A suggestion of gap flow control devices for the suppression of rudder cavitation

This paper presents the numerical analysis of rudder cavitation in propeller slipstream and the development of a new rudder system aimed for lift augmentation and cavitation suppression. The new rudder system is equipped with cam devices which effectively close the gap between the horn/pintle and movable wing parts. A computational fluid dynamics code that solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations is used to analyze the flow field of various rudder systems in propeller slipstream. The body force momentum source terms that mimic flow field behind a rotating propeller are added in the momentum equations to represent the influence of the propeller and its slipstream. For detailed explication of the new rudder system’s lift augmentation and cavitation suppression mechanism, three-dimensional flow analysis is carried out. Simulations clearly display the mechanism of the lift augmentation and cavitation suppression. The computational results suggest that the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes-based computational fluid dynamics reproduces the flow field around a rudder in propeller slipstream and that the present concept for a cavitation suppressing rudder system is highly feasible and warrant further study for inclusion of the interaction with hull and mechanical design for manufacturing and operations.     

基于CFD方法的6500TEU集装箱船舵空泡腐蚀数值模拟研究

舵的空泡腐蚀研究在船型优化设计和新船型开发中具有重要意义。文章以6 500 TEU集装箱船的NACA0021舵为研究对象,通过对船、桨、舵整体三维建模,运用CFD方法在3D计算域下对舵的非定常空化现象进行数值模拟,得到了与试验比较一致的结果。同时还对改善舵空蚀现象的措施进行了分析。研究表明,通过整体建模的数值模拟方法对舵空泡性能进行预测研究,其结果是合理可信的。     

A simplified non-linear numerical method for the assessment of welding induced deformations

Welding numerical simulation has always been a formidable challenge because of the involved complex phenomena to be modelled. The task is increasingly challenging when multi-runs welding or welding of ships is needed to be modelled. In these cases, the computational effort is so high that solving the problem via computational welding mechanics is impossible so far. Alternatively, different simplified numerical strategies were developed to overcome this issue such as those based on the inherent strain. Unfortunately, such numerical models are rarely able to capture the effects induced by a variation of the welding sequence or clamping conditions since they are solved in the elastic filed; most of them are therefore not useful to the design optimization of a welded assembly. In this scenario, a new approach is proposed to quantify the welding induced deformations that uses virtual elements to model the weld bead in the elastic-plastic filed and auxiliary elements to apply equivalent loads determined by experiments on a single welded joint. A specific inverse analysis algorithm has been developed to use the method. The model was applied to a real welded assembly in which both the welding sequence and clamping condition were varied. In addition, for the numerical validation, a novel registration algorithm has been developed to move from solid geometries to middle plane representations. Numerical results were found in good agreement with those obtained by experiments even when the welding sequence and clamping conditions are changed.     

Numerical study on the gap flow of a semi-spade rudder to reduce gap cavitation

The flow around the gap of a semi-spade rudder was simulated as part of an effort to minimize gap cavitation. Simulations were performed for various devices aimed at controlling the gap flow in two-dimensional and three-dimensional domains using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A significant difference in the pressure field near the gap in two- and three-dimensional computations was found. In particular, the pressure field of the gap, where the local flow is dominant, and that of the main flow from the propeller were compared. Finally, a remedy for the gap cavitation that occurs between the horn and the rudder was introduced.     

舵结构强度及舵杆直径敏感性分析

舵是船舶上一个非常重要的舾装件,在设计过程中一般仅对其结构进行规范计算,但要了解其在舵力作用下的变形和应力范围则需要进行有限元强度计算。同时,舵杆是舵结构中一个重要的组成部分,一般只要求其直径满足规范要求,文章针对舵杆和舵杆承座之间间隙随舵杆直径的变化进行了敏感性分析。     

舵球鳍参数对扭曲舵水动力性能的影响研究

文章对桨后普通舵和扭曲舵的水动力性能进行了试验研究,并采用计算流体力学方法对桨舵系统的水动力性能进行计算,得到了不同进速系数下的推力系数、扭矩系数以及敞水效率,并绘制了敞水性能曲线。通过桨舵模型试验值与计算值的对比,验证了计算方法的可靠性。为了进一步提高扭曲舵的节能效果,在扭曲舵前安装了舵球,优化舵球的半径后在舵球两端安装推力鳍,通过优选推力鳍的各个参数（安装位置、展弦比和安装角）,使桨舵系统的敞水效率逐步提高。确定了舵球鳍的最优参数后,桨—扭曲舵系统的效率进一步提高1.2%。最后通过观察舵表面压力分布、舵附近轴向速度和迹线分布,分析了舵球鳍对桨舵干扰的影响。     

舵杆直径的选择及其与挂舵臂的匹配分析

单舵销半平衡舵的舵杆与挂舵臂的匹配设计需要提取的数据量较大,计算及优化过程也较为复杂。依据该舵系的力学模型所建立的电算方法,对舵杆与挂舵臂的强度匹配及其影响因素作较深入的分析,并从舵系的安装、舵杆的变形等角度提出了对舵杆直径的选择建议,得出的方法和结论可供参考。     

船用舵系三维建模及应用研究

舵是船舶的一个重要构件,它的作用是调整和控制船舶航行的方向。舵结构设计制造的好坏会直接影响船舶性能。本文主要阐述如何进行舵叶的三维建模及生产设计,通过全新的理念解决一些传统手工放样产生的弊端。使用计算机进行三维建模,直观体现现代化造船的优势,和精确制造的蕴涵。通过深入浅出解析生产设计中难点,提供一种的新方法新思路,供大家参考学习。     

应用分区有限体积法数值计算舵粘性水动力

通过数值求解不可压缩粘性流的RANS方程计算均匀来流中的船舵水动力。采用标准的κ-ε湍流模式封闭方程，并用二阶有限体积法在非交错分区贴体网格上对守恒方程进行离散；采用Rhie和Chow的插值方法确定单元面的质量通量，用SIMPLE法求解压力分布，用壁函数法处理壁面边界条件。对一种NACA冀型舵在两种不同雷诺数下大攻角范围的流动进行了计算，得到的舵水动力与试验结果和他人的计算结果进行比较，在舵未达到失速角前吻合良好，而所确定的舵失速角与最大升力值则均偏小。失速角后舵背流面的流动分离点也能捕捉到。最后分析了雷诺数对舵水动力的影响。     

复合材料舵水动力载荷等效施加方法及试验研究

针对复合材料舵水动力载荷的等效施加方法及可行性进行了理论和试验研究。以复合材料双支承舵、悬挂舵为研究对象,以舵叶载荷特性及变形特征为依据,提出了两型舵叶的水动力载荷试验等效施加方法,即双支承舵采用单面多块、悬挂舵采用单面单块加载;并通过有限元仿真分析,分别对两型舵叶在等效载荷与实际载荷作用下的位移、应力分布规律进行对比,验证了载荷等效方法的合理性;进而,制作复合材料悬挂舵模型,并开展了等效载荷下舵叶静强度、刚度特性试验研究,对等效载荷施加方法的可行性进行了验证。     

Bi-fidelity Kriging model for reliability analysis of the ultimate strength of stiffened panels

A method based on a Bi-fidelity Kriging model is proposed for structural reliability analysis. It is based on adding low-fidelity data samples to the model to predict high-fidelity values, thus saving computational effort. Distance Correlation develops the correlation between the low and high-fidelity functions, initially proposed to assess the correlation between two variables. The bi-fidelity Kriging response surface model's efficiency as a surrogate model will be assessed for structural reliability problems that demand high computational costs, such as nonlinear finite element analysis structural models. The efficiency assessment is performed by comparing the accuracy of the failure probability predictions based on the Subset Simulation and First-order reliability method using the Bi-fidelity Kriging model as a surrogate for the performance function. The idea is illustrated by considering a representative component of marine structures analyzed by finite element analysis to create bi-fidelity scenarios to assess structural reliability with many variables. The results show that the proposed multi-fidelity method can provide an accurate failure probability estimation with less computational cost.     

Two- and three-dimensional hydroelastic modelling of a bulker in regular waves

The relatively high rates of bulk carrier casualties in recent years, as well as structural features such as large deck openings, make this vessel type a suitable example for investigating the influence of hydroelastic modelling on predicting wave-induced loads and responses. Two- and three-dimensional fluid–flexible structure interaction models, due to their different degree of complexity and associated data requirements, can be used at different stages of the design process when estimating wave-induced loads, namely preliminary and detailed design stages, respectively.

In this paper, therefore, two- and three-dimensional hydroelasticity theories are applied to predict and compare the dynamic behaviour of a bulk carrier hull, based on OBO MV Derbyshire, in waves. Both symmetric and antisymmetric motions and distortions are incorporated in these investigations. The three-dimensional structural model consists entirely of shell finite elements, representing all major external and internal structural components, whilst the two-dimensional model is generated using Timoshenko beam finite element and finite difference discretisations. Issues relevant to the structural modelling stage, for both idealisations, are discussed. The in vacuo dynamic characteristics are compared for all models, with particular emphasis on the influence of hatch openings, shear centre and warping on the antisymmetric dynamics of the structure. For the wet analysis the fluid–flexible structure interaction is carried out using two-dimensional (Timoshenko beam and strip theory) and three-dimensional (beam and shell finite element idealisations combined with potential flow analysis based on pulsating source distribution over the mean wetted surface) analyses. Comparisons are made between steady-state responses predicted by two- and three-dimensional models in bow quartering regular waves.

It is shown that whereas the predicted symmetric dynamic responses obtained from two- and three-dimensional models are in good agreement, differences are observed for the antisymmetric dynamic characteristics. It is thought that this may be due to inadequacies in the beam models employed when simulating the global dynamic behaviour of this highly non-prismatic hull girder whilst allowing for the effects of warping.     

支持向量机和遗传算法组合策略的VLCC船中结构优化设计(英文)

In this paper a hybrid process of modeling and optimization,which integrates a support vector machine(SVM) and genetic algorithm(GA),was introduced to reduce the high time cost in structural optimization of ships.SVM,which is rooted in statistical learning theory and an approximate implementation of the method of structural risk minimization,can provide a good generalization performance in metamodeling the input-output relationship of real problems and consequently cuts down on high time cost in the analysis of real problems,such as FEM analysis.The GA,as a powerful optimization technique,possesses remarkable advantages for the problems that can hardly be optimized with common gradient-based optimization methods,which makes it suitable for optimizing models built by SVM.Based on the SVM-GA strategy,optimization of structural scantlings in the midship of a very large crude carrier(VLCC) ship was carried out according to the direct strength assessment method in common structural rules(CSR),which eventually demonstrates the high efficiency of SVM-GA in optimizing the ship structural scantlings under heavy computational complexity.The time cost of this optimization with SVM-GA has been sharply reduced,many more loops have been processed within a small amount of time and the design has been improved remarkably.     

悬挂舵舵叶分体制造工艺研究

为了有效解决悬挂舵舵叶在整体制作加工过程中遇到的加工车间吊装能力不足、需要大型加工机床等问题,对比在分体制作和整体制作过程中不同的工艺过程,综合分析了悬挂舵舵叶的舵杆承座部分在机加工时可能遇到的问题及解决方法,阐述了悬挂舵舵叶分体制作相对于整体制作的优点及其研配加工的工艺过程。     

大型船舶挂舵臂设计研究

对挂舵臂的作用和结构形式进行介绍;对挂舵臂的受力情况进行分析,给出各力的分量计算公式。以某32万吨级超大型油船(VLCC)为例,对挂舵臂的弯曲、剪切、扭转和等效强度进行演算。对铸钢件挂舵臂的材料和热处理的相关要求进行阐述,并对铸钢件无损探伤方法进行分析,绘制挂舵臂无损探伤位置图。此外,对挂舵臂的结构连续性、焊接及加工圆角进行研究。研究得出:挂舵臂设计前,首先要弄清挂舵臂与舵的连接形式,建立合适的力学模型计算挂舵臂受到的弯矩、剪力和扭矩,再按规范校核强度;如果挂舵臂是由铸钢材料制成的,还须特别关注铸钢材料的质量控制和焊接的特殊要求。     

Development of Green-Naghdi models with a wave-absorbing beach for nonlinear, irregular wave propagation

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional Green-Naghdi (GN) models equipped with a numerical wave-absorbing beach have been developed to simulate nonlinear, regular, and irregular wave propagation. The numerical beach is introduced near the downstream boundary to absorb outgoing waves. An appropriate amount of numerical damping and an appropriate length of numerical beach are investigated using numerical experiments. The results show that the GN models with a numerical beach work very well in simulating wave propagation in water in a small computational domain.     

Parametric roll mitigation using rudder control

Severe roll angles can be developed by parametric excitation in relatively moderate weather without any apparent pre-warning for the crew onboard. In this study the prospect of using rudder control to mitigate parametric roll was investigated using multi-degree of freedom simulations. A typical modern Pure Car and Truck Carrier was considered and modelled by coupling a roll model with a planar motion manoeuvring model. The combined model was calibrated using in-service, full-scale trials and model tests. Irregular variations of the metacentric height were applied to simulate recorded, full-scale events of parametric roll that have occurred with the considered design. These simulations with rudder roll control showed promising results and demonstrate that the approach could be very efficient for mitigation of parametric roll.     

波浪与水囊潜堤相互作用的数值模拟

基于黏性流体力学理论构建波浪与水囊潜堤相互作用的计算流体力学数值模型.利用高阶差分方法求解纳维斯托克斯方程,采用有限元方法求解结构动力学方程,采用虚拟单元浸入边界法实现流体和固体求解器的高精度耦合求解.通过流体体积方法实现界面重构,与试验结果比较验证模型的有效性.对规则波与不同充盈水囊潜堤相互作用进行数值模拟,寻找合适...