Anti-Skid Braking of a Tractor-Semitrailer Truck

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a study of anti-skid braking and the effects of such braking on the handling behavior and braking performance of a tractor-semitrailer truck. The truck, represented by a digital computer model having fourteen degrees of freedom, is taken to be in a cornering maneuver that involves braking and driver steering. Conventional braking or one of three types of anti-skid braking is used in the maneuver. The results show that the effects of anti-skid braking on the handling behavior and braking performance of the truck are beneficial. The results also show that the behavior of the wheels and the handling behavior and braking performance of the truck depend on the type of anti-skid braking used.     

Optimal Control of the Tractor-Semitrailer Truck

SUMMARY

This paper is concerned with the braking performance and the handling behavior of the tractor-semitrailer truck under optimal braking. Optimal control theory is used in order to deal with the problem and a combination of the steepest descent method and the Davidon Fletcher Powell method is used to solve it numerically. Results for some chosen braking maneuvers are obtained for a nonlinear truck model which has 14 degrees of freedom. These results show that, for the chosen maneuvers an idealized anti-skid braking is close to being optimal in the sense defined in this paper. Implementation of an idealized anti-skid braking on the tractor-semitrailer truck, however, may be not desirable.     

Optimal Control of the Tractor-Semitrailer Truck

This paper is concerned with the braking performance and the handling behavior of the tractor-semitrailer truck under optimal braking. Optimal control theory is used in order to deal with the problem and a combination of the steepest descent method and the Davidon Fletcher Powell method is used to solve it numerically. Results for some chosen braking maneuvers are obtained for a nonlinear truck model which has 14 degrees of freedom. These results show that, for the chosen maneuvers an idealized anti-skid braking is close to being optimal in the sense defined in this paper. Implementation of an idealized anti-skid braking on the tractor-semitrailer truck, however, may be not desirable.     

基于主动制动的半挂汽车列车横摆稳定性控制

为研究半挂汽车列车在高速大转向等极限操作工况下的横摆稳定性控制问题,建立了14自由度的半挂汽车列车非线性仿真模型;提出了牵引车与半挂车独立直接横摆力矩控制的横摆稳定性控制方案,通过牵引车和半挂车车轮的合理选择和主动制动实现横摆控制;以跟踪参考模型的稳态横摆响应为目标,设计了PI横摆稳定性控制器,对牵引车和半挂车分别设计了目标制动车轮的选择决策规则。单移线操作仿真结果表明,基于主动制动的横摆力矩控制可有效改善极限工况下半挂汽车列车的横摆稳定性,牵引车与半挂车进行独立横摆控制可以减小制动车轮选择决策的复杂性,而获得较好的控制效果。     

某轻型载货汽车制动性能分析与改进设计

将某轻型载货汽车制动系统中前制动器改为盘式制动器,对采用不同配置制动系统的整车进行路试制动性能试验,结果表明制动性能得到很大改善.在该制动系统中加装制动力自动调节装置来调整前、后轮制动器的输入压力,并对改进设计后的整车制动性能进行实车道路试验.结果表明,该轻型货车制动力分配更加合理,制动性能明显提高,制动稳定性和安全性得到改善.     

Stability Bounds of a Tractor-Semitrailer

The dynamic stability of a tractor-semitrailer is presented here on a qualitative basis. In a four-dimensional space, equilibrium states of the system are discovered which lead to suitable initial conditions for numerical integration of the system equations. The intergal solutions define the stable and the unstable regions in the state-space, and thereby reveal the system behavior. A simple example concerning the effect of a front tire blowout illustrates how the theory can expose the vehicle motion under external perturbations.     

液罐汽车直线制动稳定性的分析

对液罐汽车部分装载并直线制动时，罐内液体的质心坐标和制动稳定性进行分析讨论。部分装载的液罐汽车制动行驶时，其质心位置将向前、向上转移，使汽车的同步附着系数减小，造成后桥车轮先于前轴车轮抱死，致使后桥车轮侧向附着力下降而容易发生侧滑；同时还导致前后车轮抱死间隔时间增加。为了减小液罐汽车罐内液体质心的转移对汽车制动稳定性的影响，应在结构上采取措施，尽量控制罐内液体质心的转移量，提高同步附着系数。     

制动衬片摩擦性能对轻型货车前后制动力之比的影响

本文研究了制动衬片摩擦性能——热衰退性能、速度和压力相关性对轻型货车鼓式制动器前后制动力之比的影响及其规律。研究表明,前后制动力之比不足一固定值,而是在很大范围内变化的一个区,从而影响同步附着系数,导致前后轮抱死区的变动;研究表明,摩擦特性受热不稳定而出现的逆衰退和过恢复是影响β的主要原因。本文还讨论了前后制动力之比β的简易计算法与台试实测结果间的差异,提出由制动器台架试验确定β之方法。     

自卸车举升与制动的联锁设计

针对自卸车举升装置与行车制动装置不能联锁而引发不该发生的事故，介绍了一种具备联锁功能装置的设计思路。     

载货汽车制动跑偏原因

汽车制动系统的稳定性直接影响整车安全,而制动跑偏又是多年的老问题。文章从设计和生产加工的角度分析了引起制动跑偏的原因,并介绍了一种制动力调节机构（可调式弹簧制动气室）的工作原理,表明制动系统零部件加工及制造误差引起的积累误差是造成制动跑偏的主要原因,而这个积累误差是不可控的,也是无法消除的。指出要解决这个问题必须尽可能提高各零部件加工质量,减小积累误差;同时在制动系统中增加制动力调节机构,通过制动力的调节来弥补积累误差。     

重卡制动空气处理系统研究

目前,重卡普遍采用气制动,若制动管路空气质量差,将影响阀体的正常工作或者失效,降低制动效能。本文结合实际分析了影响制动管路空气质量的原因,提出了提高制动管路空气质量的几项对应措施,进一步提出了制动系统某些零部件匹配推荐值,对提升制动管路空气质量具有一定的参考意义。     

半挂汽车列车转向分析

研究了半挂汽车列车的最小转弯直径、转弯通道圆和直角通道宽度理论计算方法,介绍了如何分析半挂汽车列车在公路上行驶时的通过性能。     

重型载货汽车气压制动系统危险状态识别

针对重型载货汽车因气压制动系统发生管路破裂、机械故障或热衰退导致制动效能下降且不易察觉从而引发严重交通事故的问题,提出基于主成分分析降维（PCA降维）和马尔可夫模型的气压制动系统危险状态识别方法。考虑到三轴载货汽车双回路制动系统的结构复杂性以及制动过程制动踏板动作、系统压力建立和实现车辆减速具有明显的时序性特点,首先采用PCA降维的方法对系统状态进行辨识;然后运用驾驶人制动意图与制动系统响应的双层隐形马尔可夫模型对系统状态进行识别。受驾驶人习惯影响制动踏板作用瞬间辨识度低,采用混合高斯聚类法提取不同制动意图时制动保持阶段数据建立制动意图识别模型和系统响应识别模型,通过二者匹配程度判定系统状态。最后,分别依据实车试验数据对模型进行离线训练和在线辨识验证。试验结果表明：系统正常状态下,基于PCA降维和马尔可夫模型相结合的识别方法能够准确、有效地识别制动系统状态;制动管路断开压力降低状态下,PCA降维方法能够及时有效识别其危险状态。     

Random Response of Tractor-Semitrailer System

This work describes an analytical study of the dynamic behaviour of a tractor-semitrailer vehicle. A digital computer simulation was used to describe the longitudinal, vertical, and pitching motions of the vehicle travelling over a stationary random road surface. A man-seat model was also incorporated into the simulation. Vehicle response to road irregularities has been studied by assuming two different roads for loaded and unloaded cases.

Numerical results are presented for vehicle, showing system eigenvalues, power spectral densities and root mean square values of the linear and angular accelerations and displacements. Vehicle acceleration response is compared with the ISO riding comfort standard. All results for the loaded and unloaded cases and for smooth and rough roads indicated that an uncomfortable ride would result from vehicle response.     

Random Response of Tractor-Semitrailer System

SUMMARY

This work describes an analytical study of the dynamic behaviour of a tractor-semitrailer vehicle. A digital computer simulation was used to describe the longitudinal, vertical, and pitching motions of the vehicle travelling over a stationary random road surface. A man-seat model was also incorporated into the simulation. Vehicle response to road irregularities has been studied by assuming two different roads for loaded and unloaded cases.

Numerical results are presented for vehicle, showing system eigenvalues, power spectral densities and root mean square values of the linear and angular accelerations and displacements. Vehicle acceleration response is compared with the ISO riding comfort standard. All results for the loaded and unloaded cases and for smooth and rough roads indicated that an uncomfortable ride would result from vehicle response.     

牵引车-半挂车列车转向稳定性分析

研究了3种用于判别牵引车-半挂车列车稳态转向特性的方法:线性系统稳态转向特性的判别方法、基于动力学仿真的非线性系统稳态转向特性的判别方法、能量相平面判别方法.运用这3种方法分别对某一牵引车-半挂车列车的稳态转向特性进行了判别.结果表明,3种方法相互补充,可以更全面地判别牵引车-半挂车列车的稳态转向特性.