AMESim仿真软件在燃料电池系统开发中的应用

利用AMESim软件建立了质子交换膜燃料电池发动机一维仿真模型,包括电堆、空气系统、氢气系统和冷却系统.从空压机选型、电堆运行条件匹配、冷启动和整车经济性四个方面介绍了AMESim仿真软件的应用.仿真结果表明,电堆运行条件对系统零部件选型尤其是空压机影响较大,适当降低进气计量比和进气压力可降低部件功率消耗,提升系统整体...     

燃料电池空气供应系统非线性鲁棒控制

提出了一种质子交换膜燃料电池空气供应系统非线性鲁棒控制方法.控制目标是在阶跃负载电流条件下过氧比和电堆阴极压力调整到期望值,避免燃料电池空气供应系统出现氧气不足的现象,获得最大净功率.建立了面向控制的空气供应系统多输入多输出模型,针对空气供应系统模型中电堆阴极压力不能直接测量和模型具有非线性程度高、耦合性强、参数的不确...     

车用燃料电池系统高海拔运行研究

燃料电池的性能对阴极的空气压力与过量系数非常敏感,尤其在高海拔地区,由于空气稀薄,燃料电池系统输出会受到较大的限制,这将直接影响整车性能。文章对不同海拔高度下的车用燃料电池系统性能、效率进行了研究,并优化了电堆操作条件,为整车策略调整提供了重要输入。     

车用质子交换膜燃料电池典型工况的试验研究

针对发动机的典型工况,对车用低压燃料电池堆性能的影响因素进行了试验研究。怠速工况主要研究不同进气湿度、不同空气过量系数及不同进气压力对电堆性能的影响;额定工况主要研究过饱和增湿下积水对电堆性能的影响。结果表明:适当的过饱和增湿以及增加电堆的进气压力能改善电堆的怠速性能;在高负荷高湿度的情况下,电堆内部存在积水现象,影响电堆单片电压的一致性。     

车用燃料电池发动机模型搭建及仿真研究

利用AMESim搭建质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)发动机单电池和电堆瞬态仿真模型,同时利用某80 kW质子交换膜燃料电池电堆试验数据验证了该仿真模型的正确性,为燃料电池的仿真及预测分析提供了一种新的工具.通过此模型研究了燃料电池电堆的运行参数如气体压力、温度等对电堆性能的影响,同时也预测了阳极侧杂质气体含量对电堆性能的影响.     

燃料电池车电堆支架静强度及疲劳仿真分析

以某燃料电池车电堆支架为研究对象,运用三维设计软件CATIA设计电堆支架3D几何模型,运用仿真软件HyperWorks建立电堆支架有限元模型,并分析了支架结构强度和疲劳寿命。针对不满足设计目标的方案进行了优化,使其满足设计需求,并通过了实车耐久测试和燃料电池系统台架耐久测试验证~([1])。     

车用质子交换膜燃料电池性能仿真与试验研究

总结了燃料电池极化曲线的半经验公式,利用某80kW质子交换膜燃料电池试验数据来拟合公式中的相关系数,同时利用Matlab/Simulink软件建立了质子交换膜燃料电池堆的仿真模型,为燃料电池发动机系统的仿真和分析提供了一个重要工具。通过此模型可以研究燃料电池电堆的运行参数如气体压力、温度、当量比等对电堆性能的影响,从而有助于研究整个燃料电池发动机系统的性能。     

倾角安装对电堆性能影响的研究

作为新能源汽车发展新方向,氢燃料电池商用车最近几年在中国取得了快速发展。质子交换膜燃料电池工作温度较低,如果电堆在整车上的安装方式不当,可能导致生成的液态水不能顺利排出而造成电堆水淹,从而影响燃料电池发动机工作的稳定性。目前电堆在整车上的安装方式与排水的影响还未受到研究者的充分重视。本文开展了燃料电池发动机在不同方向上的倾角运行试验,用以模拟整车在坡道上行驶时发动机倾斜可能带来的影响。试验结果表明,发动机在不同方向倾斜角度运行对性能的稳定影响不同,某些方向倾斜安装会造成排水不畅,从而影响性能稳定性。经过分析表明,对于电堆氢气、空气的流场设计不同、分配管设计不同等,燃料电池系统在整车上的安装需遵循利于排水的原则,条件允许的情况下,按照一定方向进行倾斜安装,以利于液态水管理,提升燃料电池发动机工作稳定性和耐久性。     

燃料电池系统仿真分析及测试验证

燃料电池系统包含电堆、空气子系统、氢气子系统、冷却子系统，涉及零部件众多。因此在研发初期，通过系统仿真的手段建立燃料电池系统模型，对系统开发具有指导作用。本文首先依据零部件的试验结果及特性参数进行零部件虚拟标定，建立精确零部件模型；然后根据系统流程图搭建完整的燃料电池系统仿真模型；最后通过仿真计算，对系统关键输出性能参数进行评估和预测。将仿真结果与测试数据进行对比校核，结果表明：模型仿真结果与测试数据平均绝对百分比误差最大为4.33%，吻合度较高，验证了此系统仿真模型精度较高，可用于燃料电池系统性能研究，对今后研发燃料电池系统具有重要的指导意义。     

质子交换膜燃料电池电堆封装设计综述

为了保证质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）电堆的输出性能、密封性、可靠性和使用寿命,需要对电堆的封装力和封装结构进行理论计算和设计优化。通过建立PEMFC电堆的等效刚度力学模型及相关经验公式,研究了膜电极组件（MEA）接触电阻、气体扩散层（GDL）孔隙率、电堆密封性和抗冲击性与电堆封装力之间的关系。针对电堆封装力的有限元仿真,研究了基于等效面积和等效刚度的仿真优化方法。最后,阐述了电堆封装结构设计方法和结构优化方法。结果表明,基于等效刚度力学模型和经验公式,可以在较短的时间内完成电堆封装力的理论计算,提高了开发效率。同时,采用有限元仿真方法,可以较为准确和直观地完成电堆封装力的设计优化。采用拓扑优化和封装力自补偿计算方法,提高了电堆封装结构设计的合理性。     

氢燃料电池发动机热管理系统的控制方案研究

针对目前氢燃料电池发动机系统在变载过程中存在的电堆温度波动较大、热管理子系统响应速度慢等问题,提出了基于电堆功率、电堆进出口冷却液温差、冷却液流量等多参数跟随的热管理控制方案.利用AMESim仿真软件对某款氢燃料电池发动机的热管理系统建立了一维仿真模型,并在典型工况下对不同控制方案进行仿真分析.结果 表明:水泵转速跟随...     

Analysis of the performance of the evaporator of automotive air conditioning system

The purpose of this research was to establish a theoretical model for the evaporator of automotive air conditioning system and conducting simulations to evaluate the effect of operation parameters, environmental conditions, and design parameters on the performance of evaporator. An automotive air conditioning system primarily consists of four components: the compressor, the condenser, the refrigerant controller, and the evaporator. The refrigerant flow in the evaporator can be divided into two regions: the evaporating region and the superheat region. The refrigerant in the first region is a two-phase flow, while the refrigerant in the latter region is in the state of superheated vapor. The air flowing through the interior of the evaporator can also be divided into two zones: the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone. Water vapor is condensed in the saturated zone while in the unsaturated zone, no water condenses. Because the refrigerant flow and the airflow are perpendicular to each other, the distribution of refrigerant in the evaporating region and the superheat region does not coincide with the distribution of air in the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone. This study examines the effects of different design parameters, environmental conditions and operating parameters on the cooling capacity and superheat of an air conditioning system. Design parameters include the length of the refrigerant channel, the length of the air channel, and the thickness of the fins. Environmental conditions include the air inlet temperature and absolute humidity. Operation conditions include the refrigerant inlet enthalpy, inlet air flow rate, and refrigerant mass flow rate. Results of simulation demonstrated that fins with 50 micron meters width has the greatest cooling capacity for identical outer dimensions; thicker or thinner fins only decreased cooling capacity. Under different outer dimensions, longer refrigerant tubes and air channels created a greater cooling capacity. However, the increase in cooling capacity becomes less and less if the refrigerant flow was fixed because the heat transfer capability of the gaseous refrigerant was limited. In this study, an increase of 19% in cooling capacity can be reached as the length of refrigerant channels was increased, and the increased length of the air channels can promote the cooling capacity by 22%. Besides, it was found in this study that a decrease in the refrigerant inlet enthalpy, the inlet air flow rate, the air inlet temperature, and the inlet absolute humidity, or an increase in the refrigerant mass flow rate, would extend the superheat region and decrease the refrigerant’s superheat. It was also found that the cooling capacity of air conditioners is extremely sensitive to changes in the refrigerant mass flow rate and the inlet enthalpy, and variations more than 50% were found in the operating ranges examined in this study. However, changes in the inlet temperature, absolute humidity, and inlet air flow rate only resulted in variations between 10% and 20% in the examined ranges of conditions. Finally, a correlation among these variables and the simulated cooling capacity was obtained in this study, enabling the relevant researchers to evaluate automotive air conditioning performance under different environmental conditions and operation parameters more easily.     

进、排气背压对涡轮增压柴油机工作过程影响的研究

本研究在不同进、排气背压下,测定了柴油机示功图,进、排气管温度及压力,柴油机输出功率和排气烟度等参数,在此基础上计算了柴油机放热率,分析了进、排气背压变化对柴油机放热率的影响。结果表明,进气背压变小后,柴油机燃烧持续期变长,热量利用率低;排气背压增大后,柴油机燃烧不充分,排气烟度大;排气背压变大后,涡轮增压器工作环境差,柴油机进气压力也相应降低。     

高压质子交换膜燃料电池运行参数优选研究

通过正交试验,研究了空气压力、空气当鼍比、空气-氢气压力差及燃料电池工作温度等运行参数对高压质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响.对试验结果的分析表明:使用该高压燃料电池时,理应尽可能采用较高的空气当量比,但会相应增加空气压缩机的功率消耗,故在燃料电池发动机整体设计中须加以综合权衡;在较小电流情况下,较高的空气压力有利于燃料电池性能的提高;而随着电流的增加,工作温度对于燃料电池性能的影响增大.     

不同进出风口方式下汽车流场模拟研究

汽车进出风口对汽车空气动力学特性有重要的影响。利用CATIA建立了三种不同进出风口的汽车模型,利用CFD方法研究不同进出风口对汽车流场的影响。采用三维不可压缩雷诺平均方程N～S方程采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,利用二阶迎风差分格式获得控制体积界面上的物理量,应用SIMPLEC算法进行迭代计算,对汽车流场进行模拟仿真,并将结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明：汽车前端只有一个进风口的情况下,发动机迎风面的高压区偏上,并且高压区的压力明显低于增加辅助进风口的情况。将三种情况下仿真得出的发动机舱内散热所需的冷却空气量与实际所需要的空气量对比,结果显示,汽车前端只有一个进风口的情况不能满足发动机舱内的散热需求,而其余两种情况能够满足散热需求。     

柴油机掺氢文丘里管的结构设计及优化

为了将由水解装置产生的氢气由进气总管处引入柴油机,设计了一套文丘里管装置,将压力较低的氢气（0．15 M Pa）自发地引入压力较高的进气总管（0．25 M Pa）内。为了优化该文丘里管的吸氢能力,并降低文丘里管装置对发动机进气的影响,同时确保文丘里管结构尺寸较小便于安装,采用CFD软件 FIRETM模拟了发动机实际工况下的文丘里管内气体流动情况,分析了分流流量、喉口管径、导流段管径、收缩角、扩压角、收缩圆角半径、扩压圆角半径等7个参数对氢气吸入能力的影响特征。结果表明：参数优化后文丘里管能够产生足够的低压,使水解的氢气顺利地吸入进气总管,同时不对发动机进气产生较大的流阻影响。     

Performance characteristics of a supplementary stack-cooling system for fuel-cell vehicles using a carbon dioxide air-conditioning unit

In fuel-cell-powered vehicles, the fuel-cell system requires a thermal-management subsystem to dissipate heat released during the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen. When the stack generates power at a high rate, a large amount of heat is also generated. If cooling by the radiator is insufficient, a supplementary stack-cooling system is needed to maintain a safe operating temperature. In this study, the performance of a CO₂ air-conditioning unit for stack cooling was investigated under various conditions, and the relationship between cabin cooling and stack cooling was also studied. The coefficient of performance (COP) increased from 1.9 to 2.4, with an increase in cabin-air inlet flow rate from 0 to 8 m³/min. When the air-conditioning unit was turned off, the cooling capacity of the stack cooler was increased; correspondingly, as the cabin-cooling capacity was increased, that of the stack cooler decreased. With an increase in ambient-air inlet temperature from 38°C to 45°C, the COP decreased by 24%. Additionally, both the stack-cooling capacity and cabin-cooling capacity were decreased by about 12% and 16%, respectively, due to reduced heat transfer in the gas cooler as the ambient air inlet temperature was increased. It is expected that the experimental results can serve as a resource in designing a stack-cooling system using a CO₂ air-conditioning unit to enhance stack power generation and efficiency.     

Air flow trajectory and surge avoidance of centrifugal compressor under variable pressure operation of automotive fuel cells

The compressor of an automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell requires severe dynamic performance under normal driving patterns. Because the air flow demand of the automotive fuel cell requires steep increase/decrease, it is very important to understand the air flow trajectory of the centrifugal compressor to avoid the compressor surge. In this study, a simulation model of an automotive fuel cell system with a dynamic compressor was developed to investigate the proper trajectory of air flow rate on a performance map of an air compressor. The dynamic response of the compressor shows that the cathode inlet and exit valves have a significant effect on surge evolution. In particular, the results showed that a proper combination of valve opening areas is required to avoid compressor surge. In this study, the original two valve approach was reduced to a single cathode exit valve control with fixed cathode inlet orifice. A surge rejection algorithm was also developed, based on the comparison of surge protection envelope pressure with actual measured pressure. The results show that surge evolution is effectively avoided by controlling the cathode exit valve.     

基于响应面模型的智能台架供风系统开发

为解决瞬态工况下,汽车主动进气格栅（AGS）开度及风扇转速实时调整,换热器进风量时刻改变,热管理测试台架风机无法实时为换热器提供精准瞬态供风这一问题,应用计算流体力学（CFD）仿真技术,分析了换热器进风量与车速、AGS开度及风扇转速之间的关系,并构建了数学模型,模型预测误差小于6.6%。将该模型置于CANOE设备中,与VN1640设备及风机系统连接,可实时采集车速、AGS开度及风扇转速CAN信号,计算换热器进风量,从而控制风机输出相应风量,实现了台架风机为换热器提供精准、实时供风这一目标。     

高压共轨系统高压泵进油计量阀仿真研究

根据高压共轨高压泵进油计量阀的结构,建立计量阀的比例电磁铁及液力阀的仿真计算模型,利用仿真分析方法,研究比例电磁铁的工作特性,比例电磁铁结构、材料等因素对比例电磁铁性能的影响以及不同形状节流孔液力阀的流通特性。结果表明:在理想工作气隙内,电磁吸力与激励电流成正比;在允许的设计范围内,比例电磁铁定铁端部的锥角越尖锐越有利于提升其电磁吸力的水平特性;比例电磁铁理想工作气隙的长度随定铁锥面的长度增大而增大,而电磁吸力随定铁锥面的长度增大而减小;在一定的衔铁长度内,比例电磁铁的电磁吸力随衔铁长度的增大而增大;三角形节流孔的计量阀比圆形和矩形的计量阀流量控制性好。研究的结果可以为高压共轨高压泵进油计量阀设计提供依据。