Environmental trends of ports and harbours: Implications for planning and management

The traditional view of ports as evolving from human settlements to distribution centres is re-examined in an ecological context. The discussion is essential because of the persisting traditional approach to 'global' port development, i.e. directed primarily by technological optimization related to cargo transfer and ocean trasportation. Growing environmental concerns and realities indicate the need for a broader environmental view in which the port is recognized as part of a larger interactive coastal ecosystem, with environmental pressures by the port on the surrounding environment, as well as by the environment on the port. The paper argues for an ecological basis for coastal port development, analyses the environment implications of riverine linkages between port and hinterland, and details some environmental consequnces of changing industrialization and chemical practices. It also identifies initiatives for relevant planning and future port management.     

Panama Canal expansion: alleviating global climate change

This paper quantifies likely changes in greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to anthropogenic climate change, resulting from the expansion of the Panama Canal and the consequent increase in ship-borne commercial transportation from east Asia to the US east coast. Ocean transportation offers higher fuel economy and lower pollutant emissions compared with land transport. Additionally, truck and train transportation of cargo along the US land bridge threatens to overwhelm existing highway and rail systems and limit economic growth. The alternate transportation route for easterly transit of the Panama Canal will reduce overland traffic congestion and enhance economic development by maintaining freight flow efficiency.     

保税港:航运物流发展助推器

自上世纪90年代,我国开始探索自由贸易区的发展模式。1990年外高桥保税区作为我国第一个保税区正式设立。其后,国务院相继批准了15家保税区,实行保税的海关监管政策,发展贸易、物流和加工等业务。虽然保税区十几年的发展过程中在物流集散和外贸窗口方面发挥了独特的积极作用,但是保税区和港口运作的完全分离,使得保税区在发挥口岸物流功能方面的优势受到限制。     

Modelling with joint choice of ports and countries of origin and destination: application to Colombian ports

Literature has focused on studying port choice independently or as an element of a supply chain without considering the joint selection with the country of origin/destination of the imports/exports. However, the characteristics and location of a port may make it more attractive to mobilise more freight from/to some particular countries rather than others, making the port choice decision dependent on the country of origin/destination of the cargo. This article proposes advanced econometric models to evaluate simultaneously port choice and the country of origin/destination choice for Colombian imports and exports. Findings suggest that for imports and exports domestic freight rate is the most important variable for the joint choice process. Also, for exports, maritime transit time is more relevant than for imports, while for the frequency of shipping lines the opposite is true. The existence of a trade agreement and the gross domestic product per capita also have a significant influence on the election of a country for exports/imports.     

“地主港”模式不适合我国国情

为解决目前国内港口产能过剩的问题,从追溯“地主港”模式在20世纪七八十年代的产生根源和操作方法入手,分析这一建港模式的特点,并结合当前国内港口的发展现状,提出国内不宜推行这一模式的结论。     

Co-operation and competition in international container transport: strategies for ports

This paper focuses on the response of port authorities to the changing market environment in which they operate. It documents the changes taking place in the relationships between port authorities and terminal management companies and considers the strategic issues faced by these groups and other port interests. In particular, it investigates the potential conflicts of interest for a port authority in matters related to the level of competition amongst terminals within a port and the amount of competition amongst ports.     

山东港口发展必由之路——整合

山东解决港口能力不足问题,应走整合发展之路．以科学的方法分析港口通过能力,确定港口的总规模、布局．同时打破行政区划的约束,真正实现资源共享和优化。     

Old laws for new risks at sea: mineral resources, climate change, sea lanes, and cables

Maritime security in a broad sense means more than piracy and terrorism. This paper concentrates on the risk potential of current and future resource-related activities on the seabed. The seabed mining of hard mineral resources??in addition to hydrocarbons??leads to new controversial maritime boundary claims of states in their effort to expand national access rights to raw materials. Outer continental shelf claims in the Arctic Ocean are today's test bench for law of the sea conflicts. Fiber-optic cables running through regional seas, straits, and land bridges may become another risky issue, while the pattern of maritime transport routes is moving from Northern to Southern waters. Under a medium-term perspective, the sea level rise will endanger ports and coasts. Borderlines of maritime zones will move and thus generate more injustice and conflicts among states. The tools to solve borderline conflicts and options for dispute settlement are available in UNCLOS. Some other legal gaps are covered by the 2005 SUA Convention and by bilateral agreements, while resolutions by the UN Security Council begin to broaden rights of intervention and interdiction. The need for new laws remains.     

湖北应对全球变化的气候与生态响应

文章系统分析了在全球变化背景下我国湖北气候与生态多样性变化,以及区域的生态响应;评估了近几十年来湖北气候与生态环境的现状、变化,并初步提出了湖北生态环境建设与社会经济协调发展得对策与建议。     

反恐措施:亚洲大多数的港口、船东准备就绪

Shipowners and port operators in Hong Kong, the Chinese mainland and Japan say they are ready for new global anti-terror regulations to be implemented today and expect no major disruptions to international trade.     

Possible effects of climate change on the spread of invasive marine species and implications for maritime industries

Global climate change stands to have major implications for maritime industries, including fisheries and aquaculture, recreation and tourism, and shipping and ports. Amongst these implications are the possible effects of climate change on the dispersal and distribution of marine species, as environmental conditions in the world’s seas and oceans change with climate change. This paper explores, in an introductory manner only, the potential impacts of climate change on marine bio-invasions, the possible effect of these impacts on maritime industries, and the possible implications for the way that we manage these industries, including ship’s ballast water and sediments and hull fouling, to prevent and reduce marine bio-invasions. The paper presents the case for the inclusion of this topic on the programme of 1st International Conference on the Impacts of Climate Change on Maritime Industries (ICCMI 2008), planned to be held in Malmö, Sweden in June 2008, where international experts in the science of climate change and marine bio-invasions might present more detailed scientific and technical papers on the issue.     

U.S. ports: evolution and structure

U.S. ports are facing competitive pressures similar to those being felt by ports elsewhere around the world. Despite the public enterprise nature of U.S. port authorities, they tend to function as 'business-like' organizations. This enterprise-like approach stems from their evolution from being primarily private railroad ports in the 19th century to public competitive port authorities in the 20th century. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of U.S. ports and the ongoing effect of earlier legislation, the varied resulting institutional structures, and current national and regional level issues. Although there is no national ports plan or strategy in the U.S.A. (the Constitution limits federal actions in the ports field) the federal government is involved in providing dredging services through the Army Corps of Engineers, navigation aids via the Coast Guard and other minor port-related services. U.S. ports typically come under the jurisdiction of state or local governments. Increasing competition coupled with other port issues (growing financial constraints, difficulties in obtaining dredging permits, environmental concerns and restricted landside access) is forcing some U.S. ports to enter into strategic alliances with others at a regional level.     

Independent Baltic State ports: the outlook for commercial viability?

This study employs the 'shift-share' technique to assay the status of seaport in the newly-independent Baltic States in terms of their prospects for commercial viability. It delineates the material, economic and political conditions confrontiger port managers and policy makers in these states. Each must deal with the consequences of disruption of long-standing trade dependencis and the transition from opeation within 'the Rouble zone' to free market structures integrated with western trade systems. These problems are compounded by Russia's appaent policy decision to re-route transit cargo away from Baltic State ports, the traditional 'window on the West'. to ports located in Russia itselft. Disruption of traditional hinterlands and transit cargo volumes for Baltic State ports will impact their ability to invest in essntial modernization and expansion projects, necessitated by emerging competitive pressures. It is speculated that one potential strategy available for capturing a niche and reclaiming the role of the East-West commercial bridge is through participation in the Trans-Siberian Railway 'land-bridge' trade.     

加快福州港口建设带动临港产业发展

在分析福州港30年来取得的成就,指出目前存在的问题后,提出了大力发展临港工业、港口现代物流业和港口现代服务业的主张,并提出了实现福州港跨越式发展的建议。     

九江市环鄱阳湖港口发展概念规划

在江西省实施国家鄱阳湖生态经济区发展战略背景下,结合环鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程建设与九江市环湖地区社会经济发展的要求,在分析港口发展现状、相关规划与未来发展机遇基础上,对九江市环鄱阳湖地区港口进行了发展方向、规划思路与发展定位的研究。     

船舶挂靠西非港口特别注意事项

为了减少船舶挂靠西非港口不必要的损失和工作上的麻烦,介绍船舶挂靠西非港口应注意的特别事项,并重点介绍尼日利亚的拉格斯港（LAGOS）和科特迪瓦（象牙海岸）阿比让港（ABIDJAN）的特殊要求。