Modeling and simulation of fuel cell hybrid vehicles

A comprehensive procedure for mathematical modeling and validation of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) is presented in this paper. The subsystems are modeled based on lab testing and in-field vehicle testing results from the Tongji University Start prototype vehicle. An FCHV-SIM (fuel cell hybrid vehicle simulation) model is then developed based on the experimental data. Model validation results confirm that the FCHV-SIM model is reasonably accurate and suitable for model-based control development.     

Fuel consumption of fuel cell hybrid vehicles considering battery SOC differences

Fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs) have become one of the most promising candidates for future transportation due to current energy supply problem and environmental problem. Fuel economy is an important factor in FCHVs. In order to properly evaluate the fuel economy of an FCHV, the initial battery state of charge (SOC) and the final battery SOC have to be identical so that the effect of the battery energy usage on the fuel economy is neglected. In the simulation or in the real driving, however, the final battery SOC is usually different from the initial battery SOC, and the final battery SOC often depends on the power management strategy. To consider the difference between the two battery SOC values, the concept of equivalent fuel consumption is presented by two methods. One is based on the relationship between delta SOC and delta fuel consumption, and the other is based on the optimal control theory. Two rule-based power management strategies for an FCHV are presented, and for each strategy, the fuel economy is evaluated based on the two methods. The characteristics of the two methods are discussed and compared, and the superior one is selected based on the comparison.     

Fuel economy evaluation of fuel cell hybrid vehicles based on optimal control

The fuel economy of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) depends on its power management strategy because the strategy determines the power split between the power sources. Several types of power management strategies have been developed to improve the fuel economy of FCHVs. This paper proposes an optimal control scheme based on the Minimum Principle. This optimal control provides the necessary optimality conditions that minimize the fuel consumption and optimize the power distribution between the fuel cell system (FCS) and the battery during driving. In this optimal control, the final battery state of charge (SOC) and the fuel consumption have an approximately proportional relationship. This relationship is expressed by a linear line, and this line is defined as the optimal line in this research. The optimal lines for different vehicle masses and different driving cycles are obtained and compared. This research presents a new method of fuel economy evaluation. The fuel economy of other power management strategies can be evaluated based on the optimal lines. A rule-based power management strategy is introduced, and its fuel economy is evaluated by the optimal line.     

燃料电池电动汽车的能源问题

电动汽车是21世纪清洁、高效和可持续发展的交通工具,是以蓄电池,燃料电池和超级电容器等电化学能源储存与转换装置为动力系统的交通运输工具的通称,包括纯电动汽车（BHE）,混合动力电动汽车（HEV）和燃料电池电动汽车（FCEV）。由于石油危机的出现,人类能否在石油,天然气和煤炭资源被耗尽前就开发出可大量获取能量的新能源,已成为影响人类后代生存和发展的严峻问题,因此汽车的新能量源研究被提上日程。     

Design methodology of hybrid electric vehicle energy sources: Application to fuel cell vehicles

This paper presents a methodology to optimize the sizing of the energy and power components in a fuel cell electric vehicle from the driving mission (which includes driving cycles, a specified acceleration and autonomy requirements). The fuel cell and the Energy Storage System associated (battery or/and ultra capacitor) design parameters are the numbers of series and parallel branches respectively Nsi and Npi. They are set so as to minimize the objective function that includes mass, cost, fulfilling the performance requirements and respect the technological constraints of each power component through a penalty function. The methodology is based on a judicious combination of Matlab-Simulink® for the global simulation and a dedicated software tool Pro@Design®. Both are well suited to treat inverse problems for the optimization. An application for a fuel cell/battery powertrain illustrates the feasibility of the proposed methodology.     

燃料电池汽车发展的研究与分析

本文描述了欧洲、美国、日本等世界发达国家及中国燃料电池汽车的发展动态,对各国现阶段对于燃料电池汽车采取的态度、技术选择、发展规划和政府支持等情况进行了详细的分析和研究。     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

新能源汽车发展得失对燃料电池汽车的启示

新能源汽车是我国战略性新兴产业之一,2009年以来,我国逐步建立了以财税政策为主的支持政策体系,推动了我国新能源汽车产业从无到有,逐步发展壮大。新能源汽车产业政策对推动我国产业快速发展起到了关键性作用,但也面临“干预市场”、“干预技术路线”、“透支消费”等质疑,出现了“骗补谋补”、“补贴依赖症”等问题。目前我国燃料电池汽车仍处于市场起步期,大规模推广的条件尚未成熟,产业发展离不开国家政策的支持。如何继续发挥新能源汽车领域的先发优势,吸取前期产业发展经验教训,在下一步推广燃料电池汽车时少走弯路,加快推动产业发展,是当前燃料电池汽车产业发展面临的重大课题。     

Development of equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy for hybrid electric vehicles

Power distribution between an internal combustion engine and electric motors is one of main features of hybrid electric vehicles that improves their fuel economy. An equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy can instantaneously identify the optimal power distribution by converting the battery power into the equivalent fuel power and minimizing the overall fuel consumption. To guarantee the effectiveness of the strategy, it is essential to find the proper value of the conversion factor used to obtain the equivalent fuel power. However, finding the proper value is not a straightforward process because it is necessary to consider the overall power conversion efficiencies and battery charge sustaining strategy for the target driving cycle in advance. In this study, a model-based parameter optimization method is introduced to find the optimal conversion factor. A hybrid electric vehicle simulation model capable of estimating fuel consumption was developed, and the optimal conversion factor was discovered using a genetic algorithm that evaluates its population members using the simulation model. A series of simulations and vehicle tests was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the optimized strategy, and the results show a distinct improvement in fuel economy.     

Novel evaluation method of fuel consumption and emission for heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles

This paper is a continuation of a previous paper titled “A novel way to calculate energy efficiency for rechargeable batteries” published on Journal of Power Sources/2012 describing a new method to calculate energy efficiency for rechargeable batteries. The present paper further describes the application of energy efficiency model on the evaluation of fuel consumption and emission for the heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles (HD-HEVs). A more accurate calculation method of net energy change for power battery pack is proposed based on energy efficiency model of power battery pack. A more simplified and accurate correction method of fuel consumption and emission is also presented based on equivalent mileage. The fuel consumption and emission on chassis dynamometer are measured in the HD-HEVs. The experiment results show that relative errors of fuel consumption and emission between equivalent mileage correction results and linear regression correction results are less than 3%, which verifies accuracy and validates the proposed evaluation method for HD-HEVs fuel consumption and emission.     

质子交换膜燃料电池在电动车辆上的应用

本文分别介绍并讨论了国内外质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)在电动汽车上的应用现状,描述和总结了各类电池汽车的前景和各自的竞争力量,分析了当前燃料电池汽车商业化需要解决的问题,如氢气的供应、成本以及存在的技术问题。     

用于电动和混合动力交通工具的功率模块

对减少CO2排放的急迫呼吁,已使主要的汽车制造商致力于开发新的电动和混合动力驱动交通工具解决方案。为这些应用开发功率半导体模块,需要新的模块集成和封装解决方案。     

燃料电池在中国的发展及其在电动车辆上的应用

综述了燃料电池在中国的发展现状。指出可以用于电动车辆动力源的燃料电池种类,包括碱性燃料电池、磷酸燃料电池、固体氧化物燃料电池和质子交换膜燃料电池,中国近年来燃料电池发动机的研发则主要集中在质子交换膜燃料电池上。质子交换膜燃料电池在汽车上的规模应用有助于降低燃料消耗,减少大气污染。燃料电池技术应用于电动车辆的过程中还需要解决一系列问题,这些问题涉及燃料的制备、储存和分配以及燃料电池发动机的小型化、燃料电池汽车整车的重新设计、成本的降低等。笔者对这些问题进行了初步的分析。     

新能源汽车的发展趋势

在世界能源危机和环境污染问题日益严重的情况下,汽车工业面临严峻的挑战,寻找能替代石油的新能源成了必然的选择,国内外各大汽车公司和科研机构致力于开发新能源汽车,并获得了长足的发展。该文章介绍了发展新能源汽车的意义,国内外新能源汽车的发展状况,发展新能源汽车遇到的问题及新能源汽车未来发展的趋势等内容。     

Development of fuel cell hybrid powertrain research platform based on dynamic testbed

An experimental research platform based on a dynamic testbed is developed and applied for fuel cell hybrid powertrain integration and control. A driver brake model is added to the dynamic testbed to simulate the braking process of an electric vehicle. Sub-systems of the fuel cell hybrid powertrain are tested, and characteristic parameters are obtained. A simulation platform is constructed in LabVIEW environment, and its validity is verified by dynamic test results. A real time control system is developed with an embedded PC for the function of rapid control prototyping. Using this platform, fuel cell battery hybrid and fuel cell supercapacitor hybrid configurations are investigated. This platform provides a powerful tool for fuel cell powertrain research and development.     

Modeling and model predictive control for hybrid electric vehicles

This paper builds up a typical model of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle and develops model predictive controllers for this model to control the speeds and torques for fast clutch engagement with high driving comfort and low jerk. Some modified algorithms for model predictive controllers are studied to improve their ability to track the desired speed setpoints, subject to input and output constraints.     

固体氧化物燃料电池在电动汽车中的应用

本文主要论述了燃料电池混合动力电动汽车相对于传统内燃机汽车及其他电动汽车的优势,固体氧化物燃料电池相对于其他的燃料电池的优势。若将其应用于电动汽车上,可以有效地增加电动汽车的行驶里程,提高燃油经济性。     

混合动力电动汽车研究开发及前景展望

随着世界石油资源逐渐贫乏,寻求新能源已成为解决石油危机的必然选择.混合动力电动汽车应运时代的要求,逐步走向规模化和产业化.本文主要介绍混合动力电动汽车的不同种类车型的特点,并对混合动力电动汽车的发展作出了大胆的展望.     

Automatic control of clutches and simulations for parallel hybrid vehicles

This paper is a continuation of a previous paper titled ??Modeling and Model Predictive Control for Hybrid Vehicle?? published on IJAT/2011 describing a mathematical model and design for a model predictive controller for tracking speeds and simulations. The present paper further describes a fuzzy logic controller for the smooth and quick engagement of an automatic clutch. The described controller uses both fuzzy logic and slip control algorithms to enable automatic clutch engagement. Clutch engagement and comprehensive simulations for the hybrid vehicle are conducted in MATLAB R2009s. The research described herein offers theoretical solutions for how to better control clutch slip and engagement within realistic parameters used for hybrid vehicles. Algorithms and operations of this fuzzy logic controller can be implemented in electronic control units for automatic clutch engagements and gear-shifting processes.     

发展柴油车是汽车行业节能减排的重要选择

伴随着中国经济的高速增长,能源短缺、环境污染等问题已成为中国能否实现可持续发展所面临的重大挑战。在今年初的十一届全国人大代表大会上,温家宝总理在政府工作报告中再次强调了十一五规划大纲中的节能减排目标,即万元GDP能耗降低20％左右和主要污染物排放减少10％,并提出今年是实现目标的关键性的一年。