油轮和干散货市场未来运价分析

未来而言，考虑到供求因素，我们认为油轮市场2007年～2008年均将出现同比下滑，但下跌幅度有限。从2009年开始，单壳船的逐渐拆解将支持运价回升，同时，我们预计2007年下半年的油轮运价有望出现季节性反弹；对于干散货市场，基于目前的订单量以及相对较老的运力结构，我们认为2007年～2009年的供求状况将使得运价维持高位，但在2007年，由于一些需求的结构性因素使得BDI指数一路创新高，保守估计，若这些结构性因素在2008年得到缓和，可能会导致2008年运价相比2007年略微回落。     

Seasonality patterns in the container shipping freight rate market

Shipping indexes have attracted many researchers because they reflect the overall trend of corresponding seaborne markets and can provide implications for the future. Apart from the Baltic Dry Bulk Index (BDI) and correlated indices, the China Containerized Freight Index (CCFI) has been gaining more attention. As a country with large-scale manufacturing, China is an important exporting country and the CCFI was chosen to reflect the container shipping market because the data are more convincing and representative. There have been no systematic attempts to understand the seasonality patterns of container freights. Seasonality patterns reveal the regular fluctuation patterns within a 1-year period. They exist in time series, which are observed more than once a year, like the CCFI. To investigate the nature of seasonality (stochastic and/or deterministic) in container freight rates across different line services, we analyze the CCFI. This paper uses the HEGY method and Monte Carlo method comprehensively to figure out the small sample problem. In addition, seasonal dummy variables are used to test deterministic seasonality. Except for the Japan service series, which contains a half-year unit root, the other container freight rates seem to only involve a non-seasonal unit root at the zero frequency. Deterministic seasonality exists in all the line service series. Furthermore, the seasonality depends on the balance between supply and demand. Under this premise, the seasonal law of freight rates is much obvious.     

香港货运市场前景乐观

众所周知,香港是全球知名的自由港,有19条国际航线联系着全球100多个国家的460多个港口,每星期有超过400货柜船航班,配合高效率的货柜码头、简易的报关程序和灵活的国际贸易结算,吸引300多家国际航运公司选择香港作为中途挂靠港及区域管理中心.     

Evaluation of risk attitude in the shipping freight market under uncertainty

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to examine how market participants take risks, in other words, what their risk attitude/preference is, and how their risk attitude could be related to the shipping freight and other markets. To address them, we calibrated the risk attitude of participants in shipping freight markets from 2007 to 2013, and provided an example of the application of risk attitude. For market participants, risk attitude/preference has an important role in understanding shipping freight markets and managing risks under uncertainty. However, risk attitude is not directly observable. To achieve this, we applied a framework that consists of structural model and calibration with market data. We interpreted risk attitude and confirmed that a structural break occurred around 2008 for the calibrated risk attitude parameter. The average risk attitude of market participants tended to be more risk-averse after 2010. We conducted an additional analysis to provide an example of the application of calibrated risk attitude, using structural equation modeling to calculate a latent variable that reflected other commodity markets. We compared the risk attitude parameter and the latent variable, and clarified the relationship between the risk attitude parameter and commodity markets.     

An analysis of freight rate volatility in dry bulk shipping markets

The world bulk shipping market has been in a peak period since 2003, and this has lasted an incredibly long time considering that the markets are much more complex than before. This paper investigates the characteristics of volatility in dry bulk freight rates of different vessel sizes (capesize, panamax and handysize). The daily returns of freight rate indices of three different types of bulk vessel in the sample period have been examined. The sample period ran from 1 March 1999 to 23 December 2005, and applying the GARCH (generalized auto regressive conditional heteroskedasticity) model showed that the shocks will not decrease but have the tendency to strengthen for all the daily return series. Further, external shocks on the market have a different magnitude of influence on volatility in different types of vessels due to their distinct flexibility. To examine the asymmetric characters of daily return volatility in different bulk shipping sectors and different market conditions, the sample was divided into two periods: one is from 1 March 1999 to 31 December 2002, the other is from 1 January 2003 to 23 December 2005; the EGARCH (exponential generalized auto regressive conditional heteroskedasticity) model was then applied to investigate the asymmetric impact between past innovations and current volatility. The results show that the asymmetric characters are distinct for different vessel size segments and different market conditions. The reasons for the results are discussed and it is considered that the main reasons may be the different flexibility and different commodity transport on different routes. The results from this investigation will be useful for the operators and investors in the dry bulk shipping market to increase profitability and reduce investment risk.     

海运运费衍生品市场发展现状与展望

海运运费衍生品市场中先后涌现多种运费衍生品,为航运企业提供了有效规避运费风险的工具。阐述海运运费衍生品市场的发展现状、阶段性特点以及未来的发展趋势。     

A static theory of dry bulk freight rates by route

Trade flows subjected to a major upheaval are followed by a reorganized freight rate structure. Rate functions developed under the old regime are unlikely to perform well because they are implicitly based on the circulation of tonnage which no longer applies, for example fronthauls and backhauls. A gravity-type static model capable of estimating route-specific rate levels from trade matrix data is developed and tested with historical data. The rates are in index form which makes it possible to integrate data from several ship size segments (large capesize, small capesize, panamax, handysize) and years.     

干散货航运市场的过去和未来

过去鲜为人知的BDI这个词,如今已经成为经济学界耳熟能详的热门词,可见干散货航运市场的影响已超出了航运界本身。去年下半年以来,干散货航运业出现了单边下滑,并成为实体经济中最大的重灾区。不少业内外人士都把BDI的大幅下滑主要归因于金融危机,认为都是“海啸”惹的祸。其实并不尽然。     

国际干散货运输市场评述

6月末,波罗的海干散货运价指数(BDI)报收于6278点,环比上涨255点,月涨幅为4.23%。其中,巴拿马型船运价指数(BPI)报收于6426点,环比上涨80点,月涨幅为14.73%。海岬型船运价指数(BCI)报收于8643点,环     

散货船建造市场评述

航运市场的火爆带动了新造船市场的活跃。最近两个月．散货船市场表现依然抢眼，船价屡创新高。     

国际干散货航运市场回顾与展望

自2003年10月份以来,国际干散货航运市场表现十分强劲,但从2005年的BDI指数走势来看,这种高景气度已有明显的见顶迹象,对于国际干散货航运市场能否持续高涨的行情,说法众多不一。首先对国际干散货航运市场进行回顾,并针对与干散货航运市场关系密切的世界经济以及国际干散货航运市场供需两方面进行分析,最后对2006年国际干散货航运市场的发展加以展望。     

Predictability of the dry bulk shipping market by BIFFEX

When BIFFEX (Baltic International Freight Futures Exchange) came ijnto existence in 1985, many critics were perssimistic that it would have a successful future. In spite of the eight year's surival of BIFFEX, a recent empirical study shows that BIFFEX is not widely used a s a hedging tool ijn the shipping community, unlike the expectations and recommendations of many experts. one reason could be that BIFFEX may not be considered peredictive of the physical market and, therefore, investors might be suspicious of the hedging effect. The objective of this paper is to test this argument by exdamining the predicatability of BIFFEX in the dry bulk shipping market up to six months. Prior to the real situation, the explainable power ranges from 90% in a one-month advance to 23% in a six-month advance.     

国际干散货运输市场走势

经过前期的突飞猛进后,3月份的国际干散货运输市场显著回调,到4月份,新财政年度来临,南美谷物季节开始,市场也未见大的起色,加之4月中旬西方复活节到来,整个市场基调笼罩在一片沉闷气氛当中,波罗的海综合运价指数BDI在3月25日跌破5000点大关,4月8日报收于4566点,创下今年新低.     

2008年国际干散货海运市场回顾

2008年对于所有航运从业者来说都是刻骨铭心的.受美国金融海啸冲击影响,全球航运业率先于其他行业出现下滑,市场低迷程度前所未有,干散货航运市场的惨烈程度超出所有人预期。反映国际干散货航运市场运行水平的波罗的海干散货运价指数（BDI）,2008年5月29日最高达到11793点,2008年12月5日最低跌到663点,半年时间跌幅达94．4％,是当前任何行业均未遭遇过的。     

2008年国际干散货运输市场展望

2007年是干散货市场的特殊年份,呈现出需求火暴、里程延长、压港严重和FFA市场过度炒作等特点,诸多因素导致干散货市场波动剧烈。2008年船舶严重压港和海运里程延长等支持市场强劲的因素依然会有明显体现,干散货市场仍处于需大于供的强势中。但美国次贷危机、中国宏观调控、远期运力大量交付压力、投机资本炒作干散货FFA的力度和方向等因素都会在一定程度上影响市场走势,市场的波动将更加剧烈。     

2007年国际干散货运输市场预测

2006年的国际干散货运输市场呈现出前低后高、波动加大、投机日盛、心态走强、倒挂明显等特点,特别是投机炒作和心理预期使市场受到更多人为因素的影响。这种市场的新变化让很多年初预测悲观的机构大跌眼镜,也让很多船东痛失良机,充分说明当今的干散货运输市场影响因素众多,形势复杂。2007年已经到来,国际干散货运输市场出现的这些新变化将会继续影响市场走势,但是决定市场走势的根本仍是供需关系。从宏观环境、钢材生产、货运需求、运力供给等几个方面预测分析2007年国际干散货运输市场走势。     

An analysis of efficiency of the bulk shipping markets

This article discusses the market efficiency of bulk shipping fleets in both the short and long term perspectives. In the short term it demonstrates that shipowners are profit maximizers and that freight rates are equal to marginal cost, that evidencing allocative efficiency of resources. It assumes that the market is differentiated but the intra-marginal substitution takes place. While it is shown that the marginal cost functions of individual vessels, which are aggregated to provide the market supply schedule, are only unique for a specific voyage, provided the general pattern of trade remains more or less constant the supply function is likely to be relatively insensitive to individual changes in ships' MCs. In the long term it is argued that the market is far less efficient with many factors combining to prevent accurate matching of supply and demand for any but for a very short period of time. In recent years supply has exceeded demand by a considerable amount and it is concluded that finance for ships should be provided primarily from shipowners' accumulated reserves and that loan capital should finance a much smaller proportion of the costs of independent tonnage.     

2006年国际干散货运输市场走势预测

2005年国际干散货运输市场总体表现为前高后低、中间大幅调整、波动剧烈等特征。对于2006年的市场走势,业界已达成调整下降的共识,但调整的幅度、下降的速度观点不一。通过宏观和微观两个方面分析世界和中国经济的发展、钢铁业的走势、需求与供给、市场面临的风险,综合预测2006年国际干散货运输市场的走势。     

航运市场周期理论与当今干散货航运市场变化

2008年,国际干散货航运市场遭遇前所未有的“跳水式”下跌。波罗的海航运交易所干散货运价指数（BDI）从2008年5月20日的11793点跌至2008年12月5日的663点,6．5个月内下降率达94％。许多航运界人士从2002年下半年开始的干散货航运市场持续上升的“好梦”中惊醒。虽然在这期间市场也有过几次波动,但一直到2008年下半年,运价一直在高水平基础上呈持续上升趋势,其上升幅度之大、持续时间之长几乎是史无前例酌．     

Conditional modelling of tanker market risk using route specific freight rates

This paper provides statistical evidence in support of the view, widely held in the tanker industry, that there are systematic differences in the degree of risk involved in investing in tankers of different sizes, and in operating tankers in spot and time charter markets. The industry view, broadly supported by the results of this paper, is that larger vessels are 'risker' assets than smaller vessels, and operating vessels in the time-charter market is less risky than employing them on a spot basis. The results are obtained by using a method derived from the financial economics literature, which models both the conditional mean and variance of a variable, known as GARCH modelling. Only one other paper has applied this method to the tanker market, and these results provide confirmatory support of those findings.