分析、深远海遇险船舶定位及应急指挥、海事日常空中主动巡航监管,可作为海事系统技术体系的一个重要组成部分"陆海空天"一体化...     

从"亚平"轮事故谈海上安全应急信息共享机制的建立

为切实保障海洋公共交通安全,建立海上安全应急信息共享机制已经迫在眉睫。本文认为,要打破“信息孤岛”现象,建立相互依存、有机联系、实用高效的海上安全应急信息共享机制,就必须加强四个系统建设,包括建设高效的指挥系统、密切的协同系统、完备的技术系统、长效的反馈系统。同时,本文提出,要发挥海事部门在海上安全应急信息共享机制中的主导作用,切实保障海洋公共交通安全。     

Spatially Prioritizing Seafloor Mapping for Coastal and Marine Planning

Coastal and marine areas provide vital services to support the economic, cultural, recreational, and ecological needs of human communities, but sustaining these benefits necessitates a balance between growing and often competing uses and activities. Minimizing coastal zone conflict and reducing human-induced impacts to ecological resources requires access to consistent spatial information on the distribution and condition of marine resources. Seafloor mapping provides a detailed and reliable spatial template on the structure of the seafloor that has become a core data need for many resource management strategies. The absence of detailed maps of the seafloor hinders the effectiveness of priority setting in marine policy, regulatory processes, and marine stewardship. For large management areas, the relatively high cost of seafloor mapping and limited management budgets requires careful spatial prioritization. In order to address this problem, a consensus based approach, aided by decision-support tools, and participatory geographic information systems (GIS), was implemented in Long Island Sound to spatially prioritize locations, define additional data collection efforts needed, and identify products needed to inform decision-making. The methodology developed has utility for other states and regions in need of spatially prioritizing activities for coastal planning, and organizations charged with providing geospatial services to communities with broad informational needs.     

识别散货船载货区危险源的新方法

频发的散货船海难事故表明,载货区的结构性损伤是导致船舶失事的重要危险因素。文章基于模糊数学的观点,提出一种识别散货船载货区危险源的新方法,确定船体结构目前的安全状态,为下一步对整个散货船运输系统综合安全性评估打下了基础。