拥挤收费下基于前景理论的出行者路径选择行为分析

出行者（特指私家车出行者）路径选择行为的研究对于城市的交通管理和交通组织都有着重要的意义,而且随着交通出行费用的不断增加,以及道路拥挤收费政策逐步实施,仅仅考虑距离最短、时间最短来对出行者路径选择行为模型进行研究,往往实用性欠佳。针对以往的研究中考虑因素单一、模型实用性不强这一问题,运用能有效描述出行者不确定性条件下决策行为的前景理论,综合考虑出行者的出行时间、出行费用以及出行者的个人偏好、出行经验等因素,建立一个更为贴合实际的出行者路径选择行为模型。以实际算例的形式对比分析了,不同收费标准对不同出行者人群、不同性质出行的路径选择行为的影响程度。结果表明：与拥挤收费政策实施前相比,收费3元时,高收入水平出行者购物出行时的路径发生变化,而对于通勤出行,当收费大于6元时出行路径才发生变化;对于中低收入水平出行者来说,因为其较高收入者对费用更为敏感,所以拥挤收费政策实施后他们的反应也不尽相同。     

交通信息影响下的动态路径选择模型研究

考虑交通信息对出行者选择出行路径的动态影响,建立一种动态路径选择模型。将不同类型的出行者对路段（路径）运行时间的预测看作不同的随机过程,通过对出行路径上节点的到达时间取期望值,利用一阶近似表达式,研究交通信息对出行者的出行路径选择行为的影响。     

初始条件对驾驶员逐日路径选择行为和网络交通流演化的影响

从查阅到的文献可以看到,在驾驶员逐日路径选择行为及网络交通流演化的研究中,均假定驾驶员第1天对路径的理解行程时间相同,也即初始条件中没有考虑驾驶员的个体差异性。首先,对初始条件和驾驶员逐日路径选择过程建模,在2条平行路径的简单路网中,运用Agent仿真方法模拟了不同初始条件下驾驶员逐日路径选择过程。结果表明：路网达到平衡所需的时间与驾驶员对历史信息的依赖程度显著相关,而与第1天驾驶员对路径行程时间理解的相关差异性不显著;路网平衡和用户平衡的差别与两者均显著相关。虽然在不同情况下路网均能够达到近似的用户平衡状态,但是平衡时驾驶员对2条路径的理解行程时间存在较大差异。     

信息影响条件下考虑出行异质性的路径选择模型

出行者路径选择行为的研究对于预测城市交通流时空分布规律及维持网络经济、高效运转具有重要意义.为了探究多类型异质出行者路径选择行为的异同,研究了基于累积前景理论的多类别异质出行者路径选择模型.通过定义出行者参考点,引入考虑时间价值系数的风险敏感系数计算方法,以保证异质出行者拥有异质的风险偏好,研究分析了是否提供实时路况信息2种情境下常规通行者与通勤者路径选择行为的异同.数值算例表明,拥有较大参考点的出行者更倾向于保守地选择一条出行时间较长的道路,而其他人则更加冒险.此外,与通勤者相比,当备选方案均可以满足自身出行需求且自身参考点足够大时,常规出行者更愿意忽视风险,以获得更高的出行收益.      

基于累积前景理论的拥挤阈值计算模型

信息诱导是缓解交通拥挤的有效途径,为了描述道路拥挤程度对出行者路径选择决策的影响机理,基于累积前景理论分析了出行者的出行决策过程,分析了出行者拥挤认知模式以及不同出行方式的拥挤信息需求。解析了拥挤阈值的概念,将行程时间作为累积前景理论决策指标建立了拥挤阈值的计算模型,以1个简单路网进行算例分析,模拟驾驶员的拥挤认知及出行活动决策。算例结果揭示了拥挤阈值对路径选择决策行为的影响,同时验证了拥挤阈值是出行者在决策过程中的决策变化分界点。出行时间在拥挤阈值内出行者不改变出行路径;出行时间超过拥挤阈值,出行者将改变出行路径。      

随机交通网络中依赖信息的路径优化问题研究

针对交通网络中路径通行时间具有与时间相关的随机分布特性，将研究在此类交通网络上依赖信息的路径选择问题。在路径选择过程中引入交通信息，在随机交通网络上最优路径选择原则为下一节点的选择将依赖于已实现的路段时间及当前节点的出发时间，通过期望最小值方法，按照路径通行时间期望值最小原则，建立一种通过所获得交通信息来进行路径选择的优化模型，给出了模型的求解算法。并在简单交通网络上对模型进行实现。     

基于行程质量的随机用户平衡分配模型

提出行程质量的概念以描述出行者在不确定环境下的路径选择准则。将行程质量定义为行程时间和行程时间可靠性的线性加权和,综合了影响路径选择的两个不同的重要因素:行程时间和行程时间可靠性。假定在路段通行能力随机变化的情况下出行者以估计行程质量费用最小作为路径选择的标准,建立了基于行程质量的随机用户平衡分配模型。证明了模型解的等价性和唯一性,给出了求解模型的MSA算法。在一个小型测试网络上的计算结果表明:模型能够反映出行者在随机路网中的路径选择行为。     

Modeling the Effects of Population Density on Prospect Theory-Based Travel Mode-Choice Equilibrium

In conventional transportation planning models, it was always assumed that the population density is given and fixed in the study areas. Therefore, the effects of population density on travel choice have not been explicitly incorporated into these existing models for long-term transportation planning. Meanwhile, travel choice models in previous studies are usually developed by using discrete choice theories or user equilibrium principle. Thus, many significant characteristics of travelers’ behaviors, such as risk preference and learning process over time, cannot be considered in these conventional models. This article proposes a convex prospect theory-based model to investigate the effects of population density on the travelers’ mode-choice behavior under an advanced transportation information system (ATIS) in a multimodal transportation corridor. It is shown that population density is closely co-related to the modal split results and dependent on the performance of the railway mode in the study corridor. The park-and-ride mode may not be suitable for areas with high population density. This article also investigates the travelers’ reference points on the generalized travel costs by modes. A numerical example is given to illustrate the properties of the proposed model together with some insightful findings.     

Bi-objective routing problem with asymmetrical travel time distributions

Recent studies have confirmed that travelers consider travel time reliability in addition to average travel time when making route choice decisions. In this study, we develop a bi-objective routing model that seeks to simultaneously optimize the average travel time and travel time reliability. The semi-standard deviation (SSD) is chosen as the reliability measure because it reflects travelers' concerns over longer travel time better than the commonly used standard deviation. The Pareto-optimal solutions to the bi-objective model are found by using an improved strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm. Tests on a real-world urban network with field measured travel time data have demonstrated good performance of the algorithm in the aspects, such as computational efficiency, quick convergence, and closeness to the global Pareto-optimal. Overall, the bi-objective routing model generates reasonable path recommendations. The SSD-based model is sensitive to the asymmetry of travel time distribution and tends to avoid paths with excessively long delays. This would be particularly helpful to those users placing high values on travel time reliability.     

模糊逻辑推理在消除交通流诱导负效应中的应用

针对交通流诱导可能产生的负效应问题,提出了诱导负效应消除的原理和模糊逻辑推理方法。在原理设计中,考虑了出行者的出行行为对网络交通流分配的影响;在实现方法上,应用模糊推理技术对分流交通量进行了预测,并设计了路线交叉口信号灯配时方案调整的模糊控制算法,模拟结果验证了模糊逻辑推理技术的有效性。研究表明:交通流诱导负效应的产生主要是由于信息条件下的道路出行者路线选择行为的不确定性引起的,而且交通流诱导与控制同时进行是消除交通流诱导负效应产生的关键。     

先进的旅行者信息系统对出行者选择行为的影响研究

目前研究先进的旅行者信息系统对出行者选择行为的影响主要集中在对路径选择行为的影响上,而忽略了对出行者出行终点和交通方式选择的影响。假定路网中的出行者一部分装有信息装置,另一部分没有装信息装置,利用离散选择理论中的层次选择结构模型和交通规划理论中的随机均衡方法,研究了先进的旅行者信息系统对出行者终点选择,方式分担和路径选择行为的综合影响,建立了一个与网络均衡条件等价的数学规划模型,设计了模型的求解算法,并用一算例分析了市场渗透率和信息质量对出行者选择行为的影响。     

A route guidance system considering travel time unreliability

Under a stochastic roadway, drivers need a route guidance system incorporating travel time variability. To recommend a customized path depending on the trip purpose and the driver’s risk-taking behavior, various path ranking methods have been developed. Unlike those methods, our proposed disutility method can easily incorporate a target arrival time in the ranking process by measuring how late the travel is and by penalizing it depending on the severity of lateness. In addition, the disutility-based route guidance system can properly address travel time unreliability that causes unacceptable disruptions to the driver’s schedule (i.e., unexpected long delay). We compare the disutility-based path ranking method with other ranking methods, the percentile travel time, the mean excess travel time, and the on-time arrival probability. We show that the disutility has stronger discriminating power and requires less solution space to find an optimal path. The most important advantage is that it can estimate a driver’s risk-taking behavior for each trip purpose by using the discrete choice analysis. We construct a simulation framework to acquire the travel time data on a hypothetical roadway. We analyze the data and show how various ranking methods recommend a customized path. Using the data, we show the advantage of the disutiltiy method over the other methods, which is generating a customized path with respect to the target arrival time by properly penalizing the travel time lateness.     

The impact of route guidance,departure time advice and alternative routes on door-to-door travel time reliability: Two data-driven assessment methods

ABSTRACT

Conventional travel time reliability assessment has evolved from road segments to the route level. However, a connection between origin and destination usually consists of multiple routes, thereby providing the option to choose. Having alternatives can compensate for the deterioration of a single route; therefore, this study assesses the reliability and quality of the aggregate of the route set of an origin-destination (OD) pair. This paper proposes two aggregation methods for analyzing the reliability of travel times on the OD level: 1) an adapted Logsum method and 2) a route choice model. The first method analyzes reliability from a network perspective and the second method is based on the reliability as perceived by a traveler choosing his route from the available alternatives. A case study using detailed data on actual travel times illustrates both methods and shows the impact of having variable departure times and the impact of information strategies on travel time reliability.     

Urban travel time reliability at different traffic conditions

The decision making of travelers for route choice and departure time choice depends on the expected travel time and its reliability. A common understanding of reliability is that it is related to several statistical properties of the travel time distribution, especially to the standard deviation of the travel time and also to the skewness. For an important corridor in Changsha (P.R. China) the travel time reliability has been evaluated and a linear model is proposed for the relationship between travel time, standard deviation, skewness, and some other traffic characteristics. Statistical analysis is done for both simulation data from a delay distribution model and for real life data from automated number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras. ANPR data give unbiased travel time data, which is more representative than probe vehicles. The relationship between the mean travel time and its standard deviation is verified with an analytical model for travel time distributions as well as with the ANPR travel times. Average travel time and the standard deviation are linearly correlated for single links as well as corridors. Other influence factors are related to skewness and travel time standard deviations, such as vehicle density and degree of saturation. Skewness appears to be less well to explain from traffic characteristics than the standard deviation is.     

无人驾驶汽车对中短距离市际出行方式选择行为的影响

研究了无人驾驶汽车对中短距离市际间出行选择行为的影响.基于计划行为理论,通过建立结构方程模型,构建出行者对无人驾驶汽车的感知行为控制、主观规范、行为态度和行为意向心理潜变量.然后将这些心理潜变量纳入到随机系数Logit模型建立混合选择模型.以武汉市为例进行实证研究,结果表明:在效用函数中,车内时间、出入站和候车时间,以...     

Measuring Truck Travel Time Reliability Using Truck Probe GPS Data

Truck probe data collected by global positioning system (GPS) devices has gained increased attention as a source of truck mobility data, including measuring truck travel time reliability. Most reliability studies that apply GPS data are based on travel time observations retrieved from GPS data. The major challenges to using GPS data are small, nonrandom observation sets and low reading frequency. In contrast, using GPS spot speed (instantaneous speed recorded by GPS devices) directly can address these concerns. However, a recently introduced GPS spot-speed-based reliability metric that uses speed distribution does not provide a numerical value that would allow for a quantitative evaluation. In light of this, the research described in this article improves the current GPS spot speed distribution-based reliability approach by calculating the speed distribution coefficient of variation. An empirical investigation of truck travel time reliability on Interstate 5 in Seattle, WA, is performed. In addition, correlations are provided between the improved approach and a number of commonly used reliability measures. The reliability measures are not highly correlated, demonstrating that different measures provide different conclusions for the same underlying data and traffic conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of each measure are discussed and recommendations of the appropriate measures for different applications are presented.     

应急车辆出行前救援路径选择的多目标规划模型

针对城市中应急车辆的救援路径优化问题,分析了基于交通信息中心的应急车辆最优路径的多目标属性,给出了随机网络中各属性的量化计算方法,以最小化出行时间,最大化行程时间可靠度为目标,考虑了通行可靠性、安全性、道路条件限制等因素,建立了应急车辆出行前最优路径选择的多目标规划模型.模型所求得的解是综合最优路径,反映了应急车辆路径选择的目标需求,克服了以往直接等同于图论中最短路径的缺陷,给出了算法,通过算例验证了模型的合理性和有效性.     

可获知偶发拥堵持续时间的动态车辆路径问题

考虑真实交通路网,探讨了可获知偶发拥堵持续时间的动态车辆路径问题.在利用改进的Dijksta算法将路段行驶时间转化为客户点间最短行驶时间的基础上,根据常发拥堵信息,通过遗传算法安排车辆初始配送路径,根据实时获知的偶发拥堵因素影响下的路段行驶时间和其持续时间,以2-opt和insertion方法更新车辆配送路径,通过车载导航系统实时指导车辆行驶路线.数值试验表明,该方法可根据偶发拥堵信息更新车辆配送路线,以避开偶发拥堵影响路段,缩短总配送时间0.65~13.18 min;获知偶发拥堵持续时间帮助多节省了配送时间 -0.16~4.17 min.节省的时间随偶发拥堵因素对路网影响的加剧而更显著.      

Probabilistic Modeling of Erroneous Human Response to In-Vehicle Route Guidance Systems: A First Look

An integral component of (in-vehicle) navigation systems is the determination of optimal routes to the desired destination. An implicit assumption in the underlying algorithms is that people do not make mistakes when following the prescribed routes. This is, however, not always consistent with reality, especially when driving in unfamiliar environments. This article presents a first look at the possibility of mistakes when driving. This possibility is formalized in a Markov decision process. It is demonstrated that quite paradoxical situations can occur when accounting for mistakes. As the most interesting—but perhaps extreme—example, we have shown that under certain conditions, it is no longer optimal to recommend drivers to take the shortest route. Instead, a longer route (in certain cases even the longest!) becomes optimal. Numerical results are provided throughout the article to reveal the fundamental properties of this problem.