Measurement of the disc-pad friction coefficient for mechanical brakes using direct and indirect methods

It is necessary to guarantee the proper brake force to stop a train safely in a limited distance and o adjust its speed. Currently, most trains are run by electrical power and have a combined electrical and mechanical (friction) braking system. The mechanical brake force is determined by many parameters, such as the friction coefficient of the brake disc and pad, the pressure in the brake cylinder, the brake cylinder’s cross sectional area and the brake linkage ratio. In general, the friction coefficient data of the brake disc and pad have been taken through a dynamo-test in a laboratory, but these data might not be well matched with real data under operating conditions because of the difference in data acquisition conditions. The present study examined two methodologies that can measure the friction coefficient of the brake pad and disc based on a train’s real operating conditions. The first method was the direct method, which measured the brake force and clamping force applied on the mechanical brake by using strain gauges installed on the brake to calculate the friction coefficient. The second was an indirect method that obtained the friction coefficient by using the weight of the train and the equivalent brake force. Those variables were calculated from the longitudinal dynamic characteristics, such as resistance to motion, gradient resistance and curved resistance. These two methodologies were used to obtain the disc-pad friction coefficient for the mechanical brakes of a Korean high-speed train (HSR350x).     

浮钳盘式制动器及其零部件的模态分析

通过对比浮钳式盘式制动器各零部件的有限元模态分析和试验模态分析所得出的模态阵型,验证了有限元模型的正确性。根据理论及试验的结果拟合出了各零部件的材料参数,并排除了制动抖动是由制动器部件的共振引起的可能性。     

Analysis of automotive disc brake squeal considering damping and design modifications for pads and a disc

The squeal noise occurring from the disc brakes of passenger cars has been analyzed by using the complex eigenvalue method numerically. The contact between a disc and two pads was analytically modeled as many linear springs and dampers in an effort to develop the improved equation of motion derived on the basis of Lagrange’s equation and the assumed mode method. The finite element modal analysis results for disc brake components constitute an eigenvalue matrix in the analytical equation of motion. The complex eigenvalue analyses based on the equations of motion are able to examine the dynamic instability of a brake system, which is an onset of squeal, by considering the disc rotational effect. Numerical analyses showed that the modes unstable in an undamped analysis became stable in a damped case, which illustrates the important effect of damping on the squeal instability in a brake squeal simulation. Then several modified brake models were suggested and investigated how effectively they suppressed the occurrence of squeal noise. The brake parts such as a pad chamfer and a disc vane were modified and the influence of pad chamfer and vane shapes on squeal occurrence was proved to be significant. The numerical results showed that proper structural modification of a disc brake system can suppress the brake squeal to some extent.     

盘式制动器制动尖叫的有限元分析与试验

建立了产生制动尖叫的钳盘式制动器各主要零件的有限元模型,并通过集成构建了制动器总成的接触摩擦耦合有限元模型,计算了制动器振动系统的复特征值分布和模态,分析了可能产生制动尖叫的不稳定模态,并与制动噪声台架试验统计结果进行了对比,结果表明所建模型能够较好地预测出制动器发生制动尖叫的倾向;分析了各零件的振动模态对产生制动尖叫不稳定模态的贡献大小,揭示出有尖叫倾向的不稳定模态是由子结构未耦合时的多阶振动模态叠加而成;分析讨论了摩擦因数、摩擦片结构及其背板阻尼对制动尖叫的影响,为控制制动尖叫提供了途径。     

Vibration path analysis and optimal design of the suspension for brake judder reduction

Brake judder is abnormal vibration, which is mainly generated by uneven contact between the brake disc and pad. The abnormal vibration from BTV (Brake Torque Variation) is transferred to the suspension and the steering system during braking. In this paper, judder simulation is carried out using a multi-body dynamic analysis program to analyze the relationship between judder and the transfer mechanism, which consists of the suspension and the steering system. In order to verify the analytical model, test results are compared with the simulation results. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out. In addition, an optimization method is presented for judder reduction, using the design of experiments.     

Analysis of disc brake instability due to friction-induced vibration using a distributed parameter model

This paper deals with friction-induced vibration of a disc brake system with a constant friction coefficient. A linear, lumped, and distributed parameter model to represent the floating caliper disc brake system is proposed. The complex eigenvalues are used to investigate the dynamic stability, and, in order to verify simulations which are based on the theoretical model, an experimental modal test and dynamometer test are performed. The comparison of experimental and theoretical results shows good agreement, and the analysis indicates that modal coupling due to friction forces is responsible for disc brake squeal. Also, squeal type instability is investigated, using a parametric analysis. This indicates which parameters have influence on the propensity of brake squealing. This is helpful for validating the analysis model and establishing confidence in the experimental results of the modified system. These results may also be useful during system development or diagnostic analysis.     

盘式制动器制动噪声影响因素的有限元分析

盘式制动器的制动振动噪声是一个复杂的非线性动力学问题。文章利用有限元软件建立了基于面接触的有限元模型,克服简单利用弹簧来模拟接触的不足,通过复特征值分析预测制动噪声。通过改变摩擦因数、制动力、阻尼及温度等参数,建立了符合实际工况的制动器有限元模型,并分析这些参数对系统稳定性的影响。结果表明降低温度、减小摩擦因数、减小制动力和增大阻尼可以减小制动器的制动噪声。     

盘式制动器制动抖动现象机理研究

介绍某轿车的制动抖动试验情况,根据实测的制动盘几何特征建立数学模型,从理论分析该车制动时转向盘抖动是因制动盘端面跳动过大。同时还分析制动盘厚薄差和端面跳动对制动抖动的影响。分析结果表明,制动盘厚薄差对制动抖动的影响大于端面跳动的影响,并且两者之间还存在着相位匹配的关系。     

Brake pad taper wear on brake moan noise

Automotive brake systems today have many factors that can contribute to brake noise. Modern approaches to reduce the propensity of brake noise mostly target high frequency brake squeal. A more difficult constituent of brake noise to address is low frequency moan, which is typically caused when the brake system excites a suspension member with a constrained natural frequency in the range of excitation. Although most modern CAE techniques utilized to diagnose and solve brake noise issues focus on new brake pad condition, this paper will show the benefit of understanding a common wear mechanism “Taper Wear,?and attempt to correlate its effects on brake moan. In order to study this phenomenon, a finite element model of a disc brake is established, and a complex eigenvalue analysis (CEA) of the brake system is performed. The propensity of brake moan noise is evaluated on basis of damping ratio of a dynamic brake system model. By using the finite element model, effects of the brake pad taper wear on brake moan noise is studied. The results show that the brake pad taper wear is a significant factor for generating the instability causing the brake moan noise. The study is performed at various levels of brake pad taper wear. When the brake pad taper wear is more than 0.5 mm, the value of negative damping ratio rapidly increases, and the propensity of brake moan noise is greatly magnified. In this study, the simulation result correlated well with the test result, which provides the theory and guidance for brake moan noise control.     

盘式制动器制动尖叫计算模型的建立

借助于有限元和模态综合技术，建立了盘式制动器制动尖叫的摩擦耦合模型。通过复特征分析，得到了对应于每阶段动模态的阻尼与频率，模态阻尼值揭示了哪 些模态不稳定并有可能产生尖叫；最后运用耦合模型研究了摩擦系数和子结构模态对制动尖叫的影响。     

Investigation of influential factors of a brake corner system to reduce brake torque variation

This paper investigates the brake corner system to reduce brake torque variation in the brake judder problem. A numerical model for determining brake torque variation was constructed using the multi-body dynamics model. Using this model, the brake torque variation for a given disc thickness variation was obtained in the time domain. The multi-body dynamics model was verified by a dynamometer test via the comparison of brake torque variation and load distribution patterns of the pad. To reduce the simulation time and cost required to determine factors that influence the reduction in brake torque variation, a simple mathematical model was constructed and used to determine both the brake torque variation and influential factors. The multi-body dynamics model and dynamometer test were modified on the basis of the results of the simple mathematical model and deformed shape of the multi-body dynamics model. These influential factors were verified to reduce the brake torque variation.     

盘式制动器车辆的制动抖动现象

盘式制动器的制动抖动现象，会影响车辆的行驶安全性和驾驶舒适性，其产生原因是制动盘的原始几何尺寸及热膨胀作用造成几何变形的共同作用引起制动压力的波动，进而产生对制动系统及悬架和转向机构的激振作用。制动管路和悬架等传递途径的自振特性，也会对抖动的振幅产生影响。文章在结合国内外相关文献和实验分析数据的基础上，对盘式制动器特有的制动抖动现象进行了研究。主要包括制动抖动现象的成因和相关各方面的实验与分析方法，最后提出了改进建议。     

Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis and shape optimization for reducing uneven wear of brake pads

In vehicle braking systems, the non-uniform contact pressure distribution on the brake pad is a major cause of uneven wear. The experimental approach of the wear phenomenon is the time consuming and costly. For this reason, a threedimensional finite element (FE) model of a brake system is presented for numerical simulation in this paper. A coupled thermo-mechanical analysis is carried out to confirm the non-uniform contact pressure distribution. A correlation between the non-uniform contact pressure and uneven wear is confirmed by measuring the amount of wear in the brake pad. The shape optimization of the brake pad is performed to reduce the uneven wear. In addition, the simulation results, such as natural frequency and temperature, are compared to experimental results.     

某型轿车盘式制动器制动噪声的控制

对某型轿车盘式制动器进行了台架试验,发现该制动器主要制动噪声频率在3kHz附近。采用有限元FEA分析手段对制动盘、制动钳壳体、制动钳支架和摩擦片进行了振动特性分析。结果表明,制动钳支架的7阶振动模态是导致制动噪声产生的原因之一。对制动钳支架结构设计进行了改进,并对装有改进后制动钳支架的盘式制动器进行了台架试验。结果表明,制动器冷态制动噪声从100.5 dB下降为73.4 dB,达到了该车型对制动器噪声的限值要求。     

汽车气压盘式制动器的结构特点与性能分析

介绍了几种国内外重型汽车气压盘式制动器的结构及其特点,从左右轮制动力差异,制动器的效能因数与摩擦系数的关系及迟滞量等方面对盘式制动器与鼓式制动器进行性能对比分析,说明盘式制动器在制动效能、制动效能的稳定性以及制动时汽车的方向稳定性上比鼓式制动器具有明显的优势,理论和试验表明盘式制动器与ABS、ASR、EBS等系统匹配时可简化系统结构、优化系统性能,并对重型汽车装用盘式制动器带来的制动系统的相关问题进行了探讨.     

钳盘式和片式制动器设计计算

针对钳盘式制动器和片式制动器各自的优点,详细介绍了它们的制动力矩的设计计算,以及对制动器摩擦片进行耐压、耐磨损的温升等验算.     

谈盘式制动器卡滞和异响的设计改进

根据目前的售后信息反馈,卡滞和异响是盘式制动器的两大难题.文章从设计角度阐述了改进盘式制动器卡滞与异响的方法.改进方法主要有活塞防尘罩结构设计、导向销和定位销结构设计、制动块摩擦性能匹配、消音片结构设计以及钳体支架表面镀锌处理等.以上很多改进已经在实际产品中得以应用,实践证明改进效果明显.     

面向制动噪声的盘式制动器零部件实模态分析

基于实模态分析理论和有限元法，研究了某盘式制动器的制动噪声问题，分别建立了制动盘、制动块、制动钳钳体和制动钳支架的有限元模型，计算了它们固有频率在20kHz以下的各阶实模态，并对与制动噪声有关的各阶模态进行了分析。     

Numerical Study for Brake Squeal by Machining Patterns on Frictional Surface

Automotive brake noise has become a stubborn problem as automotive cars achieve higher driving torques, since that the increased torque induces the generation of severe noise dissipation during brake operation. Moreover, the global brake tuning market for achieving higher performance of the vehicle has expanded recently. The need to control the noise grows more in this connection. The tuning brake kits have employed cross-drilled and slotted machining pattern on the surface of the rotor. These designs have advantages to improve air ventilation, temperature control, and surface cleaning of brake pad. However, the effects of modal frequency by patterned rotor surfaces are rarely discussed, even if it is highly related with brake squeal phenomenon. Therefore, this study deals with the relationship between patterned surfaces and brake squeal through the numerical methods. The commercial software of a finite element analysis is employed for calculation by varying geometric design factors of each rotor pattern. As a result, the cross-drilled machining patterns are concluded to be an influential factor for in-plane mode frequency while the slotted patterns have more leverage for out-of-plane mode frequency.     

气压盘式制动器的性能因素探讨

以Knorr和Wabco公司的气压盘式制动器为研究对象,从气压盘式制动器的结构特点、制动间隙的调整、摩擦元件、与车桥的匹配等方面对其性能及影响因素进行探讨。