Accident cost saving and highway attributes

Two semi-logarithmic regression models are developed to estimate accident rates and accident costs, respectively, for rural non-interstate highways in the state of Iowa. Data on 21,224 accidents occurring between 1989 and 1991 on 17,767 road segments are used in the analysis. Seven road attributes of these road segments are included as predictor variables. Applying the resulting regression models to a rather typical highway upgrade situation, the present value of the accident cost saving is computed. The sensitivity of the estimated cost saving to values for fatal, personal injury, and property damage only accidents is tested.Because factors other than road characteristics greatly influence accident costs, the models developed in this research explain a limited amount of the variance in these costs among road segments. Results of the analysis indicate that the most important attribute associated with accident costs is average daily traffic per lane, followed by conditions requiring passing restrictions and the sharpness of curves. Varying the values for the three categories of accidents shows that results are far more sensitive to the value of personal injuries than fatalities. The feasibility of using predictive models of accident costs in benefit-cost analyses of highway investments is demonstrated.     

农村公路的建设与设计

通过农村公路建设原则,提出了农村公路网建设要重实用、重排水、重防护的设计要点。     

Traffic engineering and the new German highway capacity manual

Traffic engineering in Germany has a long tradition. The standards for practical application, however, are distributed among a variety of guidelines. These, in many cases, are not up to date. Therefore, in practice, more recent research results are applied by traffic authorities and consultants. To improve this practical application on a more sophisticated background, a manual for traffic quality and capacity on streets and highways is intended to be prepared. A first draft has been worked out by a university institute and is to be published in 1994. This article presents the background for the chapter on highway sections and motorway interchanges for signalized and unsignalized intersections. Pedestrian and public transit facilities are mentioned as well. Special attention is drawn to the most recent research results which are included in the manual. These are delays at intersections under nonstationary conditions, including queue length and distributions (e.g. 95-percentile queue length). For motorways, the lack of a general speed limit in Germany has important impacts on determining measures of effectiveness.     

Comparisons of the environmental footprint of heavy vehicles in the UK and Switzerland

The European Union project Eureka Logchain Footprint is an ongoing project to identify road and rail vehicles by means of their environmental footprint as characterised by dynamic load, noise, ground borne vibrations and gaseous emissions induced by the vehicle. Part of the project involves the installation of road and rail footprint monitoring stations throughout Europe. This paper presents results of the road stations in Switzerland and the UK. Individual vehicle data from weigh-in-motion and noise are compared. The results indicate that a significant number of vehicles surpass the limits set in both countries. It was shown that the UK sites are generating higher noise levels than their Swiss counterparts; in part due to the much coarser aggregate embedded in the running course of the pavement employed in the UK. Such data can be used to create an incentive for vehicle types with a low footprint and a penalty for vehicles with a large footprint.     

Morphological approach to metropolitan highway systems analysis,planning, and policy design

Morphology is the subject matter of study in physical and biological sciences. A few attempts have been made to apply the biologists’ and paleontologists’ morphological study model known as allometry to social sciences fields and urbanization dynamics. However in social and sociocultural situations all forms are changeable by volition and policy, as opposed to being the result of fixed information which is stored in the genes. In studying metropolitan areas it is advantageous to regard the allometric relations as merely morphological relations indicating norms by which the components of the system change in relation to the change of the whole system. The morphological analysis approach for a metropolitan highway system has been formulated by utilizing relations defined in the Tri‐State metropolitan area (Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York). The study demonstrates that this approach is suitable for highway network planning and comprehensive policy design.     

The relationship among highway geometrics,traffic-related elements and motor-vehicle accident frequencies

This research provides a demonstration of a statistical model of accident frequency that can eventually be used as part of a proactive program to allocate safety-related highway improvement funds. Negative binomial regressions of annual accident frequency on sections of principal arterials in Washington State were estimated using data from two years (1992 and 1993). In all, 31306 observations were used in model estimation (annual accident frequencies on specific sections of highway). Our estimation results isolated the effects of various highway geometric and traffic characteristics on annual accident frequency. Subsequent elasticity computations identified the relative importance of the variables included in our specifications. The findings show that the negative binomial regression used in this paper is a powerful predictive tool and one that should be increasingly applied in future accident frequency studies.     

Superpave设计方法在榆(林)靖(边)高速公路中的应用

针对榆靖沙漠高速公路气候特点,采用Su-perpave设计方法对沥青混合料进行设计,对试验路压实度、构造深度、路面弯沉、裂缝等质量控制指标进行测试,分析结果表明Superpave沥青混凝土路面具有优良的路用性能,所采用的材料组成设计方法在沙漠地区地区具有广泛的应用前景。     

公路网规划环境影响评价内容、程序和方法体系研究

在总结研究目前国内已有公路网规划环境影响评价工作的基础上,根据规划环境评价的目标要求和公路网规划的实际,提出了包括内容、程序和方法等的公路网规划环境影响评价体系,提高现有公路网规划环境评价能力和未来公路网规划环境评价质量。     

论高速公路边坡水土保持植物防护设计

通过对高速公路边坡水土保持的研究,主要论述边坡水土保持植物防护设计的应用,从高速公路水路流失的特点出发,指出边坡为公路水土流失重灾区。进行植物防护设计不仅能够达到防护效果,还有利于恢复植被,改善生态环境,有效地防止水土流失,并介绍了高速公路边坡水土流失植物防护技术设计原则。最后通过实践分析,对植物防护做出具体设计,为今后同类工程的水土保持措施布局提供参考和借鉴。     

特长公路隧道通风设计若干问题与对策

目前,我国在特长公路隧道的通风设计中,在隧道自然风阻力计算、根据稀释烟雾计算隧道需风量、送排式通风系统中“不应有短道回流”和通风斜井倾角选用等方面存在一定的问题。文章在对问题进行分析论证的基础上提出:(1)隧道自然风阻力应由自然风等效压差确定,在缺少工程实地观测资料的情况下,假定隧道自然风阻力为常量,并在10~30 Pa之间取值;(2)依据稀释烟雾计算隧道需风量时,在公式中应引入烟雾的质量浓度或烟雾的体积浓度,并用其替代公式中的一般烟雾浓度;(3)竖井送排式通风系统中宜变短道顺流为有控制的回流;(4)隧道通风斜井的倾角不要受矿山常用的斜井倾角的限制,应视隧道的具体工程条件灵活取用。     

Cost allocation by uniform traffic removal— Theoretical discussion and example highway cost applications

We propose four properties for equitable roadway cost allocations: (a) allocated costs should be based on full cost recovery, (b) allocated costs must be non-negative for any traveler group, (c) cost allocations should be additive, and (d) cost allocations should be consistent where equivalency factors among traffic categories exist. For cases with well-behaved cost functions, the uniform traffic removal technique discussed here uniquely satisfies these four properties and should be used whenever the four allocation properties are desired. Example applications as well as cases in which cost functions are not well behaved are discussed.     

山区高速公路常规桥梁设计要点分析

根据山区高速公路常规桥梁特点,提出了桥型方案的选择方法及设计原则,阐述了桥梁结构的设计要点。     

重视环保工作在公路建设中的地位及作用

通过公路工程施工中应当注意的环境保护问题,明确提出了环保工作在施工建设过程中的地位作用和注意事项。     

Feebates, footprints and highway safety

This paper presents an analysis of a market-based policy aimed at encouraging manufacturers to develop more fuel efficient vehicles without affecting the car buyer’s choice of vehicle size. A vehicle’s size is measured by its “footprint”, the product of track width and wheelbase. Traditional market-based policies to promote higher fuel economy, such as higher gasoline taxes or gas guzzler taxes, also induce motorists to purchase smaller vehicles. Whether or not such policies affect overall road safety remains controversial, however. Feebates, a continuous schedule of new vehicle taxes and rebates as a function of vehicle fuel consumption, can also be made a function of vehicle size, thus removing the incentive to buy a smaller vehicle. A feebate system based on a vehicle’s footprint creates the same incentive to adopt technology to improve fuel economy as simple feebate systems while removing any incentive for manufacturers or consumers to downsize vehicles.     

High speed rail market projection: Survey design and analysis

This paper summarises work done to assess the market potential and likely financial performance of a planned high-speed rail link connecting Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne, under a variety of scenarios concerning the services offered and the possible market responses of the competing transport modes in the corridor. In the Australian context, such a link has the characteristics of an essentially new transport mode since existing rail services are extremely poorly developed. The expectation was that generated demand could be a substantial part of the overall ridership. A programme of market research was commissioned by the private consortium considering the project, designed to support forecasting models capable of predicting both diverted and generated travel on the new service. A major survey of current travellers was conducted in 1988, followed by an extensive collection of stated preference evidence about the factors affecting the travel decisions of both existing travellers and those who had not recently made any journeys in the corridor. The paper focuses mainly on the design and organisation of the surveys, on the analysis approach, and on the methods used to generate forecasts for simulated populations and scenarios.     

公路隧道通风计算中交通量的研究

通过对公路隧道通风计算中的风量平衡以及风压平衡方程的分析,针对交通量以及交通组成的不断变化,提出了交通量的可行性线性解的计算方法,可为公路隧道通风计算中风机的选型及风机的配置提供可靠的依据,同时也可为隧道建成后的风机控制提供参考.     

公路工程主体设计应考虑的环保措施

本文通过公路工程主体设计时对生态环境、水环境、声环境、空气环境以及社会环境等相关环保措施的系统阐述,初步对目前公路工程建设中主体设计时所采用的环保措施进行初步的探讨,为相关技术人员进行工程设计时提供相应的参考。     

公路服务区污水处理系统优化设计研究

在服务区污水处理日益发展的同时,发现目前仍存在处理规模设计不合理和初期启动调试滞后等实际问题。本研究从污水处理量设计原理出发,首次将服务区车辆驶入率引入污水规模设计,更加科学合理,能保证服务区产生的污水全部净化,不会造成基建及设备投资浪费。提出的低水位双泵三相控制进水提升系统,是一种污水处理系统快速启动的安全实效方法,能极大地缩短系统启动调试时间,同时具有快速导排暴雨径流的功能。上述两种方法在江西某服务区进行了实际应用,取得了良好的效果,为服务区污水处理系统优化设计提供了理论支撑和实践经验。     

实例演示通风网络理论在公路隧道运营通风设计中的应用

将通风网络理论运用在公路隧道运营通风设计中,是研究公路隧道运营通风的一种新方法;同时解决了在多通路隧道、长大隧道中运营通风的宏观控制问题.     

地质勘察是公路设计和确保工程质量的重要前提

地质勘察是公路设计和确保工程质量的重要前提。依据在高速公路的勘察、设计经验,对公路工程地质勘察的主要内容和重要性进行了分析和探讨。