大连长兴岛海域潮流输沙计算分析

海岸动力因子作用下的泥沙运动及其岸滩演变规律，是海洋工程建筑物和海港码头的规划设计、施工及维护中所考虑的重要因素。针对大连市长兴岛海域，某科研所设置了14个测站并获取了各站的潮流流速、流向和合沙量等水文数据，文章利用这些资料对潮流输沙问题进行了专门计算研究，得到了该海域各站大潮、小潮全日单宽输沙率，并得到了相应结论。     

滨州港海域泥沙运动遥感图像分析

通过滨州港所在海域的卫星遥感图像分析,揭示了在不同条件下海域的含沙量分布特征和泥沙的运动规律,并对其形成的原因进行了初步的分析。结果表明,滨州港海域的含沙量总体是比较高的,近岸区比邻近的黄骅港海域含沙量还要高。海域含沙量受风浪影响较大,涨落潮时在东北风作用下海域含沙量比较大。从泥沙运动的角度而言,受已建导堤影响,落潮水流和风吹流、波生流等叠加可能形成较复杂的向外水流和环流,携带泥沙向外输运,使高含沙水体运动更远的距离,一般情况下可达-6 m等深线以远。     

海平面上升对长江口涨落潮历时差的影响

针对近年来全球变暖,海平面上升影响河口地区水文特性的问题,对海平面上升对长江口涨落潮历时差的影响进行研究。采用二维潮流数学模型的方法,模拟在长江口上游大通的洪枯季及年平均径流量条件下,海平面上升100 cm对涨落潮历时的影响。结果表明:海平面上升减小了长江口北支上半段、南支和南北港等中上游区域的涨落潮历时差,对靠近外海的北支末段和南北槽的涨落潮历时差影响很小。海平面上升加大了河口地区的涨潮动力,使长江口的涨落潮历时差有所减小,由此对长江口地区的盐水入侵和泥沙输运带来的影响必须引起重视。     

Material transport from the nearshore to the basinal environment in the southern Baltic Sea: I. Processes and mass estimates

Processes involved in erosion, transport and deposition of cohesive materials are studied in a transect from shallow (16 m) to deep (47 m) water of the SW Baltic Sea. The wave- and current-induced energy input to the seabed in shallow water is high with strong variability and suspended matter concentrations may double within a few hours. Primary settling fluxes (from sedimentation traps) are less than 10 g m⁻² day⁻¹, whereas resuspension fluxes (evaluated from sedimentation flux gradients) are 15–20 times higher and the residence time for suspended matter in the water column is 1–2 days. Settling velocities of aggregates are on average six times higher than for individual particles resulting in an enhanced downward transport of organic matter. Wave-induced resuspension (four to six times per month) takes place with higher shear stresses on the bottom than current-induced resuspension (three to five times per month). The short residence time in the water column and the frequent resuspension events provide a fast operating benthic–pelagic coupling. Due to the high-energy input, the shallow water areas are nondepositional on time scales longer than 1–2 weeks. The sediment is sand partly covered by a thin fluff layer during low-energy periods. The presence of the fluff layer keeps the resuspension threshold very low (<0.023 N m⁻²) throughout the year. Evaluated from 3-D sediment transport modeling, transport from shallow to deep water is episodic. The net main directions are towards the Arkona Basin (5.5×10⁵ t per year) and the Bornholm Basin (3.7×10⁵ t per year). Energy input to the bottom in deep water is low and takes place much less frequently. Wave-induced resuspension occurs on average once per month. Residence time of particles (based on radioactive isotopes) in the water column is half a year and the sediment accumulation rate is 2.2 mm year⁻¹ in the Arkona Basin.     

大批量大型沉箱在恶劣海况下的出运与安装

文章总结了在长江口深水航道治理二期工程中,于无掩护外海,风浪大、涨落潮流速大、水域泥砂含量高的恶劣海况下,出运、安装544个半圆型沉箱的施工工艺。其中包括沉箱的水平运移、出运下水、沉箱的定位和安装。     

长江口北槽深水航道水沙输运特征三维数值模拟

基于长江口北槽实测水文观测资料,利用三维水流泥沙数学模型对北槽内盐水楔、水流及泥沙输运特征等进行模拟分析。结果表明:北槽中段泥沙表、底层差异明显,垂向分布不均匀,受盐水楔影响,泥沙更容易在中段聚集;泥沙北槽内输运距离较长,1个落潮过程难以输出北槽,在反复输移中跨越航槽几率大大增加,尤其北槽中下段涨转落低流速时段较长,底部含沙量较高,易形成航道回淤;输出北槽的部分泥沙水体可能在旋转流作用下经九段沙及南导堤重新回到北槽,累积循环,成为北槽内含沙量较高的重要原因。     

Late summer stratification, internal waves, and turbulence in the Yellow Sea

Microstructure profiling measurements at two locations in the Yellow Sea (a deeper central basin and a local shelf break) were analyzed focusing on tidal and internal-wave induced turbulence near the bottom and in the pycnocline. A classical three-layer density structure consisting of weakly stratified surface and bottom boundary layers and a narrow sharp pycnocline is developed by the end of warm season. Turbulence in the surface layer was not influenced by the tidal forcing but by the diurnal cycle of buoyancy flux and wind forcing at the sea surface. The enhanced dissipation and diffusivity generated by the shear stress at the seafloor was found in the water interior at heights 10–15 m above the bottom with a phase shift of ~ 5–6 m/h. No internal waves, turbulence, or mixing were detected in the pycnocline in the central basin, in contrast to the pycnocline near the local shelf break wherein internal waves of various frequencies were observed all the time. The thickness of the surface layer near the local shelf break slightly exceeded that of the bottom layer (20 vs. 18 m). A 5–6 m high vertical displacement of the pycnocline, which emerged during the low tide, was arguably caused by the passage of an internal soliton of elevation. During this episode, the gradient Richardson number decreased below 0.25 due to enhanced vertical shear, leading to local generation of turbulence with dissipation rates exceeding the background level by an order of magnitude.     

温州瓯飞浅滩地形冲淤演变特征

基于瓯飞浅滩海域多年水文泥沙及地形水深实测资料,分析研究其水动力泥沙特性及地形冲淤演变规律。结果表明:研究海域潮流性质属于非正规半日浅海潮流,各垂线分潮流椭圆率K值在0. 00～0. 20之间,故潮流总体上以往复流为主;含沙量分布呈现外海向口内逐渐增大的趋势,且大潮期含沙量明显大于中潮和小潮期;通过对瓯飞浅滩近几十年的冲淤计算及相关断面分析,认为瓯飞浅滩的潮滩区域总体处于略有淤高基本稳定的状态。不同于潮滩区域,瓯飞浅滩的水下浅滩区域在1987—2010年,年均冲刷幅度为0. 008～0. 02 m,表现为基本稳定略有冲刷的状态。     

长江口12.5m深水航道潮周期内回淤量分布

潮周期内航道回淤量是一个随潮动力的变化而动态变化的量。确定深水航道的回淤量的潮周期内分布特征,将有助于合理安排航道的疏浚,减少不必要的疏浚船方。采用适用于长江口深水航道的回淤量计算模型,基于实测航道近底层的水文观测资料,获得了潮周期内的航道回淤量分布特征及其形成机制,得到航道回淤量主要发生在中小潮期间,而大潮期间动力较强冲刷明显、近底层泥沙浓度高,但形成的回淤量较小的结论。这一结论通过枯季近底层实测的水、沙及地形冲淤变化过程资料得到了验证。     

甬江及口外海域潮流泥沙数值模拟

建立了甬江河道及口外海域平面二维潮流泥沙数学模型,对2015年6月半个月的潮流场和悬沙场进行模拟,模拟结果与实测资料吻合良好。计算得到了研究区域洪季的余流场和输沙格局,结果表明:甬江口外余流整体由西北指向东南,河道余流指向下游;除口门局部水域,甬江口外输沙格局基本与余流场一致,悬沙经涨潮流的作用被带入甬江河道,致使河道内近口门处的输沙格局由口门向内;甬江口局部区域输沙格局与余流场存在差异的原因是悬沙输移与潮流运动存在时间上的滞后。     

多岛屿、多汊道环境下大型深水港建设中的水沙问题

洋山港海域多岛屿、多汊道,是由大、小洋山两条岛链围成的喇叭口型的海域,潮汐水道以落潮流为主、高含沙量、强潮流,泥沙运动主要以悬沙为主。通道内潮流基本为东南-西北向往复流,潮流平均流速在1.0 m/s,最大流速都在2.0 m/s以上,含沙量在1.0 kg/m3以上。根据其海域边界特点,利用任意三角形网格建立了能较好拟合洋山港海域边界的二维潮流泥沙及地形冲淤变化数学模型。应用2006年4月实测水文泥沙及地形冲淤资料进行了验证,验证结果表明,该海域潮位及定点同步垂线流速、流向、含沙量过程的计算值与实测值吻合良好,洋山港海域通道内地形冲淤变化情况和实测值接近,较好地复演了洋山港一、二期工程建设后海域流场、含沙量场和地形变化。     

白令海潮汐能通量和底边界能耗散

The spatial distribution of the energy flux, bottom boundary layer (BBL) energy dissipation, surface elevation amplitude and current magnitude of the major semidiurnal tidal constituents in the Bering Sea are examined in detail. These distributions are obtained from the results of a three-dimensional numerical simulation model (POM). Compared with observation data from seven stations, the root mean square errors of tidal height are 2.6 cm and 1.2 cm for M₂ and N₂ respectively, and those of phase-lag are 21.8° and 15.8° respectively. The majority of the tidal energy flux off the deep basin is along the shelf edge, although some of this flux crosses the shelf edge, especially in the southeast of the shelf break. The total M₂ energy dissipation in the Bering Sea is 30.43 GW, which is about 10 times of that of N₂ and S₂. The semidiurnal tidal energy enters mainly to the Bering Sea by Samalga Pass, Amukta Pass and Seguam Pass, accounting more than 60% of the total energy entering the Being Sea from the Pacific.     

南黄海辐射沙脊群悬沙特征研究

为了探明南黄海海域悬沙场的特征,以指导港口建设,通过人工神经网络,将平面二维潮流数值模型、天气图和水文测验数据联系起来,构建了平面二维悬浮泥沙模型。首先运用人工神经网络求出实测含沙量与水动力之间的函数关系,再把潮流模型和风场计算值代入此关系式,最后求出该海域含沙量平面分布。模型的计算结果表明:波浪掀沙和水流输沙是整个海域宏观水动力特征;西洋潮流水道处于冲刷状态,有利于深槽的维持;含沙量等值线与等水深线形状大体一致。     

桥墩对周围海域水动力环境影响研究

建设在海岸河口水域的大桥桥墩,会增加桥位水域的阻力并减小过水断面,从而对周围海区的水动力环境产生一定影响,而海岸河口水动力较为复杂,单纯采用某一种研究手段往往难以全面地分析这种影响。文章以浙江省温州市大门大桥为例,通过对大桥所在的大、小门岛和沙头水道海域的水动力条件、泥沙条件及地形冲淤变化进行分析,掌握了该海域的水文泥沙环境与冲淤演变规律,对大桥建设后地形演变趋势进行了预测;然后又建立了二维潮流场数学模型,模拟研究大桥建设对周围海区的潮位、水流、潮量等水动力环境的影响。结果表明:工程建成后,工程对周围海域水动力环境影响仅在桥位附近,不会引起其他水道和海域的改变。     

海南岛西南海域泥沙特征及地形演变

基于水文泥沙测验及遥感影像资料分析海南岛西南海域泥沙特征,采用不同沿岸输沙公式对比计算海域的波浪沿岸输沙量,采用多年实测地形数据研究岸滩的演变规律。结果表明:海域内含沙量大潮大于小潮,但总体上悬沙含量较低;研究海域内径流对输沙影响较为有限,但受沿岸波流输沙的影响相对较大;而海区的悬移质颗粒比较均匀,颗粒较细;沿岸段波浪沿岸输沙能力净输沙方向均为自南向北,年净输沙能力在6.72万~13.31万m~3;岸滩演变的主要动力是波浪、波生沿岸流和潮流共同作用导致东方市所辖岸线的变化总体以自然冲淤变化为主,但冲淤强度有限,变化幅度不大。     

钢套箱在杭州湾跨海大桥工程Ⅶ标段承台施工中的应用

杭州湾跨海大桥工程在无掩护外海风浪大、涨落潮流速大的恶劣海况下,承台施工采用了钢套箱施工工艺,消除了表面裂缝,施工缝平整,无挂浆现象。文章重点对钢套箱的设计制作、安装和施工中应注意的问题进行了总结。     

洋山港及邻近海域悬沙输运特征研究*

基于SWEM2D数值模型,建立了一个范围包括洋山港、长江口及杭州湾的二维水流泥沙数学模型。根据2004年5月洋山港实测水文泥沙资料,认为洋山港区域悬沙垂向切变输运较小,可忽略该项对悬沙输运的影响,采用二维泥沙数学模型能基本反映出该区域悬沙输运特点。利用2004年5月洋山港及邻近海域实测水文泥沙资料对模型计算结果进行验证,验证结果表明模型计算结果与实际情况吻合良好。在此基础上,根据模型计算结果计算了洋山港及邻近海域大、中、小潮期间悬沙输运速度。结果表明,洋山港区域悬沙主要以欧拉输运为主,斯托克斯漂移、潮泵输运为辅。该区域西口门高含沙量主要是受到长江口及杭州湾悬沙输运富集的影响。其邻近海域主要的悬沙输运在近南汇边滩以东区域分成两股,一股向北,一股沿着南汇南岸的水下泥沙通道,径直流向杭州湾,并在杭州湾的悬沙输运的带动下,向洋山港流去。     

兴化湾水文泥沙特征分析

使用潮流数学模型、波浪数学模型、泥沙来源与运移趋势分析、泥沙淤积分析、水下地形变化分析等多种手段对兴化湾的水文泥沙特征进行了分析研究     

On the observability of the fortnightly cycle of the Tagus estuary turbid plume using MODIS ocean colour images

Using three years (2003 to 2005) of MODIS-Aqua normalized water-leaving radiance at 551 nm this paper shows a fortnightly cycle in the Tagus estuary turbid plume. The Tagus estuary is one of the largest estuaries of the west coast of Europe and is located in the most populated area of Portugal, including the capital Lisbon. The turbid plume has been detected by the backscattering characteristics of the surface waters in the vicinity of the estuary mouth. In fortnightly scales, the turbid plume has smaller dimensions during and after neap tides and higher dimensions during and after spring tides. This is most probably associated with the fortnightly spring–neap tidal cycle and the consequent increase in turbidity inside the estuary during spring tides. During the summer weak spring tides (tidal amplitude approximately 2.5 m) no turbid plume is observed for an entire fortnightly cycle. Outside the summer months, precipitation, river discharge and winds, were found to increase the turbid area, but the fortnightly cycle appears to be superimposed on the large time-scale variability, and present throughout the year.