汽车四轮转向控制策略研究

汽车四轮转向较之常规的前轮转向可提高汽车的操纵稳定性,论文针对汽车四轮转向的操纵稳定性控制问题,设计了一种四轮转向控制策略,实现汽车不同车速下的四轮转向控制。确定了二自由度车辆转向参考模型,进行低速时前后轮转角比例控制,高速时根据参考模型和实车横摆角速度、横摆角速度偏差设计了模糊控制器进行前后转角控制。应用Car Sim和Matlab/Simulink联合仿真,搭建了仿真模型,编写了控制算法,通过仿真实验对控制策略进行了验证。仿真结果表明:设计的汽车四轮转向控制策略使汽车四轮转向相对前轮转向有效提高了汽车的操纵稳定性。     

参考模型的开环及闭环评价

在对车辆进行稳定性控制研究时,往往需要首先选择一个控制目标,即所谓的参考模型。但是在诸多的参考模型中,选用什么样的参考模型最合适,却较少被提及。文中利用Simulink,对几种常见的参考模型进行了开环及闭环评价。分别分析了参考模型的开环稳态幅值特性和频域特性,将参考模型置于道路—驾驶员—车辆的闭环系统中进行仿真,对影响操纵稳定性的一些重要指标给出定量评价,并进行对比分析,从而为参考模型的选用提供一些依据。仿真结果表明,采用DYC或4WS参考模型的控制系统可以较好地改善车辆转向工况的横向稳定性。     

多轴车辆操纵稳定性研究

采用基于综合曲率误差的预瞄PID驾驶员模型对HTF6轴车辆的稳态回转、车道变换和转弯制动3种典型操纵稳定性试验工况进行了仿真分析,对多轴车辆不同设计参数对整车操纵稳定性的影响进行了对比分析.结果表明,标准配置的1500×600轮胎可以综合平衡整车操纵稳定性;采用根据车速控制后桥转向模式的电控转向系统可同时满足多轴车辆几何通过性和高速侧倾稳定性的要求;车辆质心高度增加100 min对仿真计算结果无明显影响.     

德尔福制动控制系统7.4(DBC 7.4)

德尔福制动控制系统7．4(DBC 7．4）是智能制动控制技术的最新一代。DBC 7．4应用了精密的电磁阔和电液控制循环泵以控制车轮压力；在防抱制动系统(ABS)中，来自车轮速度传感器的输入信息被用于调节单个车轮的制动压力，以确保操纵稳定性，改善转向操纵性能和缩短制动距离．本系统作为选装件也能够有助于车辆起步和改善车辆的稳定性和转向性能。     

独立轮电驱动车辆主动操纵稳定控制研究

提出了采用变增益参考模型的滑模跟踪控制策略,以横摆角速度和侧滑速度为控制对象,独立控制左右轮驱动力产生直接横摆力矩,提高了车辆在极限工况下的操纵稳定性,并改善了车辆固有的转向特性。改进的滑模控制算法减小了系统抖振并具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于主动转向与差动制动协调的双级预警车道偏离防止预测控制

在设计车道偏离防止系统时,为充分利用差动制动控制和主动转向控制,同时兼顾车辆行驶的安全性与驾驶员驾驶自由,提出了一种双级预警的利用主动转向与差动制动协调控制的车道偏离防止策略。当车辆危险程度较低时仅采用差动制动控制,保证驾驶员对转向盘的控制;当车辆危险程度较高时,采用预测控制实现主动转向与差动制动系统的协调控制,使车辆能快速地回到车道中心线。选取跨道时间来设计车辆偏离预警算法,并根据车辆转向系统的响应分别设定预警阈值。为保证车辆的稳定性,采用模型预测控制算法添加合理的约束,设计差动制动控制和主动转向与差动制动协调控制器。仿真与硬件在环试验结果表明,所设计的基于主动转向与差动制动协调的车道偏离防止控制策略在保证车辆行驶安全性的前提下给予了驾驶员充分的驾驶自由。     

四轮转向车辆多体仿真与试验研究

以四轮转向原理样车为对象,运用多体动力学理论对四轮转向车辆的转向特性进行了计算机仿真研究和试验验证。对建立整车多体模型的方法进行了论述。通过对仿真数据与样车试验结果的对比分析,证明了四轮转向多体模型各类参数和控制方法的正确性和适用性。最后利用建立的整车多体模型,仿真分析了前后悬架刚度对操纵稳定性的影响,以及制动转向时的转向响应特性。     

基于ARM7的汽车底盘系统分层式协调控制试验研究

采用分层协调控制策略,进行了汽车电动助力转向系统和防抱死制动系统集成控制的研究.分别设计了底层控制器和上层协调控制器,底层控制器包括电动助力转向和防抱死制动两个单独的控制器,用以执行各子系统的控制任务;上层协调控制器则对两系统进行协调分析,并及时修改底层控制决策.试验结果表明,自行开发的底层控制器逻辑正确,上层协调控制器能够较好地协调两系统问的矛盾,解决了汽车在转向过程中施加紧急制动时车辆的操纵稳定性和平顺性变差的间题,使整车综合性能得到提高.     

车辆自动驾驶系统纵向和横向运动综合控制

为提高车辆自动驾驶系统的运动性能,基于模糊逻辑和滑模控制理论设计了一种车辆纵向和横向运动综合控制系统。该控制系统通过对前轮转向角度、发动机节气门开度、制动液压及主动横摆力矩进行协调控制,使车辆能够以期望速度在理想道路轨迹上行驶,并提高车辆在行驶过程中的操纵稳定性。仿真结果表明:纵向和横向运动综合控制系统能够提高车辆在不同行驶工况下的跟踪性能和运动性能,在车辆自动驾驶过程中是有效的。     

四轮定位仪及其在汽修厂的应用

现代汽车的操纵稳定性直接影响了汽车的安全行驶性能、转向性能和制动性能,其中一项重要的技术指标就是四轮定位参数。汽车出厂时都设置有合理的四轮定位角度,这样才能保证车辆安全稳定地行驶。但是,汽车在使用过程中悬架及转向系元件的磨损、变形、损坏等,会使汽车四轮定位参数发生变化而失准,进而导致车辆操纵稳定性的下降,当出现以下情况时,就有必要对四轮定位的角度进行检测与校正。     

基于LabVIEW RT的硬件在环仿真

利用实时仿真环境LabVIEW RT,构建了包括整车转向盘转角、油门、制动物理信号的硬件在环仿真系统.采用实时车辆动力学软件CarSim RT建立了车辆模型,并利用所搭建的试验台架进行了HIL仿真.结果表明,利用LabVIEW RT和CarSim RT能快速搭建面向整车开发的HIL系统,所建系统性价比高,而且有很好的实时性和扩展性.     

汽车防抱死制动系统的自抗扰控制研究

汽车防抱死制动系统(Anti-lock Braking System,ABS)的作用是确保汽车制动时行驶方向的稳定性、可靠性,但是目前仍存在非线性、时变性以及参数不确定性等问题.为保证汽车制动行驶过程中的操纵稳定性和安全性,进一步实现各工况下防抱死制动系统的优化控制,以影响整车稳定的变量滑移率为研究对象,分析所设计策略...     

汽车制动过程的计算机模拟分析

通过建立汽车制动过程的数字模型，用计算机模拟分析了汽车的制动响应及各种敏感因素对它的影响，同时，进一步分析了引起汽后前后轮先后抱死拖滑的主要原因和影响程度，为汽车制动和制动稳定性的研究提供了参考。     

Feedback brake distribution control for minimum pitch

The distribution of brake forces between front and rear axles of a vehicle is typically specified such that the same level of brake force coefficient is imposed at both front and rear wheels. This condition is known as ‘ideal’ distribution and it is required to deliver the maximum vehicle deceleration and minimum braking distance. For subcritical braking conditions, the deceleration demand may be delivered by different distributions between front and rear braking forces. In this research we show how to obtain the optimal distribution which minimises the pitch angle of a vehicle and hence enhances driver subjective feel during braking. A vehicle model including suspension geometry features is adopted. The problem of the minimum pitch brake distribution for a varying deceleration level demand is solved by means of a model predictive control (MPC) technique. To address the problem of the undesirable pitch rebound caused by a full-stop of the vehicle, a second controller is designed and implemented independently from the braking distribution in use. An extended Kalman filter is designed for state estimation and implemented in a high fidelity environment together with the MPC strategy. The proposed solution is compared with the reference ‘ideal’ distribution as well as another previous feed-forward solution.     

Impact of Liquid Load Shift on the Braking Characteristics of Partially Filled Tank Vehicles

Braking characteristics of a tractor-tank-semitrailer vehicle is investigated by incorporating the influence of liquid load shift occurring within the partially filled tank. The tank vehicle model is developed by integrating a steady state model of a partially filled tank and a pitch plane model of the vehicle. The liquid load shift occurring in the pitch plane of the vehicle during a braking maneuver is characterized using the change in the gradient of the free surface of liquid and the corresponding shift in the center of gravity of the fluid bulk. The change in normal load on the various axles of the vehicle during the maneuver is then computed to analyze the braking behavior of the partially filled tank vehicle. The braking characteristics of the tank vehicle are then compared to those of an equivalent rigid cargo vehicle in order to study the impact of liquid load shift. Influence of various vehicle and tank design parameters on the braking behavior and wheel lock-up condition is also investigated for typical braking maneuvers.     

Force control for path following of a 4WS4WD vehicle by the integration of PSO and SMC

The aim of this paper is to present a novel control method for a four-wheel steer and four-wheel drive (4WS4WD) vehicle. The novelty is in the integration of sliding mode control (SMC) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) that is proposed to solve the control problem caused by the nonlinear, highly coupled and over-actuated characteristics of the four-wheel steer and four-wheel drive (4WS4WD) vehicle. The validity of the control method is evaluated by two criterions, namely path following performance assessed by the vehicle's position errors with respect to the reference path, and motion quality reflected by the smoothness of vehicle's velocities and accelerations. In vehicle modelling, a kinematic model and a dynamic model considering all slip forces are proposed for the controller design. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology and its robustness.     

汽车全工况操纵和制动动力学17自由度的建模与仿真

本文描述了１７自由度汽车全工况操纵与制动过程动力学模型的建模，仿真与验证。该模型考虑了侧风，有无防抱系统，高速，变车速，双移线转变制动等各种极端工况，仿真结果与美国密执安大学的仿真结果十分吻合，证实了该算法与模型具有很好的精度。     

发动机制动工况下汽车制动器摩擦性能分析

建立了基于恒速制动车辆纵向力平衡方程、制动器耗散功率及其温度变化微分方程、管路压力调节等子模型的恒速长下坡汽车制动器摩擦性能分析系统.以两轴中型汽车为例,对前后制动器在不同挡位发动机制动时的温度、制动副摩擦因数、制动力分配及管路压力变化进行了计算.结果表明,在不影响车速情况下,合理使用各挡发动机制动可改善汽车前、后制动器热负荷,减小或避免制动摩擦力矩热衰退,保证汽车下长坡安全行驶.     

Unified decision-making and control for highway collision avoidance using active front steer and individual wheel torque control

ABSTRACT

Collision avoidance is a crucial function for all ground vehicles, and using integrated chassis systems to support the driver presents a growing opportunity in active safety. With actuators such as in-wheel electric motors, active front steer and individual wheel brake control, there is an opportunity to develop integrated chassis systems that fully support the driver in safety critical situations. Here we consider the scenario of an impending frontal collision with a stationary or slower moving vehicle in the same driving lane. Traditionally, researchers have approached the required collision avoidance manoeuver as a hierarchical scheme, which separates the decision-making, path planning and path tracking. In this context, a key decision is whether to perform straight-line braking, or steer to change lanes, or indeed perform combined braking and steering. This paper approaches the collision avoidance directly from the perspective of constrained dynamic optimisation, using a single optimisation procedure to cover these aspects within a single online optimisation scheme of model predictive control (MPC). While the new approach is demonstrated in the context of a fully autonomous safety system, it is expected that the same approach can incorporate driver inputs as additional constraints, yielding a flexible and coherent driver assistance system.     

Comparisons of vehicle stability controls based on 4WS,Brake, Brake-FAS and IMC techniques

This paper proposes three different kinds of vehicle stability control systems all based on internal model control (IMC) strategy which are 4WS (4 wheel steer: front- and rear-wheel active steer) IMC, Brake-FAS (brake and front-wheel active steer) IMC and Brake IMC, respectively. Inverse system method is introduced to solve the nonlinearity coupled with brake involved vehicle stability control systems. Based on an 11-DOF (degrees of freedom) Matlab/Simulink^® vehicle model testified by CarSim7^®, simulations combined with different driving manoeuvres and road surfaces are performed, and detailed comparisons and analyses are given based on simulation results.