面向智能车辆的现役道路设施行驶适应性研究综述

为了总结面向智能车辆的现役道路设施行驶适应性，即现役道路基础设施承载智能车辆行驶的适宜程度，阐述自主智能驾驶定义与驾驶自动化等级分类，在此基础上剖析不同等级间的人机功能差异，并分别从感知层、感知-决策层、决策-控制层探讨与道路设计要素相关联的人机功能差异，通过归纳总结智能车辆与道路几何要素、路面性能及其他道路要素(如道路标线)的相互作用机制研究，从道路工程角度及其他道路要素方面回顾该领域的研究现状，指出存在的问题和未来发展方向。研究结果表明：相比传统车辆，配置高等级自动驾驶系统的智能车辆对现役道路设施行驶适应性最高，主动安全系统次之，而驾驶辅助及有条件自动驾驶系统适应性不足。而目前研究主要问题包括：难以归纳、标定不同驾驶自动化等级间的人机功能差异及其对于道路设计参数的需求设计值；测试道路场景条件过于理想，考虑的驾驶自动化等级单一，试验规模和样本有限；道路几何、路面性能以及道路标志、标线等道路要素与智能车辆间的相互作用机制研究不足，缺乏与不同道路场景相匹配的智能车辆驾驶特征数据的获取手段。因此建议：重视并推动与道路设计要素相关联的关键人机功能差异指标信息共享；联合高保真且可交互的道路场景、高精度感知传感器物理模型、车辆动力学模型及微观交通流模型，利用测试场景自动化生成、极限工况场景搜寻与泛化等技术开展智能驾驶虚拟测试，突破现有研究的深度和广度；探索反映不同等级智能车辆的道路行驶适应性特征指标与评价标准，精准、有效地评估预测复杂道路场景及不利道路条件下的行驶适应性。     

公务车驾驶员的行车安全影响分析及对策

安全是公务车服务工作的重中之重。随着道路上行驶车辆的不断增加,公务活动节奏的加快,公务车驾驶员的行车安全日益受到关注。本文从思想、心理、身体和外部的车、路等因素影响分析,并结合实际提出对策。     

基于安全车速的北京冬奥会山地道路冰雪路面通行能力研究

复杂山地线形和道路冰雪路面结合条件下的安全车速设置及通行能力保障是交通管理面临的新挑战。针对北京冬奥会延庆赛区复杂山地道路冰雪路面场景，建立了安全车速与道路线形设计及路面附着系数之间的关系，以安全车速为依据得到了不同路面条件下山地道路的通行能力。依据道路平曲线、竖曲线和横断面数据建立了山地道路三维空间模型；分析了车辆在山地道路平纵组合路段的受力情况，构建了车辆安全行驶速度与圆曲线半径、道路超高、纵坡坡度和路面附着系数的关系模型，并分析了基于安全车速模型的道路通行能力。为了验证模型，选取2种常见的冰雪路面状况和2种常用的车辆类型，获得不同条件下山地道路冰雪路面的安全车速。采用VISSIM软件设计了20种仿真场景，结合道路实测数据验证了安全车速模型的对山地道路冰雪路面车辆安全行驶的提升作用。实测与结果表明:相比全程单一限速模型，所建立的安全车速模型在冰膜路面的行程时间缩短了约38%（小汽车）和32%（大客车），雪板路面的行程时间缩短了约26%（小汽车）和24%（大客车）。山地道路交通流量存在1个自由流到饱和流的相变过程，冰膜路面小汽车下行最大交通量为241辆/h（单向行驶）和231辆/h（双向行驶），大客车下行最大交通量为227辆/h（单向行驶）和222辆/h（双向行驶）；雪板路面小汽车下行最大交通量为319辆/h（单向行驶）和249辆/h（双向行驶），大客车下行最大交通量为301辆/h（单向行驶）和236辆/h（双向行驶）。      

On-road assessment of in-vehicle driving workload for older drivers: Design guidelines for intelligent vehicles

There has been recent interest in intelligent vehicle technologies, such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) or in-vehicle information systems (IVISs), that offer a significant enhancement of safety and convenience to drivers and passengers. However, the use of ADAS- and IVIS-based information devices may increase driver distraction and workload, which in turn can increase the chance of traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents involving older drivers that are due to distraction, misjudgment, and delayed detection of danger, all of which are related to the drivers’ declining physical and cognitive capabilities, has increased. Because the death rate in traffic accidents is higher when older drivers are involved, finding ways to reduce the distraction and workload of older drivers is important. This paper generalizes driver information device operations and assesses the workload while driving by means of experiments involving 40 drivers in real cars under actual road conditions. Five driving tasks (manual only, manual primarily, visual only, visual primarily, and visual-manual) and three age groups (younger (20–29 years of age), middle-aged (40–49 years of age), and older (60–69 years of age)) were considered in investigating the effect of age-related workload difference. Data were collected from 40 drivers who drove in a real car under actual road conditions. The experimental results showed that age influences driver workload while performing in-vehicle tasks.     

Comparative study between Korea and UK: relationship between driving style and real-world fuel consumption

It is known that differences in driving styles have a significant impact on fuel efficiency and driving styles are affected by various factors such as driver characteristics, street environment, traffic situation, vehicle performance, and weather conditions. However, existing knowledge about the relationship between driving style and fuel consumption is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship beteen driving style and fuel consumption. The analysis presented in this paper used data from three on-road experiments were conducted independently in two different countries, i.e. South Korea and the United Kingdom. In this study, 91 participants, consisting 44 UK drivers and 47 Korean drivers, were asked to drive approximately 28 km of UK road and 21 km of Korean road, respectively. Driving data, including real-time fuel consumption, vehicle speed, and acceleration pedal usage were collected. The results suggested that driving styles including average vehicle speed and average throttle position were highly correlated with the real-world fuel consumption, and the cultural factors, e.g. road environment, traffic design, and driver’s characteristics affected the driving styles and, consequently, fuel efficiency.     

生理负荷在公路线形设计评价中的应用研究

系统的提出了生理负荷在公路线形设计评价中的理论和操作的具体方法,利用计算机仿真技术将道路交通环境进行可视化,然后让驾驶员使用驾驶模拟器在虚拟交通环境中驾驶,通过眼动仪和生理测试仪实时采集驾驶员的注视点、注视持续时间、瞳孔面积、脉搏、皮电、体温、轨迹、速度等生理数据,同时采集车辆的速度和行车轨迹等数据,通过模糊综合评价找出人、车、路不协调的突变点,认为是事故易发路段,分析其原因并且在设计中加以改进,通过设置循环和判定可以有效提高道路的行车安全性。     

驾驶人驾驶决策机制遵循最小作用量原理

为提升智能汽车的自主决策能力，使其能够学习人的决策智慧以适应复杂多变的道路交通环境，需要揭示驾驶人决策机制。首先通过对自然驾驶数据的分析，发现在车辆行驶过程中能够反映驾驶人决策行为的主要运动特征参数存在极值现象，而产生极值现象的内在动因是驾驶人遵循“趋利避害”的基本决策机制，即驾驶过程中驾驶人力图实现机动性和安全性综合性能最优。受自然界包括物理和生物行为上的众多极值现象遵循最小作用量原理的启发，提出驾驶人决策机制遵循最小作用量原理的假设。随后建立抽象描述驾驶过程的物理模型，并提出最小作用量决策模型（Least Action Decision-making Model，LADM），通过与传统驾驶决策模型（经典跟车模型和换道模型）对比，分析结果显示LADM模型更具通用性。最后开展了实车试验，采集20名驾驶人在自由行驶、跟车行驶和邻车切入3种工况下的试验数据，分析计算并检验了不同驾驶人行车过程的理论最小作用量和实际作用量。试验结果表明：驾驶人在驾驶过程中的实际作用量与最小作用量之间无显著性差异，体现出驾驶人在行车过程中对安全和高效具有共性追求，验证了驾驶人决策机制遵循最小作用量原理。     

考虑道路因素的智能车辆纵向运动决策与控制研究

针对智能车辆纵向运动时的交通道路适应性问题,考虑路面附着系数和前车运动速度等因素,研究了智能车辆纵向运动决策与控制方法。论文研究了基于车头时距的纵向运动决策方法并建立不同驾驶行为的目标车速模型,运用变论域模糊推理算法设计了目标加速度模型。基于纵向动力学模型,运用自适应反演滑模控制算法建立了驱动控制器和制动控制器。对高附着系数路面和低附着系数路面的行驶工况进行仿真试验验证,结果表明,在不同的附着系数路面和前车变速行驶条件下,智能车辆能实时、合理地决策目标车速、目标加速度,实现安全、高效、稳定的跟驰。     

An experimental study on errors regarding the driving behavior of young males caused by temporal urgency on open roads: A Bayesian estimation

Efforts made to prevent road traffic crashes have reduced the number of crashes involving young drivers, however, overall, they are still the most common age group reported in these incidents. In this study, the driving behaviors of ten young male drivers were compared based on lane change—under time pressure and in normal conditions—on open roads where the surroundings constantly change. The study also chronologically analyzed the motions within five seconds from when the driver started steering. The results of the analysis revealed that, compared to normal conditions, drivers under time pressure responded by steering first and viewing their surroundings second. It was also estimated that, regardless of the conditions, the driver tended to use the indicator two to zero seconds before adjusting the steering. This finding indicates that the delay in viewing their surroundings resulted in delayed signaling, and the series of driving behaviors to change lanes may have been overcrowded in time. The findings of this study suggest that it is possible to prevent human error by focusing on the balance and connection between cognition and the behaviors required for a series of driving behaviors.     

European advanced driver training programs: Reasons for optimism

Post license advanced driver training programs in the US and early programs in Europe have often failed to accomplish their stated objectives because, it is suspected, that drivers gain self perceived driving skills that exceed their true skills—leading to increased post training crashes. The consensus from the evaluation of countless advanced driver training programs is that these programs are a detriment to safety, especially for novice, young, male drivers.Some European countries including Sweden, Finland, Austria, Luxembourg, and Norway, have continued to refine these programs, with an entirely new training philosophy emerging around 1990. These ‘post-renewal’ programs have shown considerable promise, despite various data quality and availability concerns. These programs share in common a focus on teaching drivers about self assessment and anticipation of risk, as opposed to teaching drivers how to master driving at the limits of tire adhesion. The programs focus on factors such as self actualization and driving discipline, rather than low level mastery of skills. Drivers are meant to depart these renewed programs with a more realistic assessment of their driving abilities. These renewed programs require considerable specialized and costly infrastructure including dedicated driver training facilities with driving modules engineered specifically for advanced driver training and highly structured curriculums. They are conspicuously missing from both the US road safety toolbox and academic literature. Given the considerable road safety concerns associated with US novice male drivers in particular, these programs warrant further attention.This paper reviews the predominant features and empirical evidence surrounding post licensing advanced driver training programs focused on novice drivers. A clear articulation of differences between the renewed and current US advanced driver training programs is provided. While the individual quantitative evaluations range from marginally to significantly effective in reducing novice driver crash risk, they have been criticized for evaluation deficiencies ranging from small sample sizes to confounding variables to lack of exposure metrics. Collectively, however, the programs sited in the paper suggest at least a marginally positive effect that needs to be validated with further studies. If additional well controlled studies can validate these programs, a pilot program in the US should be considered.     

基于激光雷达的纵向坡路动态可行驶性预测（双语出版）

为解决智能汽车在含有纵向坡路的环境中行驶时所涉及的环境感知与路面可行驶性理解问题,提出了一种基于激光雷达的动态、不确定性路面可行驶性预测方法。首先,利用PreScan,CarSim与MATLAB软件搭建虚拟行驶环境,并建立激光雷达物理模型提高虚拟点云的保真度。其次,进行基于激光雷达的动态可行驶性研究,利用路面激光雷达点云数据基于车辆未来行驶方向建立笛卡尔坐标系下的间隔栅格地图;在间隔内进行平面拟合得到路面的法向量,利用平面法向量计算路面纵向坡角并利用车辆姿态补偿得到大地坐标系下的间隔坡角和道路轮廓信息,并探讨天气对道路轮廓估计结果的影响;基于车辆纵向动力学特性和道路参数估计结果,计算可行驶性概率并预测可行驶性。为了快速仿真验证所提出的可行驶性预测方法,搭建相应的自动测试环境并设计测试方法。首先分析并测试车辆行驶过程中容易因失效造成预测失败的临界关键工况,接着在虚拟行驶环境中建立自动化测试流程,加强对关键工况区的采样,总计通过402组测试工况验证可行驶性预测算法,预测准确率达到87.81%。最后,在实车平台和真实测试道路上对算法流程进行验证。研究结果表明：该方法能够很好地对车辆在纵向坡路上的可行驶性进行动态的、基于概率性指标的预测。     

智能分布式驱动汽车路径跟踪/制动能量回收协同控制策略研究

为了解决智能分布式驱动汽车路径跟踪与制动能量回收系统间的协同控制难题,充分考虑分布式驱动汽车四轮扭矩独立可控在智能驾驶系统中的优势,设计适应不同路面附着条件的智能分布式驱动汽车转向、制动分层协同控制策略。上层控制器依据不同的路面类型设计差异化的多目标代价函数,以综合优化各工况下的控制目标。高附路面下,制定满足最大能量回收值的全局参考车速,在线优化路径跟踪指令,实现最优能量回收的同时减小系统运算负荷;低附路面下,优先考虑车辆的路径跟踪性能和行驶稳定性,在多目标代价函数中取消对全局参考车速的跟随要求,增设终端速度约束与能量回收项性能指标并减小能量回收项性能指标的权重系数。上层控制器基于模型预测控制方法对多目标代价函数进行滚动优化与预测求解,得到期望的前轮转角及4个车轮的总制动扭矩需求。下层控制器根据制动扭矩需求对四轮的液压制动扭矩和电机制动扭矩进行分配,最终完成整个复合制动过程。基于MATLAB/Simulink和CarSim软件,搭建控制器在环仿真平台,并在高附和低附路面条件下对所提出的策略进行试验验证。研究结果表明：高附路面下,所提出的控制策略在准确跟踪期望路径的同时相较固定比例制动力分配方法可提升2.7%的能量回收值并减少约0.02 s的单次计算时间;低附路面下,与使用高附控制策略相比,能够保证车辆的路径跟踪准确性与行驶稳定性,同时可提升7.8%的能量回收值;控制器在环试验结果证明了该协同控制策略对车辆性能提升的有效性。     

基于交通流模型的道路权重计算方法研究

提出了一种基于交通流模型的计算道路权重方法。实施定点道路截面雷达试验并采集交通流信息,标定生成交通流速度-密度模型。通过此模型,利用出租车行驶数据库中各条道路车速数据计算各道路车流密度,根据各道路长度和密度推算道路权重。     

European advanced driver training programs: Reasons for optimism

Post license advanced driver training programs in the US and early programs in Europe have often failed to accomplish their stated objectives because, it is suspected, that drivers gain self perceived driving skills that exceed their true skills—leading to increased post training crashes. The consensus from the evaluation of countless advanced driver training programs is that these programs are a detriment to safety, especially for novice, young, male drivers.Some European countries including Sweden, Finland, Austria, Luxembourg, and Norway, have continued to refine these programs, with an entirely new training philosophy emerging around 1990. These ‘post-renewal’ programs have shown considerable promise, despite various data quality and availability concerns. These programs share in common a focus on teaching drivers about self assessment and anticipation of risk, as opposed to teaching drivers how to master driving at the limits of tire adhesion. The programs focus on factors such as self actualization and driving discipline, rather than low level mastery of skills. Drivers are meant to depart these renewed programs with a more realistic assessment of their driving abilities. These renewed programs require considerable specialized and costly infrastructure including dedicated driver training facilities with driving modules engineered specifically for advanced driver training and highly structured curriculums. They are conspicuously missing from both the US road safety toolbox and academic literature. Given the considerable road safety concerns associated with US novice male drivers in particular, these programs warrant further attention.This paper reviews the predominant features and empirical evidence surrounding post licensing advanced driver training programs focused on novice drivers. A clear articulation of differences between the renewed and current US advanced driver training programs is provided. While the individual quantitative evaluations range from marginally to significantly effective in reducing novice driver crash risk, they have been criticized for evaluation deficiencies ranging from small sample sizes to confounding variables to lack of exposure metrics. Collectively, however, the programs sited in the paper suggest at least a marginally positive effect that needs to be validated with further studies. If additional well controlled studies can validate these programs, a pilot program in the US should be considered.     

基于安全车速差的高速公路特长隧道环境驾驶人行为风险特性研究

为研究高速公路特长隧道环境下驾驶人行为风险特性,选取2座典型特长隧道进行实车试验,通过采集熟练驾驶人和非熟练驾驶人的速度数据,将此作为主观预期车速,结合道路行车环境的客观安全车速,构建基于安全车速差的驾驶人行为风险量化方法。在划分隧道路段为入口段、行车段和出口段的基础上,通过切分行车区间,对比分析出入口段2类驾驶人行为风险变化特性及整个隧道路段和普通高速路段的行为风险变化曲线。结果表明： 1)在隧道内部,相对于非熟练驾驶人,熟练驾驶人表现出更高的行为风险值;在隧道外部,则非熟练驾驶人的行为风险值更高一些。2)所有类型驾驶人在普通高速路段行为风险值最高,在隧道入口段的行为风险值最低。上述结果说明： 在隧道路段,熟悉试验道路的驾驶人车速行为并不安全,行为风险值相对较高。     

智能汽车的人机共驾技术研究现状和发展趋势

智能汽车的人机共驾技术(HM IoIV)是解决其智能化级别难以快速跨越至高度自动化水平的有效过渡手段.HMIoIV涉及了L0～L3级别的智能汽车的多种自动化技术,包括先进辅助驾驶系统.针对当前国内外智能汽车人机共驾技术的研究现状,对其概念、结构和研究内容进行总结,根据独立驾驶人参与的数量和驾驶操作方参与的数量将现有的人...     

城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全影响因素分析和改善思路

总结城市水下道路隧道事故分布规律，从驾驶人、隧道光环境及道路条件3方面分析隧道驾驶安全影响因素，对现有安全改善措施及其优缺点进行剖析，并指出城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全优化研究趋势： 应以提升隧道光环境质量为主，考虑交通事故形态、事故致因及影响因素，在确保交通安全的基础上，考虑不同隧道路段驾驶人差异化视觉需求。驾驶人视觉需求可以分为功能性、安全性与舒适性需求，对应的隧道行车环境可分为基本型、安全型与舒适型视觉参照系。提出以构建城市水下道路隧道舒适型视觉参照系为目标，通过隧道照明与隧道视线诱导技术相结合，缓解隧道出入口参照系的剧烈过渡，加强中间段弱视觉参照的城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全优化方法。构建基于空间路权、人因与驾驶任务、差异性与韵律性的隧道驾驶安全优化评价指标体系，为城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全优化提供新思路。     

A perspective on ITS deployment

The intelligent transport systems (ITS) deployment begins with implementation of traffic control signals and traffic management on a road network. The next stage is the provision of traffic information to drivers. The third stage is the decision and operation assistance to drivers for safe driving. It will take time to reach the final stage of a fully automated driving because of the difficulties of getting social acceptance. Another final figure of ITS is that all transportation modes are integrated and provide continuous transportation service to users from door to door. Mobile information terminals such as cellular phones and motor vehicles will function as well as ordinary offices and homes. Then the ITS as an information system will be integrated into a general social information system.     

基于视觉信息量计算的城市道路交通环境评价

通过对驾驶人在城市道路交通环境下的视觉信息需求进行分析与计算,将城市道路交通环境按照信息量含义的不同进行分层,建立了基于视觉信息层级模型的信息量计算方法.在此基础上,通过实车实验提取分析数据,对信息量计算中的参数进行计算与标定,得出信息量计算模型,并以行驶速度作为城市道路交通环境的评价参数,求出速度与信息量之间的关系,最终确定信息量阈值,建立基于视觉信息量计算的城市道路交通环境评价方法.该评价方法中速度与信息量之间呈较好的幂函数关系,R2达到0.9356,只需采集城市道路驾驶人视觉图像,通过软件分析可得出图像信息量,根据关系式和道路限速可得出信息量阈值,对比分析进行交通环境评价.该方法仅需采集驾驶人视觉图像即可完成评价,方便快捷、结果准确,但在软件处理图像信息量上尚未达到智能分析处理,尚需进一步研究改进.      

“自动+人工”混合驾驶环境下交通管理研究综述

为了解混合驾驶环境下交通管理的研究现状和发展趋势，以“自动驾驶汽车”发展现状为基础，分析自动驾驶汽车在混合驾驶环境下存在的问题，基于Citespace文献计量工具，CNKI核心数据库近24年（1997—2020年）有关自动驾驶研究的文献为研究数据源，从发文年代、期刊来源、研究机构、关键词等进行文献计量和可视化分析，并生成各研究机构间的关系网络图谱及关键词共现网络图谱。结果表明:国内近5年自动驾驶发文量呈上升趋势；《中国公路学报》为发文量最高的期刊；自动驾驶汽车研究的方向主要包括:①目标检测及场景感知研究；②决策与控制；③交通事故责任划定研究。在未来混合驾驶环境下交通管理应结合车路协同、高精度地图技术，从标志标线设计、信号配时优化、路权归属、交通事故责任划定等方面进行研究，使道路运输更安全、高效、便捷。