中海达海洋导航软件的数据处理方法

在水深测量监理的工作中,水深数据的处理是工作的难点。文章通过对常用的水深测量导航软件＂中海达海洋测量导航软件＂的数据处理方法研究,开发出了该常用导航软件的数据处理方法程序,解决了水深测量监理中的关键难点。     

GPS-RTK结合测深仪应用技术研究

文章分别介绍了 GPS-RTK和回声探测仪的工作原理,提出采用GPS-RTK与测深仪结合的测量模式构成水深测量系统,并对其在左江大桥河床整平工程中的应用效果进行分析.结果表明,利用GPS-RTK进行坐标及高程定位,使用测深仪进行水深测量,二者相结合实施水下测量工作,提高了水下测量工作的准确度及工作效率,较传统的测量方法...     

西江干线邕宁至西津枢纽段通航水深条件研究

为充分利用西江干线航道水深资源,支撑平陆运河工程建设规模,文章以西江干线邕宁至西津枢纽航段为对象,利用两枢纽间二维水流数学模型研究了汛期、非汛期不同流量保证率及西津坝上运行水位下的航段通航水深条件。结果表明：最小航深随着流量保证率的减小而增大;西津坝上水位常遇情景下,汛期、非汛期流量保证率40%～90%对应最小通航水深分别为7.44～6.74 m、8.97～8.92 m;西津坝上水位下限情景下,汛期、非汛期沿线最小通航水深基本达到5.4 m。研究成果可为平陆运河工程初步设计中船闸门槛水深等确定提供相关依据。     

长江中游荆江航道最低维护水深正式提高至3．2米

交通运输部日前正式批复长江中游宜昌至武汉河段枯水期新的航道维护水深标准,2011年12月30日起,荆江河段枯水期最低维护水深正式按3．2米运行。中游其他河段枯水期最低维护水深也分别有不同程度提高。具体为：长江中游宜昌下临江坪至城陵矶河段每年11月份至次年3月份的航道维护水深将由原来的3米提高至3．2米,     

上海国际航运中心集装箱枢纽港水深目标的探讨

<正> 上海国际航运中心深水港的码头水深标准应该是多少?长江口经过治理,分三个阶段,花10年时间,使航道水深达到负12.5米,是否就能满足上海国际航运中心深水港的要求?愚以为,上海要成为国际航运中心,其深水港的码头水深应达到负15米,与此相应的进港航道水深应能达到负16.5米。而且,实现这一目标的任务非常紧迫,必须在今后5～10年内达到标准;否则,上海建成国际航运中心的难度将会大大增加。这可以从周边港口的竞争形势、世界集装箱船舶大型化趋势以及世界大港兴衰的经验教     

深水裸岩大直径钻孔桩的设计与施工

1工程概况 某大桥主桥为三跨变截面预应力混凝土连续箱梁,配跨为62+95+62米,桥宽24.5米,为双幅桥,采用分段悬臂现浇施工.桥位处水深流急,主河槽常水位平均水深26米.     

水下采油树保温输油管道的变形分析

水下采油树输油管道保温层受到内、外压力及温度场的作用,容易发生变形.文中建立输油管道保温层的模型,运用CFD流场分析的方法,分析在内、外压力及温度场的共同作用下,输油管道保温层的径向变形对作业水深、输油管道结构参数的敏感性.分析结果表明,输油管道保温层的径向变形量随着作业水深的增加而变大.输油管道的结构参数变化将会影响...     

扬子江上“装”货忙

<正>长江从"世界屋脊"——青藏高原的唐古拉山脉奔流向南再向东,干流流经11个省、市,全长6300余公里,加上数百条支流辐辏南北,是中国内河航运的最主要河流。长江干流流至南京,便进入了"扬子江"。长江流至此处江阔水深浪大,长江进入三角洲河段,其中江阴以下为河口段,江面不断扩张成喇叭状。江宽水深,万吨海轮可以上溯到南京市。为寻找柳工装载机在港口忙     

悬臂施工技术在上湖大桥建设中的应用

文章详细地讨论了悬臂施工法在桥梁中的应用,悬臂施工法避免搭设大量支架,便于在水深、流量大的河道和海上施工,而且施工跨度大,经济效益高,有利于保证施工质量,     

跨海大桥深水浅覆盖层钻孔平台搭设施工技术

着重介绍了处于水深超过32 m、覆盖层只有1 m多厚的复杂海况条件下的平潭海峡大桥引桥15#墩的钻孔桩施工平台搭设技术,创新采用了悬臂推进方式,低成本解决了深水浅覆盖层处桩基施工的难题。     

Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies

This paper reviews trends in cycling levels, safety, and policies in Canada and the USA over the past two decades. We analyze aggregate data for the two countries as well as city-specific case study data for nine large cities (Chicago, Minneapolis, Montréal, New York, Portland, San Francisco, Toronto, Vancouver, and Washington). Cycling levels have increased in both the USA and Canada, while cyclist fatalities have fallen. There is much spatial variation and socioeconomic inequality in cycling rates. The bike share of work commuters is more than twice as high in Canada as in the USA, and is higher in the western parts of both countries. Cycling is concentrated in central cities, especially near universities and in gentrified neighborhoods near the city center. Almost all the growth in cycling in the USA has been among men between 25-64 years old, while cycling rates have remained steady among women and fallen sharply for children. Cycling rates have risen much faster in the nine case study cities than in their countries as a whole, at least doubling in all the cities since 1990. They have implemented a wide range of infrastructure and programs to promote cycling and increase cycling safety: expanded and improved bike lanes and paths, traffic calming, parking, bike-transit integration, bike sharing, training programs, and promotional events. We describe the specific accomplishments of the nine case study cities, focusing on each city’s innovations and lessons for other cities trying to increase cycling. Portland’s comprehensive package of cycling policies has succeeded in raising cycling levels 6-fold and provides an example that other North American cities can follow.     

近距离平行隧道开挖的三维有限元数值分析

利用3D-σ有限元程序对近距离平行隧道的三种典型开挖方式进行了三维数值模拟;分析了在三种不同开挖方式下地面沉降槽形状及发展、土体和隧道的位移特征、岩体横向位移、衬砌内部应力;同时对相向同步开挖的各施工步进行了位移分析。数值分析结果表明,近距离平行隧道采用相向同步开挖对岩层扰动相对较小、地表及隧道位移量较低、衬砌时的应力较小。相向同步开挖与同向开挖时地表沉降槽的形状明显不同。     

Urban walkability considering pedestrians’ perceptions of the built environment: a 10-year review and a case study in a medium-sized city in Latin America

ABSTRACT

Numerous methodologies measuring walkability have been developed over the last years. This paper reviews the Walkability Index (WI) literature of the last decade (2009–2018) and highlights some limitations in the current approaches. Only a few studies have evaluated walkability in Latin America, mainly in big cities but not in medium and small-sized cities in the region, which present their own urbanisation dynamics, security issues, sidewalk invasion problems, and poor planning. Furthermore, most WIs in the literature use objective mesoscale variables to assess walkability in a given area. This paper contributes to filling these gaps by generating new evidence from a medium-sized city in Latin America to question if characteristics of the built environment encourage walking trips, as found in the literature, are transferable among regions. The study also proposes a novel index comprised of microscale and mesoscale built environment variables to assess walkability using virtual tools and considering users’ perceptions. The WI estimation relies on ranking probability models. The results of the case study suggest that subjective Security and Traffic Safety are the most crucial factors influencing walkability in these kind of cities, which is different from what is found in the literature from cities in developed countries where Sidewalk Condition and Attractiveness are the most important factors. Security appeared to be strongly associated with a subjective dimension, represented by the fear of crime or perceived risk for crime, instead of the actual occurrence of crimes. This result evidences the importance of the physical attributes of the real world and how they are captured, judged, and processed by pedestrians. Then, regional transferability of WIs needs to be done carefully. Finally, results in this paper highlight the importance of microscale built environment characteristics in the WI formulation in these cities. Results are in line with other research in some cities of the region, which found that microscale variables such as pavement quality and presence of obstacles on the sidewalks are relevant components to promote walkability.     

Technical and environmental effects of biodiesel use in local public transport

Biodiesel use in local public transport could be especially significant in improving air quality in cities. The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to evaluate the various (10, 20 and 50%) blends of biodiesel with diesel in the context of the engine and pollution aspects. As regards the experimental use of these findings on municipal buses, these experiments were the first reference in Hungary. The ages (15–20 years) and types of buses (Ikarus-280, Ikarus-260) used in the experiments are still common vehicles in Hungarian public transport. During our measurements, there was a significant difference between the change in fuel consumption of articulated and solo buses in traffic when compared to test bench measurements. The proportion of the engine performance reduction is nearly the same as that for biodiesel share in the blends. Most pollutants were decreasing (both at idle and full rpm), but this reduction is not directly proportional to the increase of the blending percentage. However, as for CO₂, emission increase was observed in the case of idle rpm in comparison to normal diesel operation, even though this phenomenon was not due to biodiesel use, but the catalytic converter and the fact that biodiesel was used for the first time in the engine concerned.     

Value of travel time reliability: A review of current evidence

Travel time reliability is a fundamental factor in travel behavior. It represents the temporal uncertainty experienced by travelers in their movement between any two nodes in a network. The importance of the time reliability depends on the penalties incurred by the travelers. In road networks, travelers consider the existence of a trip travel time uncertainty in different choice situations (departure time, route, mode, and others). In this paper, a systematic review of the current state of research in travel time reliability, and more explicitly in the value of travel time reliability is presented. Moreover, a meta-analysis is performed in order to determine the reasons behind the discrepancy among the reliability estimates.     

含蜡热油管道清管过程的卡堵风险分析

现场清管作业时,清管器经常被卡堵,严重时会影响生产.因此,为降低热油管道清管过程中的卡堵风险,根据清管器在含蜡热油管道中的受力情况和运行规律,结合输油管道的现场运行管理经验,分析含蜡热油管道清管过程可能遇到的卡堵,对此提出可靠的应对措施,以杜绝含蜡热油管道周期性清管中各种事故的发生,保证热油管道清管工作的安全进行,为今...     

The role of attitude structures,direct experience and reframing for the success of congestion pricing

Congestion pricing was introduced in Stockholm in 2006, first as a trial followed by a referendum, and permanently from 2007. Public attitudes to the charges became more negative during the period from the decision to the start of the system. Once the trial started, public attitudes became dramatically more positive over the following years, going from 2/3 against the charges to more than 2/3 in favor of the charges. Self-reported changes in behavior and attitudes considerably underestimate actual changes: about 3/4 of the decrease in car trips and more than half of the change in attitudes seem to have gone unnoticed by respondents, ex post. Self-interest and belief in the charges’ effectiveness strongly affect attitudes at any given point in time, but can only explain a minor part of the change in attitudes. I suggest that the debate and the shift in attitudes can be understood as a public and political reframing of the congestion charges over time.     

The growing gap in pedestrian and cyclist fatality rates between the United States and the United Kingdom,Germany, Denmark,and the Netherlands, 1990–2018

ABSTRACT

Using official national data for each country, this article calculates trends in walking and cycling fatalities per capita and per km in the USA, the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark. From 1990 to 2018, pedestrian fatalities per capita fell by 23% in the USA vs. 66%–80% in the other countries; cyclist fatalities per capita fell by 22% in the USA vs. 55%–68% in the other countries. In 2018, pedestrian fatality rates per km in the USA were 5–10 times higher than in the other four countries; cyclist fatality rates per km in the USA were 4–7 times higher. The gap in walking and cycling fatality rates between the USA and the other countries increased over the entire 28-year period, but especially from 2010 to 2018. Over that 8-year period, per-capita fatality rates in the USA rose by 19% for pedestrians and 11% for cyclists; per-km fatality rates rose by 17% for pedestrians and 33% for cyclists. By comparison, fatality rates either fell or remained stable in the four European countries. We reviewed the relevant literature to identify factors that might help explain the much lower walking and cycling fatality rates in Europe compared to the USA. Possible explanatory factors include better walking and cycling infrastructure; lower urban speed limits; fewer vehicle km travelled; smaller and less powerful personal motor vehicles; and better traffic training, testing, and enforcement of traffic regulations. We recommend that the USA consider implementing an integrated package of mutually reinforcing safety measures such as those that have been successfully implemented in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany to reduce pedestrian and cyclist fatality rates.     

Energy use in passenger transport in OECD countries: Changes since 1970

This paper analyzes some of the changes that took place in the structure of energy use for passenger travel in industrialized countries. Data is presented on energy use and travel activity for the four major modes of travel — automobile, bus, rail and air — for eight OECD countries: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Norway. We use the Laspeyres and Divisia indices to analyze the causes of the change in energy use between 1970 and 1987. The total change in energy use for travel is explained by changes in domestic passenger transport volumes, the mix of modes of travel, and the energy intensities of each mode. We have found two important effects that have a fundamental impact on energy use for travel since 1970. First, shifts among modes of transport towards more energy-intensive ones and large increases in volumes of travel (measured in passenger-kilometers) increased energy use for travel in many OECD countries, often more rapidly than the overall growth in GDP. Second, energy intensities, measured in mJ/passenger-kilometer, of passenger transport fell only in a few countries between 1970 and 1987. Even though individual automobiles have become more energy-efficient, greater size, power, and weight, worsening traffic conditions in Japan and Europe, and fewer people in cars restrained or even offset efficiency improvements. Particularly notable are the increases in intensities in Japan and Germany. The most important exception to this trend was the United States, but the intensities of land-based travel remain higher there than in most other countries. These findings lead to a pessimistic outlook for future energy use for travel. After all, if little or no energy was saved during the decades of high fuel prices, what can be expected in the 1990s?     

Storage space allocation in container terminals

Container terminals are essential intermodal interfaces in the global transportation network. Efficient container handling at terminals is important in reducing transportation costs and keeping shipping schedules. In this paper, we study the storage space allocation problem in the storage yards of terminals. This problem is related to all the resources in terminal operations, including quay cranes, yard cranes, storage space, and internal trucks. We solve the problem using a rolling-horizon approach. For each planning horizon, the problem is decomposed into two levels and each level is formulated as a mathematical programming model. At the first level, the total number of containers to be placed in each storage block in each time period of the planning horizon is set to balance two types of workloads among blocks. The second level determines the number of containers associated with each vessel that constitutes the total number of containers in each block in each period, in order to minimize the total distance to transport the containers between their storage blocks and the vessel berthing locations. Numerical runs show that with short computation time the method significantly reduces the workload imbalance in the yard, avoiding possible bottlenecks in terminal operations.