非接触式磁应力检测技术在埋地管道腐蚀评价中的应用

为了验证非接触式磁应力检测技术在埋地管道腐蚀评价中的有效性，分析了金属磁记忆原理、非接触式磁应力检测程序，对实际检测效果进行开挖验证，对检出缺陷评定结果与超声波测厚数据进行比对。结果表明：非接触式磁应力检测技术可以检测出埋地管道的金属腐蚀和机械损伤缺陷，通过磁异常综合指数对检出缺陷的等级划分与超声波测厚结果一致。可以采用非接触式磁应力检测技术，在不开挖状态下对埋地管道进行腐蚀检测，并给出与实际相符的腐蚀评价。     

基于损伤模式的站场管道检测方法及应用

站场管道是油气输送系统的重要组成部分,目前国内没有针对性的站场管道的检验标准。针对站场管道的特点,介绍了站场管道的典型损伤模式,分析对比了压力管道常用的腐蚀检测技术、焊缝检测技术、应力腐蚀检测技术和疲劳损伤检测技术在站场管道检测中的适用性,提出了站场管道针对性的检测方法。工程实践表明,该检测方法能够对站场管道进行有效检测,但是由于站场管道的特殊性,该方法仍存在一些局限和不足。     

在用工业压力管道的无损检测新方法解析

在用工业压力管道在运行期间存在内腐蚀和外腐蚀等腐蚀缺陷,威胁管道结构的完整性。根据TSG D0001-2009《压力管道安全技术监察规程—工业管道》的要求,应对压力管道进行定期检验,从而发现管道上存在的腐蚀缺陷,减小事故的损失。在对各个无损检测新方法基本原理介绍的基础上,给出了无损检测新方法的关键点解析,最后总结了定期检验中的检验方法,为在用工业压力管道的定期检验提供参考。     

超声导波技术在压力管道腐蚀检测的应用研究

在传统的管道腐蚀检测技术中,一般采用逐点测量管壁厚度的方法检测管道的局部腐蚀,无法实现管道的全面检测,并且无法对占压、跨越、穿越和未开挖等处的地埋管道进行腐蚀检测。目前,导波技术在国内外压力管道腐蚀检测中得到了广泛的应用,在解决了上述问题的同时,此项技术在应用过程遇到了一些技术难题,特别是管道缺陷信号的提取和辨识。文中介绍了管道导波检测的基本原理和导波应用的案例。     

长输管道宽频超声内检测器技术

利用宽频超声检测技术开展了旋转探头和阵列探头管道超声内检测器 (BUS-Pig)研究,实现了数据处理,管道腐蚀缺陷超声检测B、C扫描图像化和缺陷的三维图像化.实验结果表明:达到了管道腐蚀测厚精度±0.5 mm、腐蚀分辨率10 mm×10 mm的要求,并可检测评价管道截面尺寸.另外,对管道轴向裂纹的超声检测技术也进行了初步研究.     

长输油气管道内腐蚀研究进展

针对长输油气管道的内腐蚀问题,总结了国内外油气管道内腐蚀研究现状、内腐蚀主要机理,并从输送介质、管材成分、输送工艺等方面对管道内腐蚀影响因素进行了分析。同时,结合国内外调研情况,介绍了长输油气管道内腐蚀控制标准和主要的防控技术,并对内腐蚀监测和直接评价技术进行了研究。在此基础上,介绍了开展管道内腐蚀研究的重要性及研究方向,为油气管道完整性研究和内腐蚀研究提供参考。     

输油站场管道腐蚀调查与分析

输油气站场管道敷设复杂,且多数没有实施区域性阴极保护,存在腐蚀风险。选择输油气站场典型腐蚀调查点,通过外观检查、厚度测试、漏点检测、粘结力测试及缺陷点活性评价,对某输油站场防腐层、保温层性能及管道腐蚀情况进行调查。结果表明：生产区管道防腐层失效严重,管体腐蚀,最大腐蚀坑深2.18 mm;立管出入土界面也存在腐蚀。文中分析了腐蚀原因,给出了站场维护维修建议。     

浅析影响管道漏磁腐蚀检测器定位精度的因素

目前，我国管道漏磁腐蚀检测技术及设备不断得到应用和普及，为管道维护和管道管理提供了科学准确的检测数据。提高检测数据和维护开挖时的定位精度，可使管道腐蚀检测更好地为管道维护、大修服务。通过对管道磁腐蚀检测器在实际生产中的运用，本文简要地分析了影响管道漏腐蚀检测器定位精度的原因，并提出了提高检测器定位精度的方法。     

基于流场分析的管道内腐蚀预测及检测技术

油气管道的内腐蚀是油气工业中很难解决问题之一。由于内腐蚀的影响因素众多,常规检测手段的精确度难以达到要求。应用基于流场分析（CFD）的计算机数值仿真技术,对工业管道、含CO2原油输送管道和含水天然气输送管道的流场分布和内腐蚀情况进行模拟,预测管道系统内流速最大位置和腐蚀严重的管段。结合现有的检测技术,针对腐蚀严重区域进行重点检测,可以避免盲目检测,提高检测工作效率。     

输气站场管道完整性检测评价技术体系

输气站场是天然气输送系统的重要组成部分,输送介质属于易燃易爆气体,管道系统结构复杂。通过对输气站场工艺系统分析和损伤模式识别,辨别出最可能存所在缺陷的管道位置,应用在线监测和检测技术,确定缺陷尺寸和扩展趋势,并预测含缺陷管道系统的使用寿命和最大承压能力,最终建立输气站场完整性检测评价体系。完整性检测评价系统为站场管道系统安全管理和预知性维修提供决策,对于保障输气站场的安全运行具有重要意义。     

公交支付方式及其效率调查分析

智能系统的广泛使用,带来了移动支付的普及。公交支付在传统IC卡和现金支付的基础上,加入了云闪付和二维码支付。为探究移动支付对公交支付效率的影响,基于杭州市公交发展现状,制定了公交支付情况的调查方案。通过对所选10、93、97公交线路的早、晚高峰和平峰的三天实地调查,采集视频数据并使用SPSS进行定量统计分析,发现公交乘客刷卡占62%、二维码占27%、云闪付占6%、现金占5%。当乘客提前做好准备时,刷卡支付时间为1.29 s,低于云闪付的1.42 s和二维码的1.65 s,而未准备好时用时分别为6.74 s、10.94 s、8.54 s。通过相关性和多元线性回归分析得出"提前拿卡"、"上车掏卡"、"提前开二维码"和"上车开二维码"四种支付方式对公交停留时间延长的影响最大。     

西气东输二线府河定向钻穿越设计与施工

西气东输二线长输管道定向钻穿越府河工程,采用了大口径、长距离、入土端含卵砂石条件下的水平定向钻技术。文中介绍输气管道在府河复杂地质条件下定向钻穿越的设计方法与施工方案,论述定向钻穿越设计、处理卵砂层方法、导向孔钻进、扩孔、回拖、泥浆配置等技术,总结工程设计及施工经验,为大口径长输管道定向钻穿越技术在复杂地层中的应用和发展提供新的实践资料。     

Social Impacts of Transport: Literature Review and the State of the Practice of Transport Appraisal in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom

Abstract

Transport appraisals in European countries increasingly address three dimensions of sustainability—economic, ecological and social. However, social impacts of transport have been underexposed in (ex‐ante) transport project appraisal, at least in the Netherlands. Firstly, this article presents a theoretical framework describing the relationships between determinants of social impacts of transport; it also provides a definition and categorization of those impacts. Secondly, the article reviews the state of the practice of national transport project appraisal in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The article shows that social impacts of transport investments can take on many forms and their levels of importance may vary widely, in project appraisal. The UK transport appraisal guidance includes a spectrum of social impacts through quantitative and qualitative assessments that is broader than the Dutch appraisal guidance. However, it does not cover the full range as identified in the literature. This holds, in particular, for the temporary impacts of transport investments, health impacts, social cohesion, the distribution and accumulation of impacts across population groups and social justice. All in all, it can be concluded that there is a long way to go before social impacts of transport projects are completely included in appraisals, in a way that allows us to compare them to economic and ecological effects.     

盾构机姿态参数的测量及计算方法研究

根据三点决定一个平面的原理,通过在盾构机中体上布置测量控制点,对其三维坐标进行测量;根据空间解析几何原理,推导出盾构机刀盘中心三维坐标以及俯仰角、横摆角、扭转角的计算方法.文章利用计算机的伪随机函数对盾构机姿态参数的测量精度进行了模拟评价,探讨了提高测量精度的方法.结果表明,盾构姿态参数的测量误差均服从正态分析;采用精度为3 mm的激光经纬仪测量控制点坐标,得到的盾构姿态参数的误差范围比规范要求小得多.     

Climate change and the contribution of transport: Basic facts and the role of aviation

There is a world-wide consensus that climate change policy has to be intensified to achieve reduction goals set for 2020 and 2050. But it is heavily debated which contribution should be expected from the transport sector. It is often argued that in the transportation sector CO₂ marginal mitigation costs are higher such that – together with high growth of transport activities – the reduction targets for this sector should be relaxed. Green transport policy is contrasting this view and underlines that considerable reductions of climate gases in the transport sector are possible without risking economic prosperity. The aviation industry is in the focus of this discussion and first attempts are being made in the European Union to integrate aviation in an emission trading system. It will be shown that the impact of this policy will be very low in the medium term and that additional measures are necessary to create enough incentives for the aviation industry to exploit their reduction potential.     

土压平衡盾构故障诊断及保养系统的研制与开发

文章以目前地铁建设中常用的土压平衡盾构为背景,介绍了盾构故障诊断及保养系统的总体结构方案、知识库知识的获取建立、推理机的设计及系统的主要工作流程等,旨在通过系统的研制与开发,提高盾构掘进机的施工效率.     

道路交通事故分析及预防对策

道路交通事故的预防是一个系统工程,通过对全国和新疆道路交通安全现状与道路交通事故原因的对比分析,分别从影响道路交通安全的人、车、路及环境四个方面提出了降低和预防道路交通事故的发生,确保行车安全的相应措施和建议。     

Problems of the carless in the United Kingdom and the United States

An examination of current population statistics shows that in the U.S. more than half of the population is without immediate access to a car, and in the U.K. more than three-fifths of the population is without access to a car. This phenomenon has been accentuated by national investment in both countries in major highway programs. The term carless refers to more than just households that own no cars. It extends, in households with cars to those without licenses (old and young), the handicapped, and even the licensed drivers who have no access to the family car when it is in use elsewhere (e.g. at work). The most severely effected are those in urban areas and especially the urban poor. Transportation expenses are limited for the poor when other family expenditures (food, shelter) take a high priority. Once the work trip has been satisfied, money for other trips, for the poor, is not always available. One solution to cost-free travel is pedestrianism (walking), but this too is difficult in urban areas where the pedestrian has been overlooked in favor of the car. Solutions to problems of the carless include dial-a-ride, better public transit, and better design of urban form.