重型车后桥主动齿轮喷丸强化工艺及设备

讨论了热处理工艺对后桥主动锥齿轮强化喷丸效果的影响以及准双曲面螺旋锥齿轮强化喷丸方法，介绍了研制的后桥主动锥齿轮强化喷丸机的主要结构特点。台架试验表明，采用该喷丸机对后桥主动锥齿轮进行强化喷丸处理，齿轮的平均寿命提高约40％。     

齿轮钢淬透性对螺旋锥齿轮模压淬火过程中相变与变形的影响

通过端淬试验区分22 CrMoH钢的高、低淬透性,通过热膨胀试验建立了高、低淬透性材料的相变动力学模型;采用淬火试验验证材料模型的准确性;根据模压淬火实际热处理工艺参数,建立锥齿轮模压淬火过程模型,分析了材料的不同淬透性对齿轮在淬火过程中的相变及温度变化的影响。模拟结果为低淬透性材料锥齿轮内部为贝氏体和铁素体混合组织,高淬透性锥齿轮材料内部全部为贝氏体组织。低淬透性材料锥齿轮外圆翘曲变形0.375 mm,高淬透性材料锥齿轮外圆翘曲变形0.075 mm、内圆翘曲变形0.091 mm。     

重型商用车减速器装配线工艺设计

为满足用户需求,东风德纳车桥有限公司新建一条高标准的重型商用车车桥减速器总成装配线。分析了重型商用车减速器总成的装配工艺。分析减速器总成装配过程工艺难点并提出解决方案。对主动锥齿轮及轴承座总成、从动锥齿轮差速器总成以及减速器合件总成装配工艺进行设计,并对主动锥齿轮及轴承座总成预紧力的准确性、主从动锥齿轮啮合印迹垫片选择的可靠性、连接螺栓扭矩控制的保障能力等进行有效地控制。使各装配线工艺布局合理、物流顺畅,降低了劳动强度和人工成本,保证了产品质量。     

减速器总成装配线新工艺设计

为保障减速器总成在生产过程中品质得到保障,在装配工艺设计过程中,对轴承的安装要求、差速器总成的差速功能检控、主动锥齿轮起动力矩的装调可靠性、主动锥齿轮及从动锥齿轮齿侧间隙的自动调整以及如何实现柔性化装配作业等工艺技术进行了分析,并采取了有效的工艺技术措施加以解决,实现了在线自动检测、自动安装、多品种共线生产的设计目标。减速器合件总成,主动锥齿轮及轴承座总成,从动锥齿轮差速器总成生产线工艺布局设计合理,满足大批量作业需求,物流顺畅,降低了劳动强度,提高了作业效率。     

后桥从动锥齿轮热处理平面度变形的控制

为解决生产中遇到的后桥从动锥齿轮热处理平面度变形难题,分别从零件齿坯的等温正火状态、淬火温度的选择以及装载方式这3个方面对后桥从动锥齿轮的热处理工艺进行了试验研究,并制定了合理的热处理工艺,从而有效地控制了齿轮的热处理平面度变形,提高了产品质量.     

浅谈铸造模拟在制作高端摩托车铝车轮中的应用

随着科学技术的发展,计算机数值模拟技术成为一个强有力的辅助铸造工艺设计的工具,迄今为止,有关铸件凝固温度场和铸件充型过程的数值模拟技术发展已经比较成熟,运用铸造模拟软件可以模拟铸件的充型过程、凝固过程,并预测铸件易发生缩松、缩孔等缺陷的部位,根据模拟结果优化模具设计及铸造工艺设计,可以提高铸件质量和可靠性,减少试制次数,缩短交货期,降低成本。     

热处理数值模拟研究

主要介绍了热处理数值模拟的基本原理,即多场耦合理论。叙述了国内外发展概况,并选择几款国内外主流数值模拟软件进行了详细介绍。根据目前的情况,阐述了热处理数值模拟技术未来的发展方向,例如,建立热处理知识库、智能优化系统、虚拟制造系统等。     

如何减少被动螺旋锥齿轮热处理变形

在汽车齿轮热处理中,被动螺旋锥齿轮(以下简称“被动锥齿轮”)的变形是较难对付的。在各种类型的被动锥齿轮中、图1所示类型的齿轮最易产生变形。几乎所有专业齿轮厂和汽车制造厂都使用专用齿轮淬火压床对被动锥齿轮作加压油淬,以减少变形。但中小型厂往往缺少此类设备,因此需要对被动锥齿轮的热处理工艺加以改进。     

准双曲线齿轮降噪设计探讨

分析了重合度和主动锥齿轮螺旋角与噪音的关系,着重阐述了齿轮参数、材料及热处理、安装精度对润滑齿轮传动噪音的影响。     

拖车钩强韧性的技术提升研究

针对现役某车辆拖车钩存在强韧性不足导致拖车钩牵引拉脱的问题,通过优化拖车钩结构和材料两方面增加拖车钩自身及连接部位的强韧性。采用有限元软件HyperWorks对拖车钩施加不同工况载荷进行模拟验证,对载荷卸载后的拖车钩残余变形量进行分析,分析表明,优化后的拖车钩较原状态的残余变形量降低,拖车钩的屈服强度有所提升,采用热处理方式可提升拖车钩用40CrMo钢材料的冲击韧性。研究了淬火后回火保温时间对40CrMo钢组织性能的影响,试验结果表明,热处理工艺为790℃淬火+560℃回火,材料的冲击韧性随着回火保温时间的延长而提升。     

主动圆锥齿轮尾部螺纹热处理工艺的研究

为解决热处理后主动圆锥齿轮尾部螺纹硬度达不到技术要求的问题，进行了几种热处理工艺试验。结果表明：采用双重保险工艺处理的主动圆锥齿轮尾部螺纹硬度完全可以达到产品技术要求，质量稳定可靠，但成本较高；采用感应退火工艺，尾部螺纹硬度可以达到技术要求，其特点是节能、生产效率高，但需要定期对尾部螺纹进行力学性能检测。     

Locomotive dynamic performance under traction/braking conditions considering effect of gear transmissions

Traction or braking operations are usually applied to trains or locomotives for acceleration, speed adjustment, and stopping. During these operations, gear transmission equipment plays a very significant role in the delivery of traction or electrical braking power. Failures of the gear transmissions are likely to cause power loses and even threaten the operation safety of the train. Its dynamic performance is closely related to the normal operation and service safety of the entire train, especially under some emergency braking conditions. In this paper, a locomotive–track coupled vertical–longitudinal dynamics model is employed with considering the dynamic action from the gear transmissions. This dynamics model enables the detailed analysis and more practical simulation on the characteristics of power transmission path, namely motor–gear transmission–wheelset–longitudinal motion of locomotive, especially for traction or braking conditions. Multi-excitation sources, such as time-varying mesh stiffness and nonlinear wheel–rail contact excitations, are considered in this study. This dynamics model is then validated by comparing the simulated results with the experimental test results under braking conditions. The calculated results indicate that involvement of gear transmission could reveal the load reduction of the wheelset due to transmitted forces. Vibrations of the wheelset and the motor are dominated by variation of the gear dynamic mesh forces in the low speed range and by rail geometric irregularity in the higher speed range. Rail vertical geometric irregularity could also cause wheelset longitudinal vibrations, and do modulations to the gear dynamic mesh forces. Besides, the hauling weight has little effect on the locomotive vibrations and the dynamic mesh forces of the gear transmissions for both traction and braking conditions under the same running speed.     

A locomotive–track coupled vertical dynamics model with gear transmissions

A gear transmission system is a key element in a locomotive for the transmission of traction or braking forces between the motor and the wheel–rail interface. Its dynamic performance has a direct effect on the operational reliability of the locomotive and its components. This paper proposes a comprehensive locomotive–track coupled vertical dynamics model, in which the locomotive is driven by axle-hung motors. In this coupled dynamics model, the dynamic interactions between the gear transmission system and the other components, e.g. motor and wheelset, are considered based on the detailed analysis of its structural properties and working mechanism. Thus, the mechanical transmission system for power delivery from the motor to the wheelset via gear transmission is coupled with a traditional locomotive–track dynamics system via the wheel–rail contact interface and the gear mesh interface. This developed dynamics model enables investigations of the dynamic performance of the entire dynamics system under the excitations from the wheel–rail contact interface and/or the gear mesh interface. Dynamic interactions are demonstrated by numerical simulations using this dynamics model. The results indicate that both of the excitations from the wheel–rail contact interface and the gear mesh interface have a significant effect on the dynamic responses of the components in this coupled dynamics system.     

售后6.7万公里主动锥齿轮尾部发生掉头的原因分析

本文主要就售后退回的主动锥齿轮尾部掉头导致整桥失效的现象进行原因分析,通过对各相关件材质及尺寸方面的检测及分析,最终发现主动轮上安装30312轴承轴颈尺寸不符合技术要求,使用发生滑转,导致与主动轮花键配合的未经调质处理的凸缘产生严重磨损,最终导致主动轮发生掉头现象。     

Simplified and advanced modelling of traction control systems of heavy-haul locomotives

Improving tractive effort is a very complex task in locomotive design. It requires the development of not only mechanical systems but also power systems, traction machines and traction algorithms. At the initial design stage, traction algorithms can be verified by means of a simulation approach. A simple single wheelset simulation approach is not sufficient because all locomotive dynamics are not fully taken into consideration. Given that many traction control strategies exist, the best solution is to use more advanced approaches for such studies. This paper describes the modelling of a locomotive with a bogie traction control strategy based on a co-simulation approach in order to deliver more accurate results. The simplified and advanced modelling approaches of a locomotive electric power system are compared in this paper in order to answer a fundamental question. What level of modelling complexity is necessary for the investigation of the dynamic behaviours of a heavy-haul locomotive running under traction? The simulation results obtained provide some recommendations on simulation processes and the further implementation of advanced and simplified modelling approaches.     

AMESim仿真软件在汽车机电技术中的应用

AMESim是一款专业的液压系统仿真软件,可进行液压系统、机电系统、伺服控制、热计算等多方面的仿真。文章介绍了AMESim软件基本仿真环境,及其在汽车机电、汽车发动机、自动驾驶等方面的应用。并对某型号的汽车发动机齿轮组进行了仿真模型的建立,通过转速输入控制,得到了齿轮组末端转速响应情况,可对发动机齿轮动力学进行预演仿真分析。将AMESim应用于汽车机电系统设计中,为其设计及优化提供仿真环境和设计参考。     

MASTA的微型车变速哭齿轮啮合

齿轮作为手动变速器的主要传动部件,其啮合情况对整个变速器的性能好坏有着至关重要的影响。文章采用MASTA软件实现了对某微型车变速器的齿轮啮合分析,并建立了变速器的仿真模型,模拟其实际负载状况完成变速器的齿轮传动过程分析;同时利用软件的齿轮微观修形模块,优化齿面啮合的接触斑点,减小传递误差,达到了改善齿面接触状况的目的。表明运用专业软件进行建模与仿真分析,可有效减少试验费用,缩短研发周期,为今后新变速器齿轮的开发与应用提供了较好的指导作用。     

Modelling,simulation and applications of longitudinal train dynamics

ABSTRACT

Significant developments in longitudinal train simulation and an overview of the approaches to train models and modelling vehicle force inputs are firstly presented. The most important modelling task, that of the wagon connection, consisting of energy absorption devices such as draft gears and buffers, draw gear stiffness, coupler slack and structural stiffness is then presented. Detailed attention is given to the modelling approaches for friction wedge damped and polymer draft gears. A significant issue in longitudinal train dynamics is the modelling and calculation of the input forces – the co-dimensional problem. The need to push traction performances higher has led to research and improvement in the accuracy of traction modelling which is discussed. A co-simulation method that combines longitudinal train simulation, locomotive traction control and locomotive vehicle dynamics is presented. The modelling of other forces, braking propulsion resistance, curve drag and grade forces are also discussed. As extensions to conventional longitudinal train dynamics, lateral forces and coupler impacts are examined in regards to interaction with wagon lateral and vertical dynamics. Various applications of longitudinal train dynamics are then presented. As an alternative to the tradition single wagon mass approach to longitudinal train dynamics, an example incorporating fully detailed wagon dynamics is presented for a crash analysis problem. Further applications of starting traction, air braking, distributed power, energy analysis and tippler operation are also presented.     

Development of a new traction control system for vehicles with automatic transmissions

A traction control system (TCS) is used to improve the acceleration performance on slippery roads by preventing excessive wheel slip. In this paper, a new traction control system using the integrated control of gear shifting and throttle actuation is developed for vehicles with automatic transmissions. In the design of the slip controller, by means of a differential manifold transformation, a slip control system with nonlinearities and uncertainties is transformed into a linear system, and a sliding mode controller is applied for the purpose of increasing the robustness of the system. Next, to achieve the required driving torque, the optimal throttle and gear position, maps are constructed based on dynamic programming. The simulation results indicate that the present traction control system can improve the acceleration performance of an automatic transmission vehicle for various types of road conditions.     

Simulation of curving at low speed under high traction for passive steering hauling locomotives

The traction control in modern electric and diesel electric locomotives has allowed rail operators to utilise high traction adhesion levels without undue risk of damage from uncontrolled wheel spin. At the same time, some locomotive manufacturers have developed passive steering locomotive bogies to reduce wheel rail wear and further improve locomotive adhesion performance on curves. High locomotive traction loads in curving are known to cause the loss of steering performance in passive steering bogies. At present there are few publications on the curving performance of locomotive steering with linkage bogies. The most extreme traction curving cases of low speed and high adhesion for hauling locomotives have not been fully investigated, with effects of coupler forces and cant excess being generally ignored. This paper presents a simulation study for three axle bogie locomotives in pusher and pulling train positions on tight curves. The simulation study uses moderate and high traction adhesion levels of 16.6% and 37% for various rail friction conditions. Curving performance is assessed, showing forced steering bogies to have considerable advantages over self steering bogies. Likewise it is shown that self steering bogies are significantly better than yaw relaxation bogies at improving steering under traction. As the required traction adhesion approaches the rail friction coefficient, steering performance of all bogies degrades and yaw of the bogie frame relative to the track increases. Operation with excess cant and tensile coupler forces are both found to be detrimental to the wear performance of all locomotive bogies, increasing the bogie frame yaw angles. Bogie frame pitching is also found to have significant effect on steering, causing increased performance differences between bogie designs.