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FOB、CIF、CFR与FCA、CIP、CPT价格术语应用与案例分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
FOB、CIF、CFR与FCA、CIP、CPT价格术语在运输方式、风险转移点、提单签发人、时间、地点、性质及运费计收、保险区段、运输合同订立等方面存在差异,国际商会自上世纪20年代起即不断对有关价格术语进行研究和解释.但由于国际贸易、运输的发展,人们对新、老价格术语中买卖双方的风险转移、责任、费用的划分时常难以理解.本文中作者试通过案例分析说明之. 相似文献
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C. Pohl P.L. Croot U. Hennings T. Daberkow G. Budeus M. Rutgers v.d. Loeff 《Journal of Marine Systems》2011,84(1-2):28-41
Surface seawater samples were taken in the framework of the GEOTRACES program on “POLARSTERN” expedition ANT XXIII/1 in the Eastern Atlantic in 2005 to study the distribution of the trace elements Hg (mercury), Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Cu (copper), Ni (nickel), Zn (zinc), Co (cobalt), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), and Al (aluminium). With the exception of Hg, results were compared to earlier datasets from 1989 to 1990. The particulate fraction averaged over the transect was calculated to be 49% for Cd, 23% for Mn and 50% for Fe indicating a release of these TEI's (trace elements and their isotopes) from a leachable SPM fraction in the stored and acidified samples.Total Pb concentrations ranged between 5 and 20 pmol kg? 1 in 2005 with highest values in the ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone). In 1989 Pb concentrations were twice as high in the region of the ITCZ, while by a factor of 10–15 higher values were obtained in the North Atlantic.Total Cd and Co are dominated, by different seasonal upwelling regimes (Equatorial upwelling, Guinea Dome, Angola Dome).Total Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn and Al show nearly identical concentrations in 1990 and 2005. For total manganese and aluminium strong maxima (3–4 nmol kg? 1 and 55 nmol kg? 1 respectively) are observed between 23°N and 0°, while the Fe maximum (6–9 nmol kg? 1) is located at 7°N. Total Hg concentrations ranged between 0.5 and 4.5 pmol kg? 1. 相似文献
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海天 《舰载武器(含VCD光盘)》2008,(1):46-49
CVN-77“乔治·布什”号航空母舰是美国海军“尼米兹”级超级航母的第十艘,也是该纫的最后一艘,是美国海军第十一艘核动力航空母舰,也是美国海军中第一艘以“布什”(美国第41任总统,现任总统小布什之父)命名的战舰。据称,CVN-77之所以以老布什的名字命名,不仅是因为他曾任美国总统,曾领导美国打赢了1991年的海湾战争,而且缘于他与美国海军及航母有很深的渊源:早在1942年,18岁的布什就参加了美国海军并于次年成为一名舰载机飞行员, 相似文献
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工业界的压力主要来自政治记者:当今,政府对环境保护的要求越来越高,有所谓“零容忍度”的环境要求之说。在此情形之下,油轮承受的压力最大。ICS一项重要的工作是制订综合性的政策。在政策制订方面,ICS将作何考虑?Horrocks:我们面临的挑战是“灾难”。1978年的英国溢油事件,199 相似文献
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在世界经济加速全球化的背景下,港口如何应对船舶日益大型化发展态势?吞吐量日益攀升,如何保持港区道路畅通有序?面对恐怖主义威胁,作为物流前沿阵地的港口在保安问题上有何良策?在环保日益受到重视的今天,港口又将担当何种角色?2006年10月25日,一年一度的“大厦组织”会议开幕。来自美国长滩港、纽约/新泽西港、荷兰鹿特丹港、新加坡港以及中国上海港等世界五大港的港务局局长、总裁或首席执行官齐聚上海,就当今世界港口发展最前沿的问题展开对话。 相似文献
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Joan M. Bondareff 《Coastal management》2013,41(2):147-161
Congress has not been able to pass comprehensive oceans policy legislation in recent years. Nonetheless, significant individual oceans policy measures have been enacted. These are reviewed in the article. A Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress has been established to recommend reforms in how Congress conducts its business, including proposals for committee restructuring. These proposals could affect how Congress examines oceans policy issues, but it is unlikely that these reforms will make it easier to pass comprehensive oceans policy legislation. For this to happen, well‐organized constituencies have to demonstrate support for this legislation, which has not happened to date. 相似文献
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Marc L. Miller 《Coastal management》2013,41(4):301-311
Abstract Marine and coastal zone policy represents a collaboration of people managing and people managed. This paper takes a holistic stance in suggesting that marine communities are viewed properly as networks of focused interest groups, policymakers, professionals, and publics. The interplay between culture and marine and coastal policy is appropriately one topic of applied social research. Seven ethnographic studies in this domain are introduced in this theme issue and help us to understand sociocultural processes and institutions bearing on marine affairs. 相似文献
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摘要:从工程项目的决策阶段到实施阶段的整个过程中,影响工程项目质量的因素主要有“人、机、料、法、环、测”等六大方面。文章论述了对这六方面的因素予以严格控制是保证重大工程项目质量的关键。 相似文献
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Emmanuel Matsika Stefano Ricci Philip Mortimer Nikolay Georgiev Conor O'Neill 《Research in Transportation Economics》2013
This paper starts with a discussion on typical vehicles. The concepts and the usual practice for rail wagon design, both freight and passengers are presented. A discussion on rail and the environment comes next followed by Truck-Trains. Accident theories, metaphors and investigation methods are widely discussed; Hazard – Barrier – Target Model, Swiss Cheese Model, Bow-Tie Model, Fault Tree Analysis and Event Tree Analysis are explained. This paper concludes with a technical discussion on safety and security of rail vehicles, standards for safety and measures against terrorist attacks. 相似文献
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深入开展海事船舶管用养修工作,为辖区水上安全中心工作提供强有力保障已成为海事船舶管理的重点和难点。介绍了镇江海事局所属船舶基本概况,重点叙述了海事船舶管用养修工作的主要做法。通过船舶管用养护工作的开展,船舶管理长效机制基本形成,船舶良好的技术状态得到保持,素质得到提高,水上突发事件的应急处置能力明显提升。 相似文献
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节能环保型抗沉式铝合金游艇的研制 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
叙述了南太湖区域某企业新近研制了一艘集节能、环保、环境友好型为一体的抗沉式铝合金游艇,其上的关键技术包括:游艇抗沉措施、降温系统的工作原理和实效、以及铝合金船体制作的焊接技术要求和强度计算原则等。 相似文献
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Containerization, inter-port competition, and port selection 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Brian Slack 《Maritime Policy and Management》1985,12(4):293-303
This paper explores the criteria shippers employ in the port selection process. By focusing on the containerized traffic between the North American Mid-West and Western Europe, the factors considered by exporters and freight forwarders are examined. The findings suggest that decision-makers are influenced more by price and service considerations of land and ocean carriers than by perceived differences in the ports of entry and exit. Port infrastructures do not appear to play an important role in the routeing decisions made by an important group of independent businesses involved in the North Atlantic container trade. 相似文献
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A. Karageorgis Ch. Anagnostou A. Sioulas G. Chronis E. Papathanassiou 《Journal of Marine Systems》1998,16(3-4)
This work aims at studying the geochemistry and mineralogy of Milos bay surface sediments. The bay forms an enclosed marine area, supplied totally by volcanic formations. Totally 16 samples were subjected to sedimentological (grain size), mineralogical (microscope examination and X-ray diffraction of the bulk sample and the pelitic fraction), and geochemical analyses (X-ray fluorescence in the pelitic fraction). Also the carbonate content was determined. Sediments were sandy with a high carbonate content (14–58%). The dominant minerals recognized in the pelitic fraction were smectite, kaolinite and illite, followed by chlorite, quartz, calcite, Mg-calcite and feldspars. In general, element concentrations appeared to be within the normal range, except Pb and Zn, which exhibited relatively high values. The Index of Geoaccumulation Igeo was computed, in order to investigate a possible enrichment of the surface sediments in metals. The analysis revealed again high values of Igeo class for both Pb and Zn. A careful study of the area, in relation to the quality of the catchment basins petrology, lead to a non-anthropogenic origin of these high concentrations. The enrichment of the surface sediments in Pb and Zn is attributed to the weathering of several mineral deposits, pyroclastic rocks and lavas, covering almost all Milos vicinity. A study of the geochemical data correlation coefficient matrix revealed three major groups of elements: (i) the elements of detrital origin represented by Si, Al, K and a part of the metals; (ii) the carbonates group; and (iii) a Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides–oxides group, which attracts a part of Pb, Cr and Ni. 相似文献
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Silvia Fernndez Unai Villanueva Alberto de Diego Gorka Arana Juan Manuel Madariaga 《Journal of Marine Systems》2008,72(1-4):332
Deep water samples (in contact with the sediment) were collected at eight different points of the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Bay of Biscay, Basque Country), both at low and high tides, during four sampling campaigns (May, September and December 2005 and March 2006). Superficial water was also sampled in March 2006. Temperature, pH, redox potential, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity corresponding to each sample were measured in situ at each sampling point using a multiparametric probe. The physico-chemical parameters found are typical of highly stratified estuaries, with an acceptable oxygenation level. After filtering and acidifying the samples, they were analysed by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) to simultaneously determine the total concentration of Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. Concentrations in the μg kg− 1 level were found in all cases (cCr and cNi, 1–10; cAl, cAs and cZn, 10–50; cCu and cMn, 10–100 and cFe, 100–400 μg kg− 1). A probable net input of Al, Cr, Mn and Zn via the main (Nerbioi-Ibaizabal) and some of the tributary rivers (Galindo, Asua and Gobela) was identified. Evidence of a common source of Al and Zn to the estuary was found. Correlation analysis of data revealed connections between variables (concentration of Cu, Fe and As with salinity, as well as cAl with cZn, cCu with cFe, cAs with cFe, and cAs with cCu). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of data allowed the samples to be grouped according to sampling campaign, with two principal components accounting for 62% of the total variance. In addition, plots of element concentration against salinity suggested a conservative behaviour for As, Cu and Fe and a non-conservative one for Cr. Not clear mixing behaviour was observed for the rest of elements. 相似文献
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针对现有港口过多依赖和占用土地及岸线资源、作业效率低下、环境污染严重、智能程度难以提高等问题,采取将常规港口三要素——码头、库场和装卸机械集成为一体的"库码头技术",可在相当程度上解决这些问题,从而转变港口建设方式,推进港口向绿色、低碳、集约、智能化方向快速迈进。 相似文献
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M. Perez-Arlucea G. Mendez F. Clemente M. Nombela B. Rubio M. Filgueira 《Journal of Marine Systems》2005,54(1-4):209
The aim of this study is to provide a budget study with calculated erosion rates. Three methods have been used to calculate sediment yield and denudation rates in the Ria de Vigo: (1) measurements of sediment loads, (2) measurements of sediment accumulation rates at the coast, (3) theoretical calculations of potential denudation. Sediment loads and water discharge were measured over a period of 14 months from May 1997 to July 1998. Two of the tributaries entering the Ria de Vigo were monitored for 12 more months, from May 2000 to May 2001, to observe changes in discharge and sediment loads. This period corresponded with atypical precipitation, with peak monthly values (600 mm) three times higher than those on record.Water rating curves are typically exponential. Suspended and dissolved loads vary for different rivers, showing values of 1.5 to 130 mg/l during 1997/1998. For 2000/2001, these values are twice as high. Suspended load versus discharge relationships for 1997/1998 were logarithmic, but data from 2000/2001 does not fit the same equation. Dissolved loads are several times higher than suspended loads in almost all cases. Dissolved load concentrations vary more widely with discharge than suspended loads. This is probably due to local pollution and contamination from marine spray in areas closer to the sea.Second, erosion rates and bed load sediment yields were calculated from accumulation rates at the Ramallosa Complex. Well-preserved estuarine and tidal sediments, associated with the Minor River, have accumulated in this area during the Holocene. 14C ages allow calculation of sedimentation rates (SR) for two intervals. The lower interval extends from 2001 to 484 years BP and yields an SR of 1.12 mm/a. The upper interval extends from 484 years BP to the present and has an SR of 3.3–4.4 mm/a. These differences may be explained by basin dynamics as the beach progressively encloses the area and also by human interference. From sedimentary facies analysis it is concluded that 90% to 95% of the accumulated deposits were transferred to the basin as bed load. Muddy deposits (mostly marshes) are better developed at the upper part of the sediment pile, and inner areas, indicating a progressive shallowing and filling up of the basin. Most of suspended load is exported to the ria, whereas the Ramallosa Complex acts as a sediment sink for bed load derived material.Calculated potential erosion rates using Ahnert's [Am. J. Sci. 268 (1970) 243] equation show lower values than those estimated from river load concentrations. Potential erosion rates for the Minor River are higher than for the Lagares River which contrast with mechanical denudation rate values from river loads during 1997/1998 which are higher for the Lagares River. During 2000/2001 MDR values were higher than those of the potential erosion rates for both rivers, in line with the extremely high precipitation. Higher values in the Lagares could be in part due to human interference. 相似文献