Simplified model for evaluation of VIV-induced fatigue damage of deepwater marine risers

A simplified empirical model for fatigue analysis of deepwater marine risers due to vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in non-uniform current is presented. A simplified modal vibration equation is employed according to the characteristics of deepwater top tensioned risers. The response amplitude of each mode is determined by a balance between the energy feeding into the riser over the lock-in regions and the energy dissipated by the fluid damping over the remainder based on the data from self-excited oscillation and forced oscillation experiments of rigid cylinders. Multi-modal VIV fatigue loading is obtained by the square root of the sum of squares approach.Compared with previous works, this model can take fully account of the main intrinsic natures of VIV for low mass ratio structures on lock-in regions, added mass and nonlinear fluid damping. In addition, a closed form solution of fatigue damage is presented for the case of a riser with uniform mass and cross-section oscillating in a uniform flow. Fatigue analysis of a typical deepwater riser operating in Gulf of Mexico and West Africa shows that the current velocity profiles affect the riser's fatigue life significantly and the most dangerous locations of the riser are also pointed out.     

Comparison Between Different Finite Element Analyses of Unbonded Flexible Pipe via Different Modeling Patterns

Three kinds of models based on the same flexible pipe with 8 layers have been separately created to investigate the effects of different modeling approaches on numerical simulation results of finite element(FE)models for unbonded flexible pipes.Then the mechanical property of the unbonded flexible pipe under tension,torsion and bending load has been analyzed and compared via ABAQUS software on the basis of three created models.The research shows that different modeling methods of flexible pipes make a great difference in the results.Especially,modeling simplifications of the carcass and pressure armor have a great impact on the accuracy of the results.Model 3,in which the carcass is simulated by spiral isotropic shell and other layers are simulated by solid element,possesses good adaptability,which has been proved by comparing the experiment data and other models.This paper can offer a reference for the FE modeling methods' selection and mechanical property analysis of unbonded flexible pipe.     

波流联合作用下隔水套管的涡激非线性振动

考虑流及波流联合作用,研究了套管的涡激非线性振动.将套管简化为梁模型,计及莫里森非线性流体动力和涡激荷载,建立套管的涡激振动方程.采用克雷洛夫函数求解套管的固有频率和模态,提出了计算涡激非线性动力响应的迦辽金方法.以东海勘探3号钻井隔水套管为例,研究了流引起的主共振和波流联合引起的组合共振.计算结果表明:流对套管的动力响应占主导地位,而波的影响不大.分析了前四阶模态、升力系数、流体阻尼系数对套管动力响应的影响.揭示了波流联合激励下套管复杂的动力响应特性.     

Modeling Study of Planar Flexible Manipulator Undergoing Large Deformation

The planar flexible manipulator undergoing large deformation is investigated by using finite element method (FEM). Three kinds of reference frames are employed to describe the deformation of arbitrary point in the flexible manipulator, which are global frame, body-fixed frame and co-rotational frame. The rigid-flexible coupling dynamic equation of the planar flexible manipulator is derived using the Hamilton’s principle. Numerical simulations are carried out in the end of this paper to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The simulation results indicate that the proposed model is efficient not only for small deformation but also for large deformation.     

Fatigue sensitivity analysis of steel catenary riser near touchdown point

By transforming the platform response obtained from coupled hydrodynamic analysis to the top motions of steel catenary riser (SCR), the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the SCR is carried out in Abaqus/Aqua. In this analysis, the SCR-seabed interaction is well taken into account by introducing the seabed trench model and hysteretic seabed model. The fatigue damage of the SCR near touchdown point (TDP) is calculated using rain-flow counting methodology, and the sensitivity of the fatigue damage to the seabed and wave parameters are investigated. The results indicate that as seabed stiffness increases, the fatigue life and its sensitivity to seabed stiffness decrease. Seabed trenching may benefit the fatigue life of the SCR and the trench position should be elaborated for realistic fatigue damage prediction. Due to the induced platform response, significant wave height and spectral peak period have significant effects on the fatigue damage, thus the short-term sea state bins should be carefully selected from the wave scatter diagram.     

桥梁柔性对中低速磁浮车辆平曲线通过的影响

为研究桥梁柔性对中低速磁浮车辆在曲线半径为70.0 m的平曲线上运行时的动态响应影响,对通过柔性桥梁和刚性轨道时的车辆动态响应开展了对比分析. 首先,建立了122个自由度的车辆空间动力学模型,模型中考虑了具有主动悬浮与被动导向特性的二维磁轨关系;其次,利用三维铁木辛柯梁参数化建模方法,建立了由柔性桥梁组成的平曲线有限元模型;最后,通过悬浮力的联系形成了车辆-曲线桥梁系统刚柔耦合动力学模型. 研究结果表明:17.0 m跨径的圆曲线桥梁的自振特性和动位移响应满足相关标准要求;与车辆通过刚性轨道相比,柔性桥梁作用下的车辆系统动态响应更为剧烈,这种差异在车辆系统的横向动态响应上体现明显,而悬浮间隙和车体垂向加速度的响应差异较小,考虑刚性轨道时将高估车辆的曲线通过能力;柔性桥梁和刚性轨道两种模型计算得到的电磁铁最大横向位移不超过6.0 mm,悬浮间隙可在额定值的 ± 4.0 mm内波动,表明在开展对比计算的工况下车辆具有良好的曲线通过性能.      

Dynamic Responses of Long-Span Transmission Tower-Line System Subjected to Broken Wires

A macroscopic finite element modeling approach was proposed to calculate the vibration of a tower-line system subjected to broken wires with software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. In the finite element model, not only the nonlinearity of wires and suspension insulators are considered, but also the support towers are included. The incremental and iterative approaches are combined by applying the unbalanced loads incrementally during each iteration cycle. The approach was illustrated with an example of a Hanjiang-River long-span transmission line system subjected to a shield wire and a conductor failure, respectively. The analysis results showed that the proposed dynamic simulation approach can demonstrate the kinetic process of the tower-line system subjected to wire ruptures: The frequencies of line components were lower and densely distributed, but the frequencies of tower components were higher and sparsely distributed. Anyhow, the dynamic effects of wire ruptures on tower-line system could not be ignored in analysis of tower-line system subjected wire failures.     

机车车辆车体结构动应力计算方法

为了提高机车车辆的疲劳寿命,优化其结构设计,提出了基于多系统仿真模型和有限元方法的动应力混合计算方法,计算了机车车辆车体结构的动应力。建立以车体为核心的机车多体系统仿真模型,并进行动力学分析,获得关键位置的载荷时间历程。通过有限元准静态应力法,计算了车体结构的准静态应力影响因子。通过载荷时间历程和对应单位载荷作用下的应力影响因子的相互相乘叠加求和计算,获得车体结构在随机动载作用下的应力历程,对实际线路车体结构动应力测试结果和刚性车体与柔性车体的仿真结果进行了对比。对比结果表明:其误差分别是2.462%和7.258%,说明此计算方法计算精度高。     

基于FWD的柔性路面结构动力响应数值分析

采用动力有限元方法,计算并分析了柔性路面结构在FWD荷载作用下的动力响应特性;并探讨了各结构层间应力及其路表弯沉和相应弯沉盆参数的影响情况;为弄清柔性路面在实际动载作用下的工作状况提供了理论依据。     

Computationally efficient approaches to fatigue analysis of deepwater risers

Riser long-term fatigue performance is an important design consideration. Although extensive application of irregular sea analysis in time domain with the rainflow counting technique for post-processing is regarded as the most accurate of the approaches for fatigue analysis, it does suffer from some limitations, such as the computational effort. For this reason, two computationally efficient approaches are employed to perform the fatigue analysis of a deepwater top-tensioned riser, based on the Longuet-Higgins distribution and time domain scaling respectively. With Longuet-Higgins distribution irregular wave sea states are expanded into their individual wave bins. These regular wave simulations are of short duration and consequently run quickly. Using the time domain scaling technique, the number of irregular wave runs can be performed for a comparatively small number of load cases and hence reduces the calculation time. The results showed a reasonable accuracy and significant efficiency for both approaches, compared with those from the equivalent rainflow analysis. With much less computational effort and disk storage requirement, the approaches outlined in this paper can therefore be used for the fatigue assessment of deepwater risers in industry practice.     

Finite Element Modeling of a Fluid Filled Cylindrical Shell with Active Constrained Layer Damping

On the basis of the piezoelectric theory, Mindlin plate theory, viscoelastic theory and ideal fluid equation, the finite element modeling of a fluid-filled cylindrical shell with active constrained layer damping （ACLD） was discussed. Energy methods and Lagrange＇s equation were used to obtain dynamic equations of the cylindrical shell with ACLD treatments, which was modeled as well with the finite element method. The GHM （Golla-Hughes-McTavish） method was applied to model the frequency dependent damping of viscoelastic material. Ideal and incompressible fluid was considered to establish the dynamic equations of the fluid-filled cylindrical shell with ACLD treatments, Numerical results obtained from the finite element analysis were compared with those from an experiment. The comparison shows that the proposed modeling method is accurate and reliable.     

滚石冲击钢筋混凝土板的弹塑性动力响应研究

滚石冲击钢筋混凝土板过程伴随复杂的能量转化,基于经验或Hertz接触理论的传统钢筋混凝土板抗冲击设计与实际状况有较大出入.为探索一种更加高效准确的滚石冲击响应计算方法,引入Olsson针对正交各向异性复合板提出的冲击动力控制方程,结合弹塑性接触理论开展滚石冲击钢筋混凝土板动力响应分析,并与Hertz解及动力有限元解进行对比,结果表明:相同条件下,Hertz理论解由于仅考虑板的弹性变形,其峰值冲击力较弹塑性理论解和动力有限元解分别增大31.8%和77.1%,其最大压痕深度较后两者分别增大17.3%和61.8%,而基于弹塑性接触准则的冲击动力响应更加接近于动力有限元解,趋于真实,且避免了复杂建模过程,高效可行.      

动载作用下柔性车体结构疲劳寿命的仿真

为准确预测随机动载作用下柔性车体结构的疲劳寿命，将多体动力学仿真和有限元分析相结合，建立了车体多体动力学模型．计算了35个关键部位的载荷历程，并用准静态应力分析法获得了对应的应力影响因子．用模态分析技术获得了车体结构固有频率和模态振型，用子结构技术获得了车体有限元缩减模型．根据危险应力分布、应力时间历程以及Palmgren-Miner损伤理论，利用疲劳分析软件FE-FATIGUE的基于应力的安全强度因子分析法和MATLAB的WAFO技术对柔性车体结构疲劳寿命仿真．仿真结果包括损伤和疲劳寿命预测．     

基于Duhamel积分的车桥耦合动力分析方法

为了缩短求解车桥耦合系统动力响应的计算时间,利用振型分解法对车桥耦合系统的桥梁子系统和车辆子系统解耦,假定在每一时间步长内车桥相互作用力线性变化,借助Duhamel积分解析解,通过迭代得到系统的动力响应,提出了一种新型的车桥耦合动力分析方法.以一节四轴客车匀速通过32 m简支梁为例进行了实验研究,结果表明:本文方法得到的车桥耦合系统的动力响应结果与Newmark-β方法的结果接近,各极值点相对误差均不超过1%;在保证相同的计算精度前提下,本文方法将积分步长提高至原来的5~10倍,提高了求解速度.      

PSO优化的LS-SVM在列车弓网系统的建模研究

提出基于粒子群(PSO)优化最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的列车弓网系统建模方法。针对LS-SVM的超参数难以选择的问题,提出采用具有全局搜索性能的PSO优化LS-SVM超参数的方法。在建立弓网子系统模型的基础上,得到了弓网系统的整体动力学方程。最后进行弓网系统的仿真实验,结果表明,所提出的PSO优化LS-SVM模型比LS-SVM模型、子空间模型具有更高的预报精度,所提出的方法用于列车弓网系统的建模是有效的。     

高铁声屏障连接螺栓松弛对疲劳寿命的影响

螺栓的疲劳寿命和松弛寿命影响着螺栓的使用寿命，在疲劳和松弛的共同作用下，柱脚处连接不断退化，为探究高铁声屏障连接螺栓松弛对疲劳寿命的影响，以某速度为400 km/h高铁声屏障非对称排布和对称排布螺栓为研究对象，利用ANSYS建立柱脚螺栓有限元模型，通过降温法施加预紧力，并施加正负单位弯矩荷载，计算柱脚最不利螺栓在不同预紧力作用下的应力幅，提出了应力幅随预紧力变化的拟合关系式；利用Midas建立声屏障整体模型，分析列车在400 km/h行驶速度下结构动力响应特性，提取柱脚螺栓弯矩时程结果，对仅考虑疲劳失效的螺栓寿命和考虑松弛疲劳共同影响下的螺栓寿命进行比较.研究结果表明：螺栓松弛会使预紧力下降，导致两种柱脚模型的螺栓应力幅增大；在已有的柱脚螺栓时程计算中，考虑松弛疲劳共同影响下的疲劳寿命比仅考虑疲劳作用时大大降低，当松弛导致预紧力下降至55%以后，将会产生疲劳效应，该结果可为连接结构领域设计人员定量评估螺栓寿命以及对螺栓的维修养护方面提供参考依据.     

提速客车转向架安全吊座疲劳失效机理与改进方法

分析了提速客车转向架安全吊座孔附近产生的疲劳裂纹特征, 提出共振现象造成的结构振动疲劳是该部位产生裂纹最主要原因的假设; 通过有限元仿真得到安全吊杆的前110阶模态振型, 分析了各阶模态频率; 进行线路实测加速度与动应力试验, 得到等效应力、加速度及其主频, 并与有限元仿真结果进行对比分析; 在掌握了安全吊座失效机理的基础上, 通过结构改进与调整连接方式优化安全吊杆结构及其固定方式; 对新结构进行线路实测试验, 并对其安全性与经济性进行评估。研究结果表明: 受普通客车运行线路条件影响, 安全吊杆振动频率(加速度主频为91.78 Hz, 动应力主频为91.00Hz) 与有限元计算的第4阶模态频率(95.79Hz) 相近而产生共振; 安全吊杆的纵向加速度功率谱密度远大于其横向值与垂向值, 这与列车的运行方向相吻合, 因此, 振动疲劳使得安全吊座孔边产生裂纹; 在螺栓孔两侧增加5mm厚垫片, 并且将安全吊杆由钢板折弯结构更改为钢丝绳柔性结构能够最大程度降低螺栓孔处等效应力幅值, 减少疲劳损伤累积; 改进后的安全吊杆满足1 200万公里的使用要求, 取得较好的经济效果。      

Numerical Solution for Stiff Dynamic Equations of Flexible Multibody System

A nonlinear numerical integration method, based on forward and backward Euler integration methods, is proposed for solving the stiff dynamic equations of a flexible multibody system, which are transformed from the second order to the first order by adop- ring state variables. This method is of A0 stability and infinity stability. The numerical solutions violating the constraint equations are corrected by Blajer's modification approach. Simulation results of a slider-crank mechanism by the proposed method are in good a- greement with ones from other literature.     

铁路集装箱中心站多轨道吊柔性协同调度优化

针对铁路集装箱中心站轨道吊协同装卸调度(RMGCS)问题，考虑多轨道吊间的作业干涉和安全距离约束，建立目标函数为最小化集装箱完工时间的混合整数规划数学模型。结合 RMGCS问题特性，提出一种考虑多轨道吊柔性协同作业的改进麻雀搜索算法(ISSA)，首先，提出能够解决多轨道吊间作业冲突的任务分配策略和干涉判断方法；其次，设计自适应非线性动态安全值，平衡全局和局部搜索；再次，改进加入者更新移动方式，使其在全维度上靠近最优解；最后， 引入LOV(largest-order-value)规则，将个体从实数向量映射到集装箱整数序列。为了验证问题和算法的有效性，分别利用ISSA与其他算法求解不同样本规模的算例，结果表明：ISSA在不同样本 规模的RMGCS问题求解上，均具有更好的寻优效果。此外，所提出的柔性协同调度模式相比现有的固定范围顺序装卸调度模式，使样本量为45的装卸作业总完工时间缩短了15.5%。