油气管道焊接接头的应力腐蚀及防护

焊接过程引起焊接接头组织和力学性能的不均匀性。通过研究焊接接头应力腐蚀的规律,发现焊缝比母材具有更高的应力腐蚀敏感性;焊缝硬化层越宽对应力腐蚀越敏感;工作温度越高应力腐蚀敏感电位区间越宽;适量的加入合金元素可提高焊接接头的抗应力腐蚀能力;改善介质条件也是很重要的方面。     

海底混输管道内部状态完整性分析

为保证某混输海管的安全运营,通过建立混输海管多相流动模型和腐蚀模型,分析海管典型运行工况参数与设计取值,得出管道多相流动参数分布规律、腐蚀速率主要影响因素和总腐蚀情况。结果表明：海管入口立管底部压力最高;管内沿线温度总体逐渐降低,具有轻微波动;平管上坡段和入口立管段持液率较高;液体流速对该管道腐蚀速率的影响最显著;入口立管段底部腐蚀速率最大,且均大于设计取值;腐蚀速率设计取值偏小。     

疏水装置放水管温度场的数值模拟

水蒸汽管道中的冷凝水由疏水装置排出。为研究极寒地区疏水装置放水管冬季结冰的问题,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent建立了放水管死管段热损失的物理模型,并对管道内部温度场进行模拟分析。模拟结果很好地显示了管道内的温度场,并得到了管道轴线上的温度分布,结果表明:死管段长度对管道内温度场有重要影响。将死管段长度控制在0.2 m以内,可有效避免放水管冷凝水结冰的问题。     

相邻隧道扩挖施工影响分析

采用现场实测和数值计算方法,对乌鞘岭志留系地层板岩夹千枚岩地段左线隧道扩挖施工引起右线隧道的围岩状况和既有支护结构的受力变化进行分析。结果表明,两相邻隧道在不同施工阶段进行导洞开挖和扩挖前后存在一定程度的群洞效应作用,扩挖施工引起右线隧道向左线隧道产生了较小的侧移;在左线隧道扩挖后,右线隧道既有衬砌的接触压力、结构轴力和弯矩均有明显增大,但衬砌结构的安全系数均满足规范要求,处于安全状态。     

隧道-洞口滑坡平行体系受力变形模式与计算方法研究北大核心CSCD

我国目前对隧道-滑坡工程的设计尚无可供参照的行业标准,尤其是滑坡洞口段隧道缺少相应的计算理论。文章首先以平行体系中隧道-洞口滑坡为研究对象,通过归纳总结滑坡地段隧道衬砌的病害特征,构建了相应的工程地质模型;然后将剩余滑坡推力视为导致隧道变形破坏的直接原因,通过荷载传递规律得到作用于隧道结构上的附加荷载,将其与围岩压力叠加推导出了隧道外荷载的计算公式;接着采用弹性地基梁理论,推导出滑坡推力作用下的隧道内力计算方法,从而得到隧道-洞口滑坡的受力变形模式及计算理论;最后通过模型试验对其合理性进行了验证分析,结果表明该方法与实际工程相符,能够为滑坡地段洞口隧道的设计提供参考。     

浅埋黄土隧道土石分界高度对初期支护结构安全性的影响分析

为获得浅埋黄土隧道土石分界高度对初期支护结构安全性的影响,文章以临县隧道为工程背景,采用数值模拟的方法研究了浅埋土石分界高度及土石分界面位置对隧道初期支护结构安全性的影响。结果表明:土石分界致使隧道初期支护结构安全系数发生突变,分界面倾斜时安全系数分布不对称。同一种埋深条件下,随着土石分界面位置的下移,土石分界面以上部分偏压减弱,分界面以下的部分偏压增强。同一界面深度条件下,隧道初期支护结构左右断面偏压情况随着埋深增加而增大。当土石分界面分别位于隧道上导坑和中下导坑、分界面倾角为10°时,可通过增加20%隧道左侧荷载或减小20%右侧抗力系数来进行荷载计算。     

含气塞管路扫水过程的水力学分析

在新建长输天然气管道水压试验后的通球扫线过程中,由于地形变化剧烈、泄漏等原因,使得清管器下游的水流中包含气塞。为了评估气塞对扫水过程的影响,耦合考虑了清管器、气塞段和液塞段的运动,建立通球扫水过程的力学模型,研究扫水过程中气塞的状态及其对清管器运行速度的影响。结果表明：清管器运行速度的变化主要与管线的高程相关,气塞的长度在高程剧烈变化区段产生很大的变化,对清管器的运行产生冲击,气塞的存在是扫水过程不稳定的重要原因。     

电气化铁路对埋地钢质燃气管道的交流干扰研究

文中主要研究了电气化铁路对埋地钢质燃气管道交流干扰的影响.在京沪高铁试运行期间选取了9条管线进行普测,证实了整个京沪高铁沿线的管线确实受到了交流干扰.通过测试交流电气化铁路在试运行、正式开通后交流干扰的变化情况,表明高铁发车密度越大、载重量越重,所产生的交流干扰明显加大.同时,通过对施加排流措施前、施加排流措施后的对比测试,发现通过增加排流措施,可以使管道受到的干扰大幅度降低,证明了排流工程的有效性.     

影响含有凹痕管道运行寿命的因素研究

国外管道设计标准普遍采用凹痕深度对管道凹痕是否需要修复进行评估,但是,很多满足标准中凹痕深度要求的凹痕仍会发生失效。因此,国外许多研究机构对含有凹痕的管道进行了大量的试验研究。通过比较现场和试验数据,并使用计算软件对管道的压力进行分析,试图从各个方面找出影响含有凹痕的管道运行寿命的因素。文中对此进行了总结,介绍了凹痕长度、凹痕深度、凹痕肩部坡度、凹痕尖度、管道几何形状、管道材料、运行压力、焊缝、壁厚变薄对管道上凹痕疲劳行为的影响。最后得出了结论．并提出建议。     

Analysis of the Stability of the Shield Tunnel Excavation Face Considering Fluid-Solid Coupling Effect北大核心CSCD

In order to study the impacts of the transient seepage on the stability of tunnel excavation face during the installation of lining segments, the fluid-solid coupling effect based numerical model of the tunnel excavation face was developed by the finite element software PLAXIS. With adoption of the variablecontrolling approach, the influences of the depth/diameter ratio (the ratio of the buried depth to diameter of the tunnel) and the support pressure ratio (the ratio of the face support pressure to water and soil pressures ahead of the excavation face) on the face stability and ground settlement were investigated, respectively. At same time, the failure modes of the excavation face under the fluid-solid coupling analysis were also discussed. The results show that:1) the transient seepage leads to the development of the soil arching at the front of the excavation face, in which the smaller deformation at the excavation face is achieved, and so less support pressure for the face stability is allowed. While for the plastic analysis without taking into account the effect of transient seepage, a higher support pressure is required to maintain the stability of the excavation face; 2) in the fluid-solid coupling analysis, the depth/diameter ratio has less impacts on the stability of the excavation surface, but has larger impacts on the ground settlement. The larger the depth/diameter ratio, the larger the ground surface settlement and the settlement profile; 3) however, with the combination of the decrease of the support pressure and the impact of transient seepage on the settlement of ground surface, the soil arching effect in front of the excavation face is gradually reduced. The deformation zone at the ground surface is then connected with the deformed part ahead of the tunnel face to form a wedge-shaped soil sliding zone. It is also observed that the wedge-shaped body tends to have a larger funnel-shaped failure mode than that in the plastic analysis without considering the transient seepage. The results show that the transient seepage has a great impact on the stability of tunnel excavation face in the soil condition with high permeability ratio. The fluid-solid coupling analysis should be adopted to evaluate the deformation of excavation face and ground settlement. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

The role of the discount rate in tendering highway concessions under the LPVR approach

Flexible-term highway concessions are becoming quite popular around the world as a means of mitigating the traffic risk ultimately allocated to the concessionaire. The most sophisticated mechanism within flexible-term concession approaches is the least present value of the revenues (LPVR). This mechanism consists of awarding the concession to the bidder who offers the least present value of the revenues discounted at a discount rate fixed by the government in the contract. Consequently, the concession will come to an end when the present value of the revenues initially requested has been eventually reached. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect that the discount rate established by the government in the bidding terms has on the traffic-risk profile ultimately allocated to the concessionaire. To analyze this effect, a mathematical model is developed in order to obtain the results. I found that the lower the discount rate the larger will be the traffic risk allocated to the concessionaire. Moreover, I found that, if a maximum term is established in the contract, the lower the discount rate, the less skewed towards the downside will be the traffic-risk profile allocated to the concessionaire.     

悬空输油管道的地震动力反应分析

针对工程中常见的悬空输油管道,考虑地震载荷的作用和输送液体与管道的相互作用,建立数学模型,用Hamilton原理和有限元法推导了管道的固液耦合振动方程。采用Newmark逐步积分法直接求解方程,在不同流速和不同边界条件下,对管道的地震动力响应进行计算。结果表明：管道的固有频率随流速的增大而降低,当固有频率降低至地震频率时,结构发生共振;当流速达到临界流速时,位移随时间按指数增大,固液耦合作用不能忽略。     

Numerical Simulation and Analytical Solution of Hydraulic Fracturing in Sedimentary Rock Tunnels北大核心CSCD

In the whole process of survey, construction and operation of rock tunnels, hydraulic fracturing is a mechanical mechanism that needs to be focused. In this paper, numerical simulation for fracture damage constitutive model and analytical formula were used to study the hydraulic fracturing of stratified sedimentary rocks. Based on multi-field coupling finite element analysis software, and combining the linear elastic fracture criterion with the damage constitutive model, a seepage-stress-rock damage coupling model is redeveloped, in which micro cracks can be characterized, and applied to study the hydraulic fracturing of rock mass in the saturated seepage process. By introducing dispersed parallel micro cracks for simulating the beddings of sedimentary rocks, the sedimentary rock cylinder model was established to simulate the hydraulic fracturing behaviors under injecting water into apertures and acting of confining pressure, in order to study the fracturing failure modes and seepage distribution patterns. In addition, the quantitative relationship between the critical water pressure for initial cracking and the confining pressure, the pore diameter of specimens was discussed by changing the pore diameter and confining pressure. In order to verify the cracking initiation pressure law obtained by numerical simulation, based on the seepage theory and the basic equation of elastic mechanics, and combined with the tensile failure mode obtained in the simulation, the formula of critical water pressure for cracking initiation in the rock cylinder with uniform linear elastic seepage was derived. The results of analytical solution and numerical calculation show that the cracking initiation pressure obtained by the two methods is in good agreement with the deviation within 3%. The larger the confining pressure, the larger the cracking initiation pressure, with the approximate linear relationship. The smaller the aperture, the larger the cracking initiation pressure, with the approximate negative slope linear relationship in a certain range. At the same time, the cracking initiation pressure by the analytical solution is always slightly greater than that of the numerical solution, which reflects the impact caused by the difference of the basic material hypothesis between the analytical method and the numerical method. When the material property parameters are consistent, the cracking initiation pressure based on the assumption of ideal linear elastomer will be greater than that of the material introduced into the initial damage bedding. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

Hybrid cyclicity: Combining the benefits of cyclic and non-cyclic timetables

We propose a new type of timetable that would combine both the regularity of the cyclic timetables and the flexibility of the non-cyclic ones. In order to do so, several combinations of the two timetables are considered. The regularity is incorporated in their design and the flexibility is evaluated using the passenger satisfaction (in monetary units). Each of the tested timetables is constructed using the Passenger Centric Train Timetabling Problem (PCTTP), that is solved using a simulated annealing heuristic. Note that the PCTTP, unlike the traditional Train Timetabling Problem (TTP), does not take into account the conflicts among trains. The aim of the PCTTP is to design such timetables that the passengers’ satisfaction is maximized and it remains the aim of the TTP to remove any potential conflicts. The performance of each of the considered timetables is assessed on the real network of Israeli Railways. The results of the case study show that our proposed hybrid cyclic timetable can provide the benefits of the cyclic and the non-cyclic timetable simultaneously. This timetable consists of 75% of cyclic trains (securing the regularity of the service) and of 25% of non-cyclic trains (deployed as supplementary trains during the peak hours and capturing the demand fluctuation). The level of the passenger satisfaction of the hybrid cyclic timetable is similar to the level of the non-cyclic one, which has about 18.5% of improvement as compared to the purely cyclic one.     

海湾沉管隧道建设方案的环境条件及环境影响

海湾地区的环境条件对沉管隧道的建设方案可能存在着一定的制约作用,而建设方案也会在一定程度上对周边环境产生一些负面影响,因此确定建设方案时需考虑尽量减少对环境的破坏,并应充分利用有利的环境条件。文章结合海湾地区的特点,着重分析了海湾沉管隧道的建设条件和环境影响,提出了工程建设过程中应注意的问题,同时对建设方案的合理性和环境保护措施进行了探讨。     

渗流作用下软硬互层砂岩边坡稳定性研究

文章利用Midas GTS有限元岩土分析软件,建立了软硬互层砂岩边坡模型,模拟开挖边坡内部土体的变化特征,并把渗流引入计算中,分析渗流作用下边坡的稳定性及影响因素。研究表明:互层边坡滑动特征为土体滑动,切割砂岩形成破坏;渗流对边坡影响显著,但是边坡稳定性对入渗边界和入渗水头压力不敏感;土层厚度对边坡稳定性影响显著。     

Optimal speed detector density for the network with travel time information

In the expressway network, detectors are installed on the links for detecting the travel time information while the predicted travel time can be provided by the route guidance system (RGS). The speed detector density can be determined to influence flow distributions in such a way that the precision of the travel time information and the social cost of the speed detectors are optimized, provided that each driver chooses the minimum perceived travel time path in response to the predicted travel time information. In this paper, a bilevel programming model is proposed for the network with travel time information provided by the RGS. The lower-level problem is a probit-based traffic assignment model, while the upper-level problem is to determine the speed detector density that minimizes the measured travel time error variance as well as the social cost of the speed detectors. The sensitivity analysis based algorithm is proposed for the bilevel programming problem. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the applications of the proposed model and of the solution algorithm.     

The reciprocal relationship between policy debate and media coverage: The case of road pricing policy in the Netherlands

This study examined the changes in the media coverage of two road pricing schemes proposed in the Netherlands in the period 1998–2010, as well as the link between the media coverage and the policy debate. Both pricing proposals were debated for several years and neither was introduced. Our findings show that space allocation for type of overall tone (e.g. negative or positive towards a pricing proposal) and the range of issues and policy actors in the media coverage were very different for the two proposals, and for each proposal fluctuated greatly over time. Our analysis suggests that such a variation in the media coverage was a reflection of changes in the content of the policy debate (e.g. caused by the specific design features of pricing proposal under discussion, the different policy actors engaged in the debate and their messages about the proposal). This indicates that policymakers can influence the media coverage of road pricing policies to some extent by managing the policy debate. Our findings also show not only that changes in the content of the policy debate were reflected in the media coverage, but also that the media coverage influenced the policy debate: the statements or actions of policy actors received media coverage, which then in turn stimulated the policy debate. However, the influence of media on the policy debate was rather indirect, in that policy actors mostly reacted to the messages from other policy actors reported in the media and to a lesser extent to the media coverage itself.     

Restructuring the Greek Railways: Current Progress and Evaluation of Alternative Schemes

Abstract

This paper presents the rationale, the method, and the alternative choices in the process of restructuring the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE). The most likely alternative structures regarding ownership and management issues of the new entities that will inherit the old OSE organization, and discusses the strategic implications of these alternatives are discussed. A critical view of the process of Greek railway reform and the evaluation results of the alternative organizational structures for the new situation are presented. It first presents the current experience in European Union and other countries of Europe, and the relative position of the Greek railways vis‐à‐vis the most common practices. The most likely options for the new organizational structure are presented which will result from the application of the European Union Directives and the Greek Law 2671/98 for the reorganization of the Greek railways. Based on a more detailed presentation of expected income and expenditures (i.e. economic viability) of the alternatives, a structure and a roadmap to these reforms is recommended for a successful and, above all ‘implementable’, reform of the Greek railways under the current conditions. Finally, the process for change and restructuring is described in terms of the basic principles and procedures that should be followed, and in terms of the necessary steps and procedures for the transition from the current to the new situation.     

Financing urban rail projects: The case of Los Angeles

This paper describes the potential use of the financing strategy of value capture or benefit assessment for an urban mass transportation project. The paper describes the legal background to the use of benefit assessment, and the process of implementation for the first construction phase of the Los Angeles Metro Rail project. The process of developing the benefit assessment structure was a consultative one, utilizing technical inputs from a team of specialist consultants, a task force consisting of major developers and property owners in the affected area, and politicians representing many of the interests in the region. The initial benefit assessment districts were set up to raise $130 million of the cost of the first 4.4 miles of the rail project, and are based on the benefits accruing to certain categories of property in the vicinity of stations. The assessment would be collected for about 18 years and bonding would be used to provide the capital at the time of construction.The paper describes the procedure for setting boundaries, the structuring of the assessment rates, the definition of benefiting properties, and the uses and tenure of the assessment. In almost all cases, the theory of value capture indicated a different result than was achieved from a consensus of the task force, and the nature of these differences is explored in the paper. The establishment of the benefit assessment districts withstood early court challenges, but has subsequently been appealed and was overturned on appeal. Action is pending with the Supreme Court currently, and efforts are also underway to pass new legislation to deal with some of the issues raised in the court proceedings.