Propagating buckles in corroded pipelines

Rigid–plastic solutions for the steady-state, quasi-static buckle propagation pressure in corroded pipelines are derived and compared to finite element predictions (ABAQUS). The corroded pipeline is modeled as an infinitely long, cylindrical shell with a section of reduced thickness that is used to describe the corrosion. A five plastic hinge mechanism is used to describe plastic collapse of the corroded pipeline. Closed-form expressions are given for the buckle propagation pressure as a function of the amount of corrosion in an X77 steel pipeline. Buckles that propagate down the pipeline are caused by either global or snap-through buckling, depending on the amount of corrosion. Global buckling occurs when the angular extent of the corrosion is greater than 90°. When the angular extent is less than 90° and the corrosion is severe, snap-through buckling takes place. The buckle propagation pressure and the corresponding collapse modes also compare well to finite element predictions.     

Mode jumping in the lateral buckling of subsea pipelines

Unburied subsea pipelines under high-temperature conditions tend to relieve their axial compressive stress by forming localised lateral buckles. This phenomenon is traditionally studied under the assumption of a specific lateral deflection profile (mode) consisting of a fixed number of lobes. We study lateral thermal buckling as a genuinely localised buckling phenomenon by applying homoclinic (‘flat’) boundary conditions. By not having to assume a particular buckling mode we are in a position to study transitions between these traditional modes in typical loading sequences. For the lateral resistance we take a realistic nonlinear pipe-soil interaction model for partially embedded pipelines. We find that for soils with appreciable breakout resistance, i.e., nonmonotonicity of the lateral resistance characteristic, sudden jumps between modes may occur. We consider both symmetric and antisymmetric solutions. The latter turn out to require much higher temperature differences between pipe and environment for the jumps to be induced. We carry out a parameter study on the effect of various pipe-soil interaction parameters on this mode jumping. Away from the jumps post-buckling solutions are reasonably well described by the traditional modes whose analytical expressions may be used during preliminary design.     

Lateral buckling of subsea pipelines triggered by combined sleeper and distributed buoyancy section

In order to release the axial compressive force resulting from high-temperature conditions, sleepers or distributed buoyancy sections are usually installed along the route of the subsea pipeline as the buckle initiation facilities to trigger lateral buckles. DNV-RP-F110 suggests that the individual buckle initiators can be combined to further increase the reliability of buckle formation. In this study, an improved buckle initiation technique, called the combined sleeper and distributed buoyancy section, is investigated. A generalised mathematical model is proposed to simulate lateral buckling triggered by the combined sleeper and distributed buoyancy section, and it can also be applied to simulate lateral buckling triggered by an individual technique, such as triggered only by sleeper or only by distributed buoyancy section. The mathematical model is verified by comparing with the solutions in the literature. The parametric analysis shows that the buckle formation reliability can be improved when the combined sleeper and distributed buoyancy section is employed. Moreover, both the axial force and the maximum stress along the buckled pipeline in the post-buckling stage are at a lower level, so the pipeline will be safer when the combined sleeper and distributed buoyancy section is utilised as the triggers.     

Snap behaviour in the upheaval buckling of subsea pipelines under topographic step imperfection

Pipelines exposed to high temperature and high pressure with a topographic step imperfection are susceptible to the phenomenon of upheaval buckling potentially leading to a hazard for the structural integrity of the pipeline. To analyse this problem we derive analytical upheaval buckling solutions and obtain the locations of maximum displacement and maximum axial compressive stress. We also analyse the typical post-buckling behaviour and its dependence on step height, axial soil resistance and wall thickness. The difference in behaviour between a pipeline with step imperfection and one with a symmetric prop imperfection is discussed. Our results show that a pipeline with a step imperfection is more prone to upheaval buckling than a perfect pipeline. For sufficiently small step heights the pipeline may suffer a snap-back instability under decreasing thermal loading, raising the possibility of hysteretic snap behaviour under cyclic thermal loading (for instance caused by periodic start-ups and shut-downs). The snap-back buckling disappears for large enough step height and the minimum critical temperature difference decreases with increasing step height and wall thickness or with decreasing axial soil resistance. The maximum compressive stress decreases with increasing step height and axial soil resistance or with decreasing wall thickness. A pipeline with step imperfection is safer than one with a symmetric prop imperfection.     

Predictive analyses of the integrity of corroded pipelines based on concepts of structural reliability and Bayesian inference

In this paper, structural reliability concepts are used in conjunction with limit state functions proposed in the Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F101 (2010) to evaluate the probability of failure of corroded pipelines during their lifetimes. The model takes into account the natural spread of material properties, geometric and operational parameters, and the uncertainties associated with the sizing of eventual corrosion defects. Bayesian reliability concepts are used to estimate the evolution of a pre-defined distribution of defects obtained, for instance, from an inspection campaign. By comparing the predicted probability of failure with the reliability acceptance criteria, the operator can schedule defect repairs and establish inspection intervals with more confidence. This proposed methodology can provide the basis to develop a risk based maintenance strategy of pipeline systems.     

Comparison of computational and analytical methods for evaluation of failure pressure of subsea pipelines containing internal and external corrosions

In the designing stage of subsea pipelines, the design parameters, such as pipe materials, thickness and diameters, are carefully determined to guarantee flow assurance and structural safety. However, once corrosion occurs in pipelines, the operating pressure should be decreased to prevent the failure of pipelines. Otherwise, an abrupt burst can occur in the corroded region of the pipeline, and it leads to serious disasters in the environment and financial loss. Accordingly, the relationship between the corrosion amount and failure pressure of the pipeline, i.e., the maximum operating pressure, should be investigated, and then, the assessment guideline considering the failure pressure should be identified. There are several explicit type codes that regulate the structural safety for corroded subsea pipelines, such as ASME B31G, DNV RF 101, ABS Building and Classing Subsea Pipeline Systems, and API 579. These rules are well defined; however, there are some limitations associated with describing precise failure pressure. Briefly, all of the existing rules cannot consider the material nonlinearity, such as elastoplasticity effect of the pipeline, as well as the actual three-dimensional corrosion shape. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to suggest a modified formula parameter considering the above-mentioned pipeline and corrosion characteristics. As a result, the material nonlinearity as well as the corrosion configuration, i.e., axial/circumferential corrosion length, width and depth, is reflected in a set of finite element models and a series of finite element analysis considering the operation conditions are followed. Based on the comparative study between the simulation and analytical results, which can be obtained from the classification society rules, the modified formulae for failure pressure calculation are proposed.     

船舶水管路噪声及其控制研究

  目的  充液管路系统的管口辐射噪声是舰船管路噪声控制的重点,具有较高能量的低频线谱噪声更是亟需得到进一步的抑制。  方法  针对充液管路低频线谱噪声问题,设计一套有源消声系统并进行试验验证。该系统由次级声源、控制器、功率放大器和传感器等构成。采用频率追踪算法对线谱频率进行估计,使用谐频自适应控制算法设计控制滤波器。建立泵水循环管路试验系统,开展固定线谱、移动线谱、多线谱噪声有源控制试验,验证有源消声系统的降噪性能。  结果  试验结果表明,该系统可自动跟踪线谱频率,实现移动频率的线谱噪声控制,能够同时控制多根线谱噪声,在管外取得8 dB以上的降噪效果且系统具有较好的鲁棒性。  结论  所得结果可为舰船管路系统低频线谱噪声控制提供可行的方案。     

射水清淤船管道压力损失和喷嘴流量的研究

射水清淤船作为一种新型的疏浚及整平航道的工具,得到了广泛的应用,精确计算其管道压力损失和喷嘴流量强度将直接关系到该船抽水泵的选取及清淤效果.以某一射水清淤船为研究对象,基于不同的喷嘴形状和分布情况,建立了3种计算模型,分别对其管道压力损失和喷嘴流量强度进行了分析对比和评价.计算结果表明,圆台形喷嘴的管道局部压力损失比圆柱形喷嘴小.此外,喷嘴的流量强度与该船清淤过程中产生的混合泥层的速度及厚度有关,可以通过改变喷嘴流量强度来实现更好的清淤效果.     

HIDAS三维智能化配筋方式与特点

介绍了港口工程数字化、智能化勘察设计集成系统(HIDAS)提供的多种三维智能化配筋方式。采用该系统建立的钢筋模型直接与结构构件的三维CAD模型相关联,当模型仅发生几何尺寸改变时,能够实现钢筋的自动更新,并自动计算钢筋的长度、体积和质量,从而大大提高结构配筋的效率。     

夹芯结构的疲劳裂纹损伤扩展研究

本文以夹芯复合材料板的疲劳试验为基础,结合裂纹探测技术对疲劳裂纹扩展及累积损伤过程进行了检测,实现了全寿期内裂纹发生、扩展直至最终破坏的整个疲劳累积失效过程的追踪。基于累积损伤追踪过程的数据规律,提出了适用于夹芯复合材料结构疲劳渐变累积损伤过程的材料性能渐降模型,建立了以剩余刚度为表征参量的复合材料结构的疲劳累积损伤状态量D的失效准则,最后推导了夹芯复合材料板在面内弯曲受载路径下,结构疲劳寿命的预测力学模型。     

压力管道工程水锤危害、防护措施及其研究计算方法

对水锤现象进行理论分析,并对其研究计算方法作简要概述。阐述水锤的起因、分类和造成的危害,并提出有效的防护措施。     

港口货源经营模式

为探索在不同条件下港口应依托或选择的货源经营模式，通过剖析港口货源经营模式的选择前提、类型、市场适应性，认为港口市场环境不同，所适用的经营模式应不同，而港口的市场地位是由其采用的经营模式来决定的。提出应依托或选择的货源经营模式建议：（1）货源经营模式选择应结合实际；（2）港口企业应在发展其货运代理等服务业的同时，为社会货代中介参与货源经营创造条件；（3）货源经营模式决策要与市场营销理念结合。     

Stress concentration factors at welds in pipelines and tanks subjected to internal pressure and axial force

In this paper, analytical expressions for stress concentration factors in pipes subjected to internal pressure and axial force are derived for a number of design cases based on classical shell theory. The effect of fabrication tolerances in simple butt welds is assessed. Analyses based on classical mechanics are compared with results from axisymmetric finite element analyses for verification of the presented methodology. Stress concentration factors are presented for circumferential butt welds in pipes welded together from pipes with different thicknesses, welds at buckling arrestors, welds at flanged connections in pipelines, and welds at ring stiffeners on the inside and the outside of the pipes. It also includes stress concentration factors at end closures in pipes for gas storage. Larger pipes are fabricated from plates with a longitudinal weld. This fabrication process introduces out-of-roundness in the pipes. The actual out-of-roundness is a function of internal pressure. An analytical expression for the bending stress in the pipe wall due to this out-of-roundness is presented. The derived stress concentration factors can be used together with a hot spot stress S–N curve for calculation of fatigue damage.     

Modelling upheaval buckling in marine buried pipelines by coupling the shear stresses and soft soil stiffness

Buried marine pipelines employed in the Oil & Gas industry are subjected to pressure and temperature gradients, which cand produce local high compression loads leading to the onset of upheaval buckling failure. Upheaval buckling occurs when the localized stresses across the pipeline are high enough to induce constant deformation due to the low soil restriction in the upward direction. Therefore, models to predict upheaval buckling in buried marine pipes caused by high pressure and high temperature (HP/HT) and soil stiffness have been developed based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (EBT). However, this theory does not consider stresses and strains due to shear stresses which can play an important role in upheaval buckling failure. Therefore, in this work an analytical model that takes into account Engesser-Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) and considers the shear effects on pipelines was developed to predict upheaval buckling in buried marine pipelines. Furthermore, equations that govern vertical buckling of buried pipelines considering a plastic soil with initial imperfection were considered. Analytical results were compared with finite element models of buried pipeline and other models reported in the literature, and it was observed that analytical results fall in the range of those reposted in the literature. It was also observed that the incorporation of shear stresses in buried marine pipelines has low effect on upheaval buckling onset and propagation, but the soil stiffness has a strong influence on upheaval failure in buried marine pipelines.     

耙吸船艏吹粉质黏性土疏浚物的管线清堵装备及实施方法

粉质黏土在中大型耙吸船艏吹施工过程中输送阻力大,会形成球块状聚集体堵塞吹泥管路,进而影响艏吹施工效率。在系统论述国内外已有的输泥管路堵塞防治方法的基础上,研制了一种耙吸船艏吹管线清堵装备及清堵作业方法,并依托青岛港某疏浚吹填工程进行现场原型试验研究。结果表明,与传统技术相比,此方法施工简易、快速灵活、可操作性强、经济适用且安全可靠;粉质黏土疏浚物艏吹作业在短、中长和长距离条件下均可开展;该方法极大提高了粉质黏土疏浚物艏吹作业实施效率。     

球扁钢疲劳裂纹扩展的实验及数值预报方法

球扁钢被广泛用于船舶和桥梁等钢结构,掌握其疲劳裂纹扩展规律对准确预报结构疲劳寿命有着重要的意义。该文基于表面裂纹名义开口位移(NCOD)的测量数据,对全尺寸船用球扁钢三维疲劳裂纹形状进行了预报;并利用二维Paris公式,采用有限元数值分析方法,对裂纹扩展过程进行了预报;最后通过船舶节点的疲劳试验,验证了该疲劳裂纹预报方法的可行性。文中提出的疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法可为球扁钢的失效判据提供参考依据。     

Experimental and numerical modelling of ductile crack propagation in large-scale shell structures

This paper presents a combined experimental–numerical procedure for development and calibration of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale shell structures. A novel experimental set-up is described in which a mode-I crack can be driven 400 mm through a 20(+) mm thick plate under fully plastic and controlled conditions. The test specimen can be deformed either in combined in-plane bending and extension or in pure extension. Experimental results are described for 5 and 10 mm thick aluminium and steel plates. By performing an inverse finite-element analysis of the experimental results where the simulated crack growth is forced to correspond to the experimental observations, empirical criteria for ductile crack propagation emerge very clearly. Using the experiments with edge crack specimens (ECS) in combined in-plane bending and extension, crack propagation criteria are developed for steel and aluminium plates, mainly as curves showing the critical element deformation versus the shell element size. These derived crack propagation criteria are then validated against a separate set of experiments considering centre crack specimens (CCS) which have a different crack-tip constraint. The applicability of the often-used equivalent strain criterion is discussed versus a more rationally based criterion which takes into account the stress tri-axiality. A large-scale grounding experiment is also simulated showing very good agreement with measurements. The performance of the proposed model is in general good and it is believed that the presented results and experimental–numerical calibration procedure can be of use in practical finite-element simulations of collision and grounding events with the use of shell elements. As discussed, the paper provides a clean framework for further development of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale plate structures.     

舟山群岛海域潮波传播变形和不对称性探讨

舟山海域属于多岛屿海域,潮波受岛屿地形条件影响复杂。根据舟山海域4个潮位站2017年一个月实测逐时潮位以及7个临时测站的大潮、小潮短期逐时潮位资料,采用调和分析及偏度指标计算法,确定了舟山本岛至穿山半岛之间海域的分潮特征及潮汐不对称变化;通过分析浅水潮波方程中的各非线性项,确定了舟山海域浅水分潮产生的主要动力机制;评估了不同频率分潮组合产生的潮汐不对称性贡献值。研究表明,潮波方程中非线性摩擦项是舟山群岛海域浅水分潮变化和潮波变形的主要动力来源;明确了该海域潮汐以M_2和S_2天文半日潮主导,浅水分潮以M_4、MS_4分潮为主但潮幅较小,潮波传播过程中耗散潮波能量同时,潮能存在由低频分潮向高频分潮转移,呈现低频天文分潮潮幅沿程减小,高频浅水分潮潮幅增加;潮汐不对称性表现为涨潮占优,大潮期不对称性较小潮期明显,天文半日分潮M_2、S_2与浅水分潮MS_4、M_4组合是潮汐不对称性的最大贡献者。     

Comparing the fatality risks in United States transportation across modes and over time

This paper analyzes the transportation fatality risk in the United States. The analysis is in two parts. The first part compares the relative risks of the different modes based on data for the decade from 2000 to 2009. The second part is a time-series analysis for each mode using annual data from 1975 to 2010. By almost any measure, transportation is considerably safer now than it was in the mid 1970s. The improvement is especially noticeable for commercial modes such as aviation, railroads and maritime. Even the risks from private highway driving have halved during the past thirty-five years.     

金沙江宜宾段非恒定流过程及传播特性

金沙江、岷江的非恒定流调节过程较为复杂,在宜宾汇合后形成新的非恒定流向下游传播。通过近年实测资料,分析金沙江、岷江非恒定流特征及汇合效果。结果表明:宜宾段非恒定流特征与向家坝电站下泄非恒定流的符合度更高,岷江的非恒定流无典型过程;宜宾段水位变幅和金沙江、岷江水位变幅存在线性关系;涨幅在1.7 m左右,起调水位在1 m左右的泄水波可作为宜宾段非恒定流过程的典型代表,其在下游的传播速度沿程基本保持一致,衰减幅度随着距离的增加而减小。