Development of an idle speed engine model using in-cylinder pressure data and an idle speed controller for a small capacity port fuel injected SI engine

An idle speed engine model has been proposed and applied for the development of an idle speed controller for a 125 cc two wheeler spark ignition engine. The procedure uses the measured Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) at different speeds at a constant fuel rate and throttle position obtained by varying the spark timing. At idling conditions, IMEP corresponds to the friction mean effective pressure. A retardation test was conducted to determine the moment of inertia of the engine. Using these data, a model for simulating the idle speed fluctuations, when there are unknown torque disturbances, was developed. This model was successfully applied to the development of a closed loop idle speed controller based on spark timing. The controller was then implemented on a dSPACE Micro Autobox on the actual engine. The Proportional Derivative Integral (PID) controller parameters obtained from the model were found to match fairly well with the experimental values, indicating the usefulness of the developed idle speed model. Finally, the optimized idle speed control algorithm was embedded in and successfully demonstrated with an in-house built, low cost engine management system (EMS) specifically designed for two-wheeler applications.     

Effect of fuel metering on combustion and emissions of a PFI gasoline engine during fast startup under an HEV-like mode

In this paper, the transient conditions during fast startup are investigated to develop a fuel metering strategy under HEV-like mode. The fuel mixture preparation and its effects on the combustion are analyzed in detail. Specifically, the combustion in the first cycle is characterized under both conventional low-speed cranking startup and HEV-like fast startup modes. The test results show that the enhancement of cranking speed has marginal effects on mixture preparation in the first cycle. However, it prolongs the combustion duration and reduces HC emissions. The sensitivity of the fuel metering is evaluated for the initial cycles. The combustion in the 3rd ~ 5th cycles during startup is found to be fairly sensitive to the fuel metering due to the effects of transient fuel film vaporization. The fuel metering in the first cycle has the most significant effect on the combustion and emissions during fast startup. Optimized fuel metering in the first cycle shows effective reduction of HC emissions during fast startup process.     

Heat loss to the combustion chamber wall with deposit in D.I. diesel engine: variation of instantaneous heat flux on piston surface with deposit

Adhesion of deposit on the combustion chamber walls affects the state of the heat loss into combustion chamber wall surfaces in the internal combustion engine. In this study, as the first step, the instantaneous surface temperature and the instantaneous heat flux were measured by thin film thermocouples on piston surfaces in the D.I. diesel engine with the adhesion of deposit in order to clarify the effects of deposit. As a result, it is found that the instantaneous surface temperature and heat flux strongly depend on the amount of deposit adhered to the combustion chamber wall surfaces.     

Deterioration in fuel cell performance resulting from hydrogen fuel containing impurities: poisoning effects by CO,CH4, HCHO and HCOOH

This paper covers our investigation into a decline in fuel cell (FC) performance resulting from hydrogen fuel containing impurities. This is a serious problem in case of adopting the methanol or gasoline reforming approach as a means of supplying fuel to FCs. The results are summarized as follows:(1) Components of the gas generated by the reformer adopting the steam reforming and auto thermal reforming approach were predicted and specific components and concentrations were identified;(2) Various experiments and analyses were conducted to determine the adverse effect of CO, CH₄, HCHO and HCOOH poisoning on the performance of FC.     

Capacity estimation of torque converters with piston holes using the response surface method and an artificial neural network

In new slim torque converters, lock-up clutches are used to provide high fuel efficiency at low speed. However, the slimness of the converters causes difficulty in heat dissipation, which may damage the friction material and shorten its life span. A cooling hole in the lock-up piston reduces the heat but also reduces the torque because oil flows through the hole due to the pressure difference between the two faces of the piston. In the early stages of the development of this type of torque converter, designers must consider the minimum flow rate required to cool the friction material and the minimum torque capacity required to transmit the engine torque. This research explored two methods of estimating these parameters. In the first method, an estimation equation was derived by combining the response surface method with physical properties such as the centrifugal force, a sudden expansion, a sudden contraction, and the steady flow energy equation. The second method involved the use of an artificial neural network. The feasibility of the estimates based on statistics and on the artificial neural network were confirmed in the design stage by comparing experimental and estimated data. An estimation program was created using the C#.Net language and has been used for actual torque converter designs by the Korea Powertrain Company.     

Model development and experimental research on an air spring with auxiliary reservoir

This paper focuses on the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping of an air spring connected to an orifice and an auxiliary reservoir, with respect to the displacement excitation frequency, orifice area, and auxiliary reservoir volume. A theoretical model of this air spring with its auxiliary reservoir is derived by utilizing the energy conservation equation, gas state equation, and orifice flow rate equation. Simulation results from the presented model reveal that, when the air spring is subject to harmonic displacement excitation, its dynamic stiffness increases with an increase in excitation frequency and decrease in orifice area. Smaller orifice areas and lower excitation frequencies result in higher overall equivalent damping. A validation experiment is also implemented. When compared with experimental results, simulations show consistent varying trends of the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping. The model developed here can correctly describe the behavior of the air spring with auxiliary reservoir, indicating that it is reasonable and feasible.     

Analysis of dynamic interaction between catenary and pantograph with experimental verification and performance evaluation in new high-speed line

Understanding the dynamic interaction between the catenary and pantograph of a high-speed train is the one of the most important technical issues in the railway industry. This is because the catenary–pantograph system plays a crucial role in providing electric power to the railway vehicle for stable operation. The aim of the present paper is to estimate the current-collection performance of this system by using numerical analysis, in particular, the flexible multibody dynamic analysis technique. To implement large deformable catenary wires, an absolute nodal coordinate formulation is used for the cable element. Additionally, an efficient contact element and an interactive model for the catenary–pantograph system are introduced. Each developed model is then used for analytical and experimental verification. Actual on-line test results of existing high-speed railway vehicles are presented and used to verify the analysis model. Finally, the performance characteristics of a new 400 km/h-class high-speed line are estimated and evaluated on the basis of international standards.     

Effects of the fuel injection ratio on the emission and combustion performances of the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion engine applied with the split injection method

Currently, due to the severity of world-wide air pollution by substances emitted from vehicles, emission control is being enforced more strictly, and it is expected that the regulation requirements for emission will become even more severe. A new concept combustion technology that can reduce the Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and PM in relation to combustion is urgently required. As a core combustion technology among new combustion technologies for the next generation engine, the homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is expanding its application range by adopting a multiple combustion mode, a catalyst, direct fuel injection and partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion using the split injection method. This paper used a split injection method in order to apply the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion method without significantly altering engine specifications of the multiple combustion mode and practicality by referring to the results of studies on the HCCI engine. Furthermore, the effects of the ratio of the fuel injection amount on split injection are investigated. From the test results, the adequate combination of the ratio of the fuel injection amount for the split injection method has some benefit on exhaust and fuel economy performance in a naturally aspirated single cylinder diesel engine.     

气缸压力及其与空燃比、转速的关系研究

对 4缸汽油机的各缸压力、曲轴转速、空燃比进行了同时测量 ,由测量得到的压力分析了 4缸汽油机气缸间平均指示压力的差异以及平均指示压力、最高燃烧压力、最高燃烧压力所在曲轴转角三者的关系。采用统计分析方法研究了平均指示压力与测量得到的循环平均曲轴转速、循环平均空燃比之间的关系。试验结果表明汽油机不同气缸的平均指示压力存在偏差 ,其偏差率可达± 5 % ;气缸最高压力与最高压力所在曲轴转角之间有较强的相关 ,但平均指示压力与循环平均空燃比和循环平均转速是不相关的     

Optimization of power management among an engine,battery and ultra-capacitor for a series HEV: A dynamic programming application

In a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) system, it is an important issue on how to distribute the output power from multiple power generating components to operate a vehicle more efficiently. Many studies have been conducted on how to manage multiple power sources of a vehicle based on various optimization theories. In this study, an algorithm to calculate the optimization of a series HEV that has three power generating components, engine, battery and ultra-capacitor, is developed based on dynamic programming. Normally dynamic programming is applied to the optimization of power management and components sizing by estimating potential fuel economy for electrified vehicle such as HEV, Plug-in HEV or Fuelcell HEV. In contrast with most objective systems that have only two power generating components, the system in this study has three power sources. Since the system has three power sources, the number of state and control variables of optimization problem increases. Therefore the number of calculations increases unreasonably. To decrease the number and time of calculations, a new electric model that contains the both characteristics of battery and ultra-capacitor is developed with some assumptions. In comparison with the optimization algorithm which follows the theory of DP with no assumptions, the results from the newly developed algorithm has 1.04 % discrepancy in terms of fuel economy, even though the calculation time decreases to 4400 times less.     

天然气/氢气混合燃料发动机的稀燃极限和排放特性试验研究

在东风EQD210N-20天然气发动机上进行了天然气与天燃气/氢气混合燃料体积混合比例为10%、30%和50%的稀燃极限和排放特性试验研究.实验结果表明:燃烧混合燃料比燃烧天然气时的稀燃极限大,并且随着掺氢比例的增大,燃烧过程的火焰发展期和快速燃烧期缩短,发动机的指示热效率、平均指示压力和NO2的排放增加;但是当发动机在大于天然气/氢气混合气的稀燃极限工作时,其指示热效率、平均指示压力和NO2的排放迅速下降,平均指示压力变动系数、CH4和CO的浓度迅速上升.     

Study of diesel spray combustion and ignition using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle with a rapid compression machine: improvement of combustion using low cetane number fuel

This study aimed to reduce NO_x and soot by creating a more homogeneous lean fuel distribution in a diesel spray using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle. This injection system shortened the ignition delay, but a homogeneous lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray was not achieved. Using a lower cetane number fuel, the resulting longer ignition delay made a uniform, lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray possible with this injection system. Ignition and combustion were analyzed by the combustion chamber pressure history, and flame temperatures and KL values were analyzed by the two-color method.     

An experimental study on the dynamic characteristics of cylinder head gaskets for diesel engine: dynamic characteristics in heating and cooling temperature cycle by abrupt change of water during steady operation

Experiments on a small, one-cylinder high-speed diesel engine were performed by changing the temperature of cooling water and also by changing the material and configuration of the cylinder head gaskets. Three kinds of cylinder head gaskets were made. The temperature was abruptly changed and the temperatures at several points of the cylinder head gasket and its peripheral region, the relative displacement between cylinder head and cylinder block, the loads of the cylinder head bolts, the indicator diagram, the pressure of gasket surface and combustion gas leakage were measured. The sealing characteristics in the transient state and the steady state of the cooling water temperature were investigated from an experimental standpoint. The effect of the temperature differences between the cylinder head, cylinder block and head bolts on the loads of the head bolts and the relative displacement between the cylinder head and cylinder block were observed for the test gaskets.     

Vehicle dynamic estimation with road bank angle consideration for rollover detection: theoretical and experimental studies

This article describes a method of vehicle dynamics estimation for impending rollover detection. This method is evaluated via a professional vehicle dynamics software and then through experimental results using a real test vehicle equipped with an inertial measurement unit. The vehicle dynamic states are estimated in the presence of the road bank angle (as a disturbance in the vehicle model) using a robust observer. The estimated roll angle and roll rate are used to compute the rollover index which is based on the prediction of the lateral load transfer. In order to anticipate the rollover detection, a new method is proposed in order to compute the time-to-rollover using the load transfer ratio. The used nonlinear model is deduced from the vehicle lateral dynamics and is represented by a Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model. This representation is used in order to take into account the nonlinearities of lateral cornering forces. The proposed TS observer is designed with unmeasurable premise variables in order to consider the non-availability of the slip angles measurement. Simulation results show that the proposed observer and rollover detection method exhibit good efficiency.