回流区水流运动二维数值模拟

建立了基于无结构网格有限体积法的平面二维水流数学模型.数值方法上,采用有限体积法离散方程,并采用基于黎曼解的Osher格式计算有限体积界面通量:采用三角形单元对计算区域进行剖分;提出了一种确定紊动黏滞系数的方法.用此模型对平面上突扩引起的回流区竖轴环流进行了模拟,流速断面分布的计算结果与实测结果接近,再现了因主、副流剪切层不稳定引起的涡脱落、涡向下游输移以及被竖轴环流吞并的过程,预报了回流区的水面共振现象.     

Prandtl混合长紊流模型模拟丁坝绕流

<正>1 前言 丁坝绕流的模拟是检验紊流模型成功与否的最好算例.本文利用物理概念明确的Prandtl混合长紊流模型,采用三角元法,成功地模拟了紊动特性较强的丁坝绕流,说明Prandtl混合长紊流模型可以用于包含回流水域的水流计算.2 基本方程及数值计算方法2.1 基本方程 平面二维非恒定水流运动包含二阶紊动项的基本方程:     

后台阶下游水流泥沙运动模拟研究

利用计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM和离散元软件LIGGGHTS建立的水流-泥沙运动耦合模型对后台阶下游三维水流流动及泥沙的起动和输运进行了数值模拟。结果表明,动态一方程紊流模型能较好模拟台阶下游时均流场、紊动强度以及雷诺应力的分布,通过耦合模型计算得到的台阶下游泥沙起动概率以及床面输沙率分布与实验结果符合较好。计算结果揭示在台阶下游复杂水流条件下,紊流结构及涡旋运动对泥沙起动有重要作用,而时均流动对床面输沙起关键作用。     

大涡模拟在河道平面二维水流模拟中的初步应用

通过丁坝对水流进行控制是航道整治中常用的工程措施,丁坝附近水流呈强紊动特性,大涡模拟相对于基于雷诺方程的时均模型对涡旋有较强的捕捉能力。在直角坐标系的基础上,将大涡模拟中的亚格子应力模型(SGS模型)引入河道水流平面二维数学模型中,通过盒式滤波函数将控制方程进行滤波,大尺度量通过控制方程直接求解,小尺度量借助Smagorinsky提出的亚格子尺度应力模型进行求解。采用空间等步长的正方形网格和交替方向隐式差分法对其控制方程进行离散求解。将模型初步应用于非淹没丁坝绕流的数值模拟中,计算结果表明,该模型对湍流旋涡的捕捉和水深计算较为合理,计算精度可满足工程实践要求。     

干船坞气控式卧倒门起浮过程流动分析

修造船坞中卧倒门起卧时的稳定性受水流动力的影响较大。基于RANS方程,利用RNG k-ε双方程紊流模型进行封闭,采用VOF方法跟踪自由水面,对干船坞气控式卧倒门的起浮过程进行了动网格模拟计算。综合考虑三种水位下坞门起卧时的流动特性,结合模型试验数据分析流场和紊动动能随坞门起浮时的变化,为坞门的动力特性分析和坞门设计提供依据。计算结果表明,伴随着顺时针和逆时针涡动结构的快速发展,紊动动能主要集中于铰座、前面板的上端和后门角三处附近水域。随着水位抬升,此三处的紊动动能亦呈现增大趋势,涡动的变化范围加大,尤其是水下运行阶段和关闭阶段,铰座处水域的门坑将受到最强烈的冲击。     

不同坝型丁坝坝体周围水流紊动特性试验研究*

通过水槽试验,结合理论分析,研究丁坝附近水流紊动强度沿水流方向、水深方向和横向的分布规律。绘制5种不同坝体结构形式其周围水流脉动动能和紊动强度的分布等值线图并分析分布规律,进一步探讨不同坝体挑角对丁坝附近水流紊动强度和脉动动能的影响。     

平面二维k-ε紊流模型不同壁函数的对比及研究

在平面二维紊流模型中壁函数起到连接流固的桥梁作用,克服了边界附近网格过密的困难,也是紊流模型应用中的一个重要环节,因此壁函数的选择对模型的模拟结果起着至关重要的作用。将3种不同形式的壁函数引入平面二维k-ε模型中,对丁坝绕流进行了数值计算,并将计算结果与实测数据进行了对比,从流场、流速、紊动动能分布及紊动耗散率等方面对3种壁函数进行优选验证,结果表明对数率壁函数优于其他两种形式的壁函数,其数值计算结果更接近实测数据。     

浮运围堰下沉过程中紊流宽度试验研究

通过局部动床概化水槽试验,采用MicroADV流速仪测量瞬时流速,得到浮运围堰下沉过程中围堰侧面纵向、横向和垂向紊动强度的分布情况。分析浮运围堰入水深度、行进流速、行进水深对紊流宽度的影响。结果表明:在试验条件下,浮运围堰入水深度对紊流宽度影响较大;行进流速、行进水深对紊流宽度影响较小。在试验范围内,围堰单独作用时水流相对紊流影响宽度D/B随围堰相对入水深度H c/H0的增加而增大,基本为线性关系。     

二维泥沙数学模型的改进——模型的建立

本文针对河道弯曲、狭长的特点,引进贴体坐标.将复杂的河道计算域转换成规则矩形域,使问题在规则域上求解.拟合坐标系下模型改进表现在以下两方面,一是引进紊动动能和紊动耗散率闭合雷诺方程,使模型能够回答整治工程局部水流结构,如回流现象,二是建立了一种新的悬沙输移模式,该泥沙模型能体现悬沙与床沙交换机理,既适用于水库上游淤积计算,也适用于水库下游冲刷计算.     

复式断面明渠紊流三维直接数值模拟

应用直接数值模拟,研究了中等雷诺数条件下复式断面明渠的二次流和紊流特性,并与矩形断面明渠紊流的结果进行了对比。研究发现:与矩形断面明渠紊流相比,复式断面明渠紊流的顺流向最大流速较大,单位面积流量增大了10%;在漫滩和深槽结合处,二次流强度较大;漫滩底面附近出现高速流体,导致漫滩处的壁面剪切应力增大;顺流向紊动速度和竖向紊动速度的相关性较低,漫滩底面紊流拟序结构较弱,没有形成尺度较大的准顺流向"发卡"涡。     

河道三维水流数值模型及应用

天然河道水流、泥沙运动在空间上属三维问题,故提出一种三维明渠水流数学模型,将该模型应用到黄河贵德水文站下游某河段,模拟的流速、水位与实测资料吻合较好;流量沿程分布结果表明模型具有良好的物理量守恒性;给出的流速垂向分布、紊动能量等参数亦是合理的,为河道三维水流结构分析提供了依据。     

枢纽船闸引航道口门区三维水流数值模拟应用研究*

基于平面曲线坐标系、垂向σ坐标系建立了三维水流数学模型。采用控制体积法离散基本方程、交错网格以避免压力的振荡、动水压力校正法进行数值求解。分别采用经典急弯河段水槽试验资料、土谷塘物理模型试验资料对模型进行了验证。验证结果表明,模型能较好地反映弯曲河段三维水流结构特征和船闸引航道口门区的通航水流条件,可为枢纽船闸工程的平面布置方案论证提供技术支撑。     

三峡两坝间水田角河段航道整治三维水流数学模型应用研究

水田角河段水流湍急,流态紊乱,船舶航行较困难,是三峡两坝间河段急需整治的重点河段之一。基于平面正交坐标和立面σ坐标拟合河道平面形态、地形和自由水面的不规则分布,建立了三维紊流数学模型。采用物理模型实测的三维流速分布对模型进行验证,模拟的流速值与实测值吻合良好,将模型应用于水田角河段航道整治工程实施前、后的三维流场计算,给出了水田角河段的分层和断面二次流流速分布。分析结果表明,炸礁、抛填等整治措施的综合利用能有效调整河段流速分布,是有效的整治方案,可供设计参考。     

A numerical model of the long term flow along the Malin-Hebrides shelf

A three dimensional hydrodynamic model of the Malin-Hebrides shelf region is used to investigate the spatial variability of the wind and tidally induced residual flow in the region and the influence of flow from the Irish Sea and along the shelf edge. By this means it is possible to understand the spatial variability in the long term observed flow fields in the region and the range of driving forces producing this flow. The model uses a sigma coordinate grid in the vertical with a finer grid in the near surface and near bed shear layers. The vertical diffusion of momentum in the model is parameterised using an eddy viscosity coefficient which is derived from turbulence energy closure models. Two different turbulence models are used to compute the eddy viscosity, namely a two-equation (itq²−q²ℓ) model which has prognostic equations for both turbulence energy and mixing length and a simpler model in which the mixing length is a specified algebraic function of the water depth.The wind induced response to spatially and temporally constant orthogonal wind stresses, namely westerly and southerly winds of 1 N m⁻², are derived from the model. By using orthogonal winds and assuming linearity, then to first order the response to any wind direction can be derived. Computed flows show a uniform wind driven surface layer of magnitude about 3% of the wind speed and direction 15 ° to the right of the wind, in deep water. Currents at depth particularly in the shelf edge and near coastal region show significant spatial variability which is related to variations in bottom topography and the coastline.Calculations show that tidal residual flows are only significant in the near coastal regions where the tidal current is strong and exhibits spatial variability. Flow into the region from the Irish Sea through the North Channel although having its greatest influence in the near coastal region, does affect currents near the shelf edge region. Again the spatial variability of the flow is influenced by topographic effects.A detailed examination of wind induced current profiles together with turbulence, mixing length and viscosity, at a number of locations in the model from deep ocean to shallow near coastal, shows that both turbulence models yield comparable results, with the mixing length in the two equation model showing a similar dependence to that specified in the simpler turbulence model.Calculations clearly show that flow along the shelf edge area to the west of Ireland and from the Irish Sea entering the region, together with local wind forcing can have a major effect upon currents along the Malin-Hebrides shelf. The flow fields show significant spatial variability in the region, comparable to those deduced from long term tracer measurements. The spatial variability found in the calculations suggests that a very intense measurement programme together with inflow measurements into the area is required to understand the circulation in the region, and provide data sets suitable for a rigorous model validation.     

空心四面块体促淤堤近底水动力特性试验研究*

依据长江口某促淤工程的设计条件及物理模型试验方法对空心四面块体促淤堤近底水动力特性开展研究。结果表明：1）近底紊动强度最大值所在位置、近底水平时均流速最小值所在位置以及近底水平时均流动方向的转变位置基本重合;2）对于某种具体堤型而言,在相同单宽流量条件下,随着相对水深的变化（至少在本文试验范围内）,其紊动强度最大值所在位置比较稳定;3）与抛石加护面块体促淤堤相比,透水性较好的堤身结构近底紊动强度最大值所在位置会更加远离堤轴线,可使局部冲刷坑更加远离堤轴线,对堤身结构稳定有益。     

海湾电厂三维斜压水流和温排水数值模拟

考虑海湾地区水体密度分布不均所引起的密度梯度和斜压效应,建立正交曲线坐标下基于σ坐标的三维斜压水流和温排水数学模型。将该模型应用于象山湾内某电厂的温排水运动特性研究,计算所得的潮位和流速与原体观测资料吻合良好,所得温排水的温升范围以排水口为中心,随湾内涨、落潮呈带状分布,排水口近区热分层现象明显,温升分布计算结果与物理模型试验结果趋势一致。     

瓯江口航道二期治理潜堤工程三维潮流数值模拟

基于MIKE3技术平台,建立了瓯江口工程海域三维潮流数学模型.模型水平采用无结构的三角形网格系统,垂向采用(σ)坐标,较好地拟合了工程海域复杂的岛屿岸线和地形特征.采用现场实测水文资料,对瓯江口航道二期治理潜堤工程实施后的三维流场进行了模拟,并分析了工程实施后的影响.工程实施后,瓯江北口航道、沙头水道、小门水道、大门岛...     

水下航行体垂直发射筒口压力场 L/E耦合数值模拟

采用 Lagrange 结构网格和 Euler 流场网格（L/E）耦合的数值仿真方法,对潜射航行器出筒后筒口压力场进行三维数值仿真分析。计算模型考虑海水的横向来流和航行体出筒过程对筒口气泡脉动的影响。仿真计算获得了筒口压力场气泡脉动主要特征,试验与计算的2个主要压力波峰曲线形状基本一致。通过对比计算表明,考虑横向流作用可以有效减少筒口压力场计算偏差。本文的计算方法及结论可为发射筒口压力场分析提供有益指导。     

The influence of different turbulence schemes on modelling primary production in a 1D coupled physical–biological model

A one-dimensional (1D) coupled physical–microbiological model has been applied to a site in the central North Sea. The impact of the choice of the turbulence closure scheme on the modelling the primary production has been investigated.The model was run with four different parameterisations of vertical mixing of heat, momentum and dissolved and suspended matters, using M2 tidal forcing and the hourly mean meteorological forcing of 1989 to reproduce the annual thermal structure and primary production. The four mixing parameterisations are: Level 2 turbulence closure scheme [Mellor, G.L., Yamada, T., 1974. A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1791–1806; Mellor, G.L., Yamada, T., 1982. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical Fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20 (4) 851–875] using an explicit numerical scheme [Sharples, J., Tett, P., 1994. Modelling the effect of physical variability on the midwater chlorophyll maximum. J. Mar. Res. 52, 219–238]; a version of the Level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme [Galperin, B., Kantha, L.H., Hassid, S., Rosati, A., 1988. A quasi-equilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows. J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 55–62; Ruddick, K.G., Deleersnijder, E., Luyten, P.J., Ozer, J., 1995. Haline stratification in the rhine/meuse freshwater plume: a 3D model sensitivity analysis. Cont. Shelf Res. 15 (13) 1597–1630] simplified to use an algebraic mixing length by Sharples and Simpson [Sharples, J., Simpson, J.H., 1995. Semidiurnal and longer period stability cycles in the Liverpool Bay region of freshwater influence. Cont. Shelf Res. 15, 295–313], also solved explicitly; the same simplified L2.5 scheme with an implicit numerical solution and modified vertical discretisation scheme [Annan, J.D., 1999. Numerical methods for the solution of the turbulence energy equations in the shelf seas. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 29, 193–206]; and another version of the same scheme (but using a different algebraic mixing length) as described by Xing and Davies [Xing, J., Davies, A.M., 1996a. Application of turbulence energy models to the computation of tidal currents and mixing intensities in the shelf edge regions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 417–447; Xing, J., Davies, A.M., 1996b. Application of a range of turbulence models to the computation of tidal currents and mixing intensities in shelf edge regions. Cont. Shelf. Res. 16, 517–547; Xing, J., Davies, A.M., 1998. Application of a range of turbulence energy models to the computation of the internal tide. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 26, 1055–1084]. Various model outputs at the sea surface and in depth profiles have been compared with data collected in 1989 as part of the North Sea Project [Huthnance, J.M., 1990. Progress on North Sea Project. NERC News, vol. 12, pp. 25–29, UK]. It is shown that the biological results are extremely sensitive to the small changes in the physical conditions, which arise due to the different turbulence schemes tested. The timing of the spring bloom and the maintenance of the midwater chlorophyll maximum all differ greatly between model runs, and the gross primary production varies by a factor of two from the highest to lowest results. The simplified Level 2.5 scheme, implemented using the numerical methods of Annan [Annan, J.D., 1999. Numerical methods for the solution of the turbulence energy equations in the shelf seas. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 29, 193–206], produces results, which give the best agreement with the available data.