油船实际装载操作中应校核极限强度

由于船体梁极限强度校核值不需要经船级社认可批准,不必纳入装载手册,仅需在设计阶段进行校核。实际设计工作中设计者会根据各自的需要和经验在结构吃水从出港到到港全程设计不同的中间状态,产生不同的实际操作最大静水弯矩值,供设计阶段校核船体梁极限强度的实际操作最大静水弯矩包络值值不且唯一性。文章以某实船为例进行计算分析,发现中间装载过程对弯矩包络值影响较大,不同的中间过程会产生不同的弯矩包络值,若以其中某组较小包络值作为设计阶段船体梁极限强度校核值,同时在船舶营运实际操作中又不对此船体梁极限强度进行校核,会给实际营运的的船舶带来安全隐患。为防止出现这一问题,建议将船体梁极限强度校核值作为强度衡准放入完工装载手册用以指导船长实际操作,确保所有实际操作状态的弯矩不得超过船体梁极限强度校核值。     

环境烈度因子在FPSO船体梁强度评估中的应用

由于作业方式不同,用于计算FPSO与不限定航线条件下船舶设计载荷的规范计算公式不一样,如何将现有的关于普通海船的规范用于FPSO的设计评估是FPSO研究中的关键问题。基于现有常规钢质海船规范,文章采用环境烈度因子(ESF)对用于计算运营于无限航区船舶设计载荷的规范公式进行修正,将修正后的公式作为FPSO设计载荷的计算公式。利用所得FPSO载荷计算公式计算某30万吨FPSO设计载荷,并采用薄壁梁理论对船体梁强度进行校核。将校核结果与未经ESF修正的船体梁校核结果进行比较,发现未经ESF修正的船体梁校核结果明显偏大。同时,采用薄壁梁理论进行船体梁剪切强度评估,可以避免建立全船有限元模型。     

基于船体极限强度和碰撞剩余强度的HCSR对比分析

2013版HCSR对极限强度和船体梁载荷计算的诸多安全系数和公式做出了新的修正。第五章船体梁强度新增加针对船体梁剩余强度的计算和校核。本文基于Smith法,根据2013版HCSR中船体梁载荷计算公式和极限强度计算流程的规定,考虑材料屈服、结构单元屈曲及后屈曲的特性,应用Fortran程序设计语言编写船体极限强度计算程序,以某76 000 t散货船为例,对完整船体的极限强度进行计算,对碰撞状态下破损船体的剩余强度进行计算并校核承载能力。通过对比ABS和DNV规范中的碰撞模型,2013版HCSR指定的剩余强度校核公式及船体梁载荷计算公式中选取的校核公式更严格。     

大型舰船坐坞强度衡准与计算方法

墩木的合理布置对保证大型水面舰船在船坞建造和进出坞过程中的安全至关重要,而国内现有舰船规范不适用于船长大于160m的舰船的坐坞强度校核。为此首先分析了现有的坐坞强度计算规范和校核衡准,然后提出了新的适用于大型水面舰船的坐坞强度衡准与基于船体梁有限元模型的计算方法,最后对一船长接近200m的舰船在坐坞状态下的船体结构强度与墩木强度进行了分析,结果表明提出的强度衡准与计算方法是合理的。     

环境烈度因子在FPSO船体梁强度评估中的应用

由于作业方式不同,用于计算FPSO与不限定航线条件下船舶设计载荷的规范计算公式不一样,如何将现有的关于普通海船的规范用于FPSO的设计评估是FPSO研究中的关键问题.基于现有常规钢质海船规范,文章采用环境烈度因子(ESF)对用于计算运营于无限航区船舶设计载荷的规范公式进行修正,将修正后的公式作为FPSO设计载荷的计算公式.利用所得FPSO载荷计算公式计算某30万吨FPSO设计载荷,并采用薄壁梁理论对船体梁强度进行校核.将校核结果与未经ESF修正的船体梁校核结果进行比较,发现未经ESF修正的船体梁校核结果明显偏大.同时,采用薄壁梁理论进行船体梁剪切强度评估,可以避免建立全船有限元模型.     

“木兰”船体分段拖航过程中折断事故分析

以"木兰"船体分段拖航折断事故为工程案例,分别采用许用应力设计法、极限状态设计法两种分析方法对该船体梁强度进行校核,分析舱室进水对设计载荷的影响。结果表明:基于有限元的极限状态分析方法能够准确地得到结构极限承载能力,其损伤模式及过程与事故吻合较好,是可靠的事故分析方法。该船体分段在6级风浪载荷下的极限强度满足规范要求,但舱室进水严重恶化了中垂情况下船体梁的受力状态,最终导致了船体中垂折断事故的发生。     

船体梁结构强度的非线性有限元分析

对于船体梁结构强度研究采用传统方法分析结果精准度较低,为了解决该问题,提出了基于显式的非线性有限元分析。采用模拟箱型梁边界条件作为边界研究基础,根据船体梁结构受到载荷作用材料易变形性质,对不同条件下的结构稳定情况展开分析,获取边界条件是自由支持的特征信息。利用动态分析方法模拟静力加载过程,并使用显式算法进行求解。在时间上显式船体梁结构前推速度和位移,添加100 N集中力作为参考载荷,引入一阶屈曲模态作为初始扰动,进行非线性极限强度分析,由此获取压杆所能承受最大临界值,完成对船体梁结构强度的非线性有限元分析。通过实验对比结果可知,该方法比传统方法分析结果精准度高,为船舶结构设计提供参考。     

散货船隔舱重载下极限强度简易计算方法研究

散货船在装载矿石等重货时,通常只装载在奇数货舱内,这就是所谓的隔舱重载工况。在这种工况下,中间舱的双层底结构除受到总纵弯曲作用外,还会受到邻舱重货引起的局部弯曲作用,而且该局部弯曲的作用会降低中拱状态下船体梁的极限强度。文章提出了一种简易计算方法,顶边舱结构和底边舱结构可以看作两根梁,双层底结构可视作正交异性板,运用双梁理论和正交异性板理论可推导出局部弯曲的影响。然后,考虑该局部弯曲的作用,用Smith法计算船体梁的极限强度。最后,将文中方法计算的结果与FEM结果进行比较,并对结果进行了分析。     

不对称船体结构总纵强度计算方法及影响分析

传统的船体结构总纵强度梁理论计算一般是基于对称的船体横剖面,文中提出了不对称船体结构梁理论弯曲正应力的计算方法,并选取样船作为算例,结合有限元计算进行弯曲正应力对比分析,验证梁理论计算的准确性。同时对比将不对称结构视为对称结构时的梁理论计算总纵弯曲正应力,提出不对称结构对总纵强度的影响。     

船体梁弯曲承载力的极限状态仿真分析

利用传统分析方法对船体梁弯曲承载力的极限状态进行分析,存在着分析准确率低,效率低的问题。针对上述问题,提出一种极限状态的仿真分析方法。首先从船体梁结构单元和材料属性构建船体梁极限状态仿真模型,在此基础上计算船体梁弯曲承载力的极限强度,得出分析结果。实验结果表明:与传统的极限状态分析方法相比,利用仿真分析方法对船体梁弯曲承载力的极限状态进行分析,平均误差值低22.1。     

Ultimate strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads,Part 2: An extension of Smith's method

This paper is the second of two companion papers concerning the ultimate hull girder strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads. The nonlinear finite element analysis in Part 1 has shown that local bending deformation of a double bottom due to bottom lateral loads significantly decreases the ultimate hogging strength of container ships. In this Part 2, extending Smith's method for pure bending collapse analysis of a ship's hull girder, a simplified method of progressive collapse analysis of ultimate hogging strength of container ships considering bottom local loads is developed. The double bottom is idealized as a plane grillage and the rest part of the cross section as a prismatic beam. An average stress-average strain relationship of plate/stiffened plate elements employed in Smith's method is transformed into an average stress-average plastic strain relationship, and implemented in the conventional beam finite element as a pseudo strain hardening/softening behaviors. The extended Smith's method is validated through a comparison with nonlinear finite element analysis.     

Ultimate strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads part 1: Nonlinear finite element analysis

This paper is the first of two companion papers concerning the ultimate hull girder strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads. In the midship part of container ships, upward bottom local loads are usually larger than the downward ones. This leads to the increase of biaxial compression in the outer bottom plating and the reduction of the ultimate hull girder strength in the hogging condition. In this Part 1, the collapse behavior and ultimate strength of container ships under combined hogging moment and bottom local loads are analyzed using nonlinear finite element method. Buckling collapse behavior of bottom stiffened panels during the progressive collapse of a hull girder is closely investigated. It has been found that major factors of the reduction of ultimate hogging strength due to bottom local loads are (1) the increase of the longitudinal compression in the outer bottom and (2) the reduction of the effectiveness of the inner bottom, which is on the tension side of local bending of the double bottom. The obtained results will be utilized in the Part 2 paper to develop a simplified method of progressive collapse analysis of container ships under combined hogging moment and bottom local loads.     

Ultimate strength analysis of a bulk carrier hull girder under alternate hold loading condition,Part 2: Stress distribution in the double bottom and simplified approaches

This is the second of two companion papers dealing with nonlinear finite element modelling and ultimate strength analysis of the hull girder of a bulk carrier under Alternate Hold Loading (AHL) condition. The methodology for nonlinear finite element modelling as well as the ultimate strength results from the nonlinear FE analyses was discussed in the companion paper (Part 1). The purpose of the present paper is to use the FE results to contribute towards developing simplified methods applicable to practical design of ship hulls under combined global and local loads. An important issue is the significant double bottom bending in the empty hold in AHL due to combined global hull girder bending moment and local loads. Therefore, the stress distributions in the double bottom area at different load levels i.e. rule load level and ultimate failure load level are presented in detail. The implication of different design pressures obtained by different rules (CSR-BC rules and DNV rules) on the stress distribution is investigated. Both (partially) heavy cargo AHL and fully loaded cargo AHL are considered. Factors of influence of double bottom bending such as initial imperfections, local loads, stress distribution and failure modes on the hull girder strength are discussed. Simplified procedures for determination of the hull girder strength for bulk carriers under AHL conditions are also discussed in light of the FE analyses.     

Ultimate hull girder strength of a bulk carrier under combined global and local loads in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition using nonlinear finite element analysis

For bulk carriers in hogging, the most critical situation is the alternate hold loading (AHL) condition with odd numbered holds loaded with high density cargoes and even numbered holds empty. The effect of the local lateral pressure loads should be considered in the assessment of ultimate hull girder strength in the hogging and AHL conditions. In the present paper the ultimate strength of a Capesize bulk carrier hull girder under combined global and local loads in the hogging and AHL condition is extensively and systematically investigated using nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis with ABAQUS software. Since the bulk carrier used as a reference vessel in this study is an old design we also studied the effect of modified scantlings by multiplying the plate thickness in the bottom structure by a design modification factor (DMF). In particular, it should be noted that a DMF of 1.4 gives a design in accordance with the new CSR rules. Based on the results obtained by nonlinear FE analyses, a practical interaction equation is established between global hogging bending capacity and average external sea pressure over the bottom.     

190 m以下箱形驳总纵强度规范研究

针对目前超尺度箱形驳需要通过直接计算进行总强度校核的要求,采用有限元方法,基于船体梁理论,通过研究不同舱壁设置时,甲板和船底参与总纵强度的有效性,提出了保证超尺度箱形驳按规范进行设计的总强度附加要求,即对不同尺度比的箱形驳设置最低数量的水密舱壁来保证超尺度箱形驳的总强度,从而避免进行复杂的全船直接计算.     

散货船CSR屈曲应力计算方法对结构设计的影响

屈曲强度是船舶结构设计中需要着重考虑的因素之一,对于散货船来说更是如此.散货船CSR对构件屈曲强度的校核方法与标准作了明确的规定,其中在直接计算法中屈曲应力的计算采用了新的方法--位移法.文章以载重量为118 000 t散货船货舱区的外底板和底部纵桁为例,分别采用CSR的位移法和原规范的平均应力法计算其屈曲强度,并作了比较,进而说明CSR位移法对散货船结构设计的影响,具有实际参考价值.     

船舶上层建筑振动的最优控制分析

本文讨论了最优控制理论在船舶上层建筑振动控制中的应用。文中将船体和上层建筑简化为相应的船体梁和上层建筑梁模型，并将上层建筑梁的振动响应处理为支承激励下的响应。用模态分析法得到船体梁和上层建筑梁的动力特性（固有频率和固有振型），再用模态（振型）叠加法得到受控前上层建筑顶端的稳态动力响应，接着根据最优控制理论，设定目标函数，求解Riccati方程，得到主动控制力，将其作用在上层建筑梁的顶部，用模态（振型）叠加法得到受控后上层建筑梁顶部的稳态动力响应。以一条50000吨的油船为算例进行数值仿真，受控后上层建筑顶部的稳态振动位移减小了30％，可见最优控制在船舶上层建筑的振动控制中是可行的和有效的。     

Reliability analysis of a bulk carrier in ultimate limit state under combined global and local loads in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition

The alternate hold still-water loading in hogging combined with wave loading is critical for the safe design of bulk carriers. The ultimate longitudinal strength of the hull girder of bulk carriers in this condition has been found to be considerably reduced by the action of local lateral pressure loads. In the present paper, an interaction equation based on the ultimate hull girder strength assessment obtained by nonlinear finite element analyses is adopted to consider the relationship between ultimate longitudinal bending capacity and average external sea pressure over the bottom. This interaction equation is used as the basis for the failure function. The annual probability of failure is obtained by FORM analysis considering two typical load cases, namely, pure longitudinal hogging bending moment and combined global hogging bending moment and local lateral pressure loads. The effect of heavy weather avoidance on the failure probability is evaluated. The results show that the local lateral pressure has a significant influence on the annual probability of failure of bulk carriers in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition.     

Hull girder strength

Hull girder strength is the most fundamental strength of a ship structure. To assess the hull girder strength, estimations of both extreme load which may act on the hull girder and the capacity of the hull girder are necessary, and many research works have been performed from this aspect. In the present review article, attention is focussed on the capacity of a ship hull girder. At the beginning, a short historical review is given in relation to the research works on hull girder strength, and some consideration is introduced on the ultimate hull girder strength from the design aspect. Then, state of the art and the future direction of the research works on hull girder strength are described.