Transient characteristics of emissions during engine start/stop operation employing a conventional gasoline engine for HEV application

In this paper, we investigate the transient characteristics of combustion and emissions during engine start/stop operations in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications. Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions during the initial 2^nd∼9^th cycles are found to be significantly greater when the engine is quickly started under the original engine calibration mode. Lower intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) was also found to cause larger residual gas dilution and poor combustion, resulting in a higher HC concentration when the cranking speed was increased. The post-catalyst HC concentration was found in the way of initially decrease and then to increase again as the cranking speed was increased. A lowest concentration value was achieved at a cranking speed of 1000 r/min. Engine shut-down by fuel cut-off was shown to produce lower emissions than shut-down by ignition cut-off as one can avoid misfire of the last fuel injection cycle. The fuel deposited during the stop process seems to impact engine restart enrichment mostly during the initial 0.7 s for this engine, whose performance is dominated by the MAP transition characteristic and the time coefficient for fuel vaporization in this time period     

Effects of valve timing and intake flow motion control on combustion and time-resolved HC & NOx formation characteristics

In SI engines, valve events have a major influence on volumetric efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emissions. Moreover, swirl and tumble motions in the intake charge also improve combustion speed and quality by stratifying the mixture as well as intensifying the mixing rate of air and fuel. This paper investigates the behaviors of an engine and the combustion phenomenon for various intake valve timings and intake charge motions using CVVT system and port masking schemes. Test condition includes a part load and a cold idle condition inclusive of a cold start of the engine. Time-resolved HC and NOx emissions were also measured at an exhaust port to examine their formation mechanisms and behaviors with fast response HC/NOx analyzers. In conclusion, the fast burning of fuel and improved combustion quality by enhanced charge motions reduced unburned HC emissions, and advancing the intake valve opening reduced HC as well as NOx. Furthermore, HCs during the cold transient phase and idle conditions decreased with recalibrated start parameters such as lean air-fuel ratio and spark retardation via the enhancement of intake charge motions.     

Effect of the fuel injection strategy on first-cycle firing and combustion characteristics during cold start in a TSDI gasoline engine

The first firing cycle is very important during cold-start for all types of spark ignition engines. In addition, the combustion characteristics of the first firing cycle affect combustion and emissions in the following cycles. However, the first-cycle fuel-air mixing, combustion and emissions generation within the cylinder of a two-stage direct-injection (TSDI) engine during cold start is not completely understood. Based on the total stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and local richer mixture startup strategy, the first-cycle firing and combustion characteristic at cold start were investigated in a two-stage direct injection (TSDI) gasoline engine. In addition, the effects of the first injection timing, second injection timing, 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion and total excess air ratio on the in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and accumulated heat release were analyzed on the basis of a cycle-by-cycle analysis. It is shown that a larger 2nd fuel injection amount and later 2nd injection timing are more beneficial to the firing of the first cycle in the case of a total excess air ratio of 1.0. The optimum 1st and 2nd injection timing fuel injection proportions are 120°CA ATDC during the intake stroke, 60°CA BTDC during the compression stroke and 1:1. In addition, the firing boundary is a 2nd injection timing later than 90°CA BTDC during the compression stroke in the case of the 1st injection timing from 60°CA to 180°CA ATDC during an intake stroke and involves a 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion of 1:1 and an excess air ratio of 1.0. The study provides a detailed understanding of cold-start combustion characteristics and a guide for optimizing the reliable first-cycle firing at cold start.     

电喷汽油机起动及暖机过程HC排放的测试分析

根据实测的催化器入口、出口温度及HC排放浓度，结合示功图对电喷汽油机冷起动时HC排放量在台架上进行了模拟分析，将起动过程以节气门突开为界，划分为3个阶段，其中HC主要排放量发生在开始超导 劝到节气门开这一段时间内。适当提高空燃比及匹配合适的点火提前角。促使缸内发生不完全燃烧，则未燃HC在排气管内可继续燃烧，使得最终排出的HC量降低。在节气门开后，也可通过控制点火提前角，使缸内发生不完全燃烧，将燃烧延续到排气管内，即可降低HC排放量，也有助于加速催化器起燃。     

Comparison of HC species from diesel combustion modes and characterization of a heat-up doc formulation

This study summarizes engine speed and load effects on HC species emissions from premixed charge compression ignition (PCI) and conventional diesel combustion, and it evaluates diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) formulations on a gas flow reactor for the purpose of diesel particulate filter regeneration or lean NO_x trap desulfation. HC emissions are sampled simultaneously by a Tedlar bag for light HC species and by a Tenax TA™ adsorption trap for semi-volatile HC species, and they are analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The bulk temperature and residence time during combustion are key parameters that are important for understanding the effects of speed and load on engine-out HC emissions. The degree of post-flame oxidation is higher in PCI than in conventional combustion, and it is increased for PCI with a higher speed and load, as indicated by a lower fuel alkanes/THC ratio, a higher alkenes/fuel alkanes ratio, and a higher methane/THC ratio. Ethene and n-undecane are two representative HC species, and they are used as a surrogate mixture in the gas flow reactor to simulate PCI and conventional combustion with in-cylinder post fuel injection. Among the three DOC formulations tested, the catalyst with constituent precious metals of platinum and palladium (PtPd) showed the best light-off performance, followed by PtPd with an addition of cerium dioxide (PtPd+CeO₂), and platinum (Pt), regardless of exhaust compositions. Conventional combustion exhaust composition shows a lower light-off temperature than that of PCI, regardless of catalyst formulation.     

Experimental studies on low pressure semi-direct fuel injection in a two stroke spark ignition engine

In this work a two-stroke scooter engine was modified to work with semi-direct injection of gasoline at a pressure of 8 bar from an injector in the cylinder barrel pointed toward the cylinder head. The influence of injection timing, injection pressure, spark plug location and air-fuel ratio, on performance, emissions and combustion characteristics has been investigated. In addition, a comparison has been made with manifold injection of gasoline on the same engine at a given speed and various outputs. A significant reduction in HC emissions and fuel consumption with no adverse effects on NOx emissions and combustion stability was observed. A small drop in power and increase in CO emission were observed disadvantages of the new injection system. Injection timing was found to be the most important factor and a balance between reduction in shortcircuited fuel by late injection, and time for mixture preparation by advancing the injection, was found to be essential.     

LPG电控喷射冷起动循环的着火及HC排放影响因素分析

分析了电喷LPG发动机冷起动过程中影响着火及HC排放的主要因素。试验在一台四冲程、水冷125mL单缸电喷发动机上进行。试验结果表明：LPG发动机冷起动混合气的浓度相当于稳定燃烧混合气浓度的1．5倍左右，比汽油机稀，HC排放也低；随着混合气变稀，首次着火循环逐渐推迟；高起动转速是发动机冷起动可靠的一个主要保障因素；适当提前点火和增大火花塞间隙有利于降低冷起动循环的首次着火循环数；环境温度是影响冷起动过程的一个主要参数。     

冷却液温度为边界条件的柴油机起动试验研究

为了研究冷却液温度对柴油机起动过程初期燃烧不稳定性及排放的影响规律,在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上,利用缸压和单循环采样测试系统对柴油机起动初期单个工作循环的燃烧和排放进行了试验研究。结果表明:冷却液温度是影响柴油机起动过程不稳定的重要因素之一。较低的冷却液温度导致柴油机起动初期燃烧不稳定性增加,失火和不完全燃烧循环较多,从而导致HC排放升高,而且冷却液温度低造成的滞后燃烧会产生较高的CO排放。冷却液温度升高后,失火循环消除,同时着火延迟期明显缩短,最高燃烧压力升高,HC和CO排放显著降低,NOx排放升高,表明燃烧状况改善。     

Reduction of engine emissions via a real-time engine combustion control with an egr rate estimation model

Vehicle emissions regulations are becoming increasingly severe and remain a principal issue for vehicle manufacturers. Since, WLTP (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures) and RDE (real driving emission) regulations have been recently introduced, the engine operating conditions have been rapidly changed during the emission tests. Significantly more emissions are emitted during transient operation conditions compared to those at steady state operation conditions. For a diesel engine, combustion control is one of the most effective approaches to reduce engine exhaust emissions, particularly during the transient operation. The concern of this paper is about reducing emissions using a closed loop combustion control system which includes a EGR rate estimation model. The combustion control system calculates the angular position where 50 % of the injected fuel mass is burned (MFB50) using in-cylinder pressure for every cycle. In addition, the fuel injection timing is changed to make current MFB50 follow the target values. The EGR rate can be estimated by using trapped air mass and in-cylinder pressure when the intake valves are closed. When the EGR rate is different from the normal steady conditions, the target of MFB50 and the fuel injection timing are changed. The accuracy of the model is verified through engine tests, as well as the effect of combustion control. The peaks in NO level was decreased during transient conditions after adoption of the EGR model-based closed loop combustion control system.     

Evaluation and visualization of stratified ultra-lean combustion characteristics in a spray-guided type gasoline direct-injection engine

To comply with reinforced emission regulations for harmful exhaust gases, including carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted as a greenhouse gas, improved technologies for reducing CO₂ and fuel consumption are being developed. Stable lean combustion, which has the advantage of improved fuel economy and reduced emission levels, can be achieved using a sprayguided-type direct-injection (DI) combustion system. The system comprises a centrally mounted injector and closely positioned spark plugs, which ensure the combustion reliability of a stratified mixture under ultra-lean conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of a lean-burn gasoline DI engine. At an excess air ratio of 4.0, approximately 23% improvement in fuel economy was achieved through optimal event timing, which was delayed for injection and advanced for ignition, compared to that under stoichiometric conditions, while NO_x and HC emissions increased. The combustion characteristics of a stratified mixture in a spray-guided-type DI system were similar to those in DI diesel engines, resulting in smoke generation and difficulty in three-way catalystutilization. Although a different operating strategy might decrease fuel consumption, it will not be helpful in reducing NO_x and smoke emissions; therefore, alternatives should be pursued to achieve compliance with emission regulations.     

燃料辅助喷射对柴油机起动着火及排放的影响

为了研究辅助燃料对柴油机起动工况着火及排放的影响规律,在柴油机起动过程中,向进气道内分别喷射不同浓度的乙醚和C3H8进行了试验。试验结果表明:辅助喷射适当种类的燃料,可实现诱导、促进着火并改善燃烧的目的。辅助燃料除应具备良好的挥发性外,其着火性也是改善起动性能的重要因素。进气道喷射C3H8会抑制起动着火性,随喷射浓度的增加,燃烧恶化,HC排放升高;喷射适量浓度乙醚,可以促进起动过程着火,完全消除起动工况失火和不完全燃烧循环,在降低HC排放的同时,减少PM排放50%以上。     

轻型车燃用生物柴油瞬态工况排放特性的研究

通过对轻型车燃用生物柴油和0#柴油尾气排放的测量和分析,研究瞬态工况有害排放物模态特性。试验结果表明,与0#柴油相比,轻型车燃用生物柴油可显著改善冷启动过程的HC和CO排放,其HC、CO和PM比排放分别降低76．9％、45．7％和52．8％,但NOx比排放增加5．8％。燃料在燃烧转变为CO2和H2O释放出化学能的同时也将空气中的N2氧化成NOx,因而可用NOx／CO2来描述NOx排放随运行工况的变化规律。     

Experimental investigation of B20 combustion and emissions under various intake conditions for low-temperature combustion

Recently, biodiesel has emerged as an alternative fuel for achieving low-temperature combustion (LTC). Several articles in the literature have showed that oxygenated biofuels, including biodiesel, can improve combustion stability under high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) operation, which is considered to be necessary for the removal of nitric oxides (NOx). The objective of this study was to investigate the performance and emissions of 20% biodiesel blended diesel fuel (B20) at various intake pressures and oxygen concentration levels to characterize the fuel for LTC application. The experimental investigation of B20 was carried out using a single-cylinder engine (SCE) at 1400 rpm and 50% load condition. A set of critical flow orifices with synthetic EGR was employed to simulate various intake pressures and EGR levels. The behavior of the B20 was first characterized under various intake conditions. The results showed that with high oxygen intake, B20 exhibited combustion and emission levels that were very similar to conventional diesel. However, B20 reduced combustion deterioration while exhibiting lower carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions than diesel under low oxygen intake conditions.     

进气道预混天然气对生物柴油发动机燃烧与排放性能的影响

在1台QCH 1105单缸柴油机上,试验研究了进气道预混天然气对生物柴油发动机燃烧与排放性能的影响。结果表明:随着天然气预混比例的升高,生物柴油发动机最大燃烧压力减小,燃烧相位推迟,缸内平均温度略有下降,NOx排放明显降低;预混天然气时,大负荷工况下燃油消耗率有所下降,HC和CO排放有所增加,炭烟排放随着天然气预混率的升高大幅降低。可见,进气道预混天然气对改善生物柴油发动机的经济性和排放性具有良好的潜力。     

点燃式发动机冷起动瞬态排放特性研究

使用瞬态测量仪研究点燃式发动机冷起动瞬态HC排放特性,高速采集系统同步记录发动机缸压、转速及稳态HC排放情况.通过分析可知:冷起动初始几个循环对于后续循环的燃烧稳定性有显著影响;瞬态HC排放可更直接指出有问题的燃烧循环,可为优化燃烧控制策略提供支持.     

加载停滞时间对柴油机瞬态性能的影响

为了改善柴油机瞬态加载过程中燃烧与排放性能恶化的问题,在一台增压中冷柴油机上,利用瞬态测控系统,试验研究了先快后慢的多段加载策略,探索不同的加载停滞时间对柴油机θCA10,θCA50,烟度和CO,NOx等排放物的影响规律。试验结果表明:与匀速加载策略相比,加载停滞时间越长,排放性能越好,烟度和CO峰值最大分别降低20.8%和38.32%,但NOx略有增加;在第二段加载过程中θCA10和θCA50延后程度降低;加载过程后期缸内空燃比下降趋势更加缓和。     

进气温度和燃料辛烷值对HCCI发动机排放的影响

对不同的进气温度、燃料辛烷值和燃空当量比对均质压燃(HCCI)发动机的排放特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,随着进气温度的提高和燃空当量比的增大,HC和CO排放逐步减少,而NOx排放一直较低;低进气温度下,燃料的辛烷值对HCCI发动机的排放影响较大,辛烷值越大,HC和CO排放量越大,NOx排放值突增拐点的燃空当量比越大;高进气温度下,燃料辛烷值对HC和CO排放的影响很小,燃空当量比对NOx排放值出现拐点的影响作用基本消失。     

Effects of Injection Timing on Transient Performance of A Regulated Two-Stage Turbocharged Diesel Engine with Turbine Bypass Valve

The object of this paper is to reduce soot emissions under typical 5s transient conditions of constant speed and increasing torque. And effects of fuel injection timing on combustion and emissions parameters were experimentally and numerically studied in a regulated two-stage turbocharged diesel engine with a turbine bypass valve (TBV). The test results indicated that: the smaller TBV opening could improve deterioration of smoke emissions and BSFC at medium and heavy loads. Afterward, the full-stage injection timing (FSIT) strategies (delaying injection timing during the entire transient process) could reduce soot and NO_X emissions simultaneously. However, when TBV opening became larger, smoke emissions and BSFC were deteriorated gradually. Moreover, the sectional-stage injection timing (SSIT) strategies (advancing injection timing from 10 % load to a preset load and delaying injection timing from the preset load to 100 % load) could markedly reduce soot emissions by 75.8 % with TBV opening 20 %; the degradation of fuel consumption could be effectively suppressed. Finally, coupling the SSIT strategies with the TBV control strategies could significantly improve the transient performance.     

Major sources of hydrocarbon emissions in a premixed charge compression ignition engine

Although premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion engines are praised for potentially high efficiency and clean exhaust, experimental engines built to date emit more hydrocarbons (HCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) than the conventional machines. These compounds are not only strictly controlled components of the exhaust gas of road vehicles but are also an energy loss indicator. The prime objective of this study was to investigate the major sources of the HCs formed in the combustion chamber of an experimental PCCI engine in order to suggest some effective technologies for HC reduction. In this study, to explore the dominant sources of HC emissions in both operation modes, a single cylinder engine was prepared such that it could operate using either conventional diesel combustion or PCCI combustion. Specifically, the contributions of the top-ring crevice volume in the combustion chamber and the bulk quenching of the lean mixture were investigated. To understand the influence of the shape and magnitude of the crevice on HC emissions, the engine was operated with 12 specially prepared pistons with different top-ring crevices installed one after another. The engine emitted proportionally more HCs as the depth of the crevice increased as long as the width remained narrower than the prevailing quench distance. The top-ring-crevice-originated exhaust HCs comprised approximately 31% of the total HC emissions in the baseline condition. In a series of tests to estimate the effects of bulk quench on exhaust HC emissions, intake air was heated from 300K to 400K in steps of 25K. With the intake air heated, HC and CO emissions decreased with a gradually diminishing rate to zero at 375K. In conclusion, the most dominant sources of HC emissions in PCCI engines were the crevice volumes in the combustion chamber and the bulk quenching of the lean mixtures. The key methods for reducing HC emissions in PCCI engines are minimizing crevice volume in the combustion chamber and maximizing intake air temperature allowed based on the permissible NOx level.     

Reduction of emissions with propane addition to a diesel engine

Recent studies on dual-fuel combustion in compression-ignition (CI) engines, also known as diesel engines, fall into two categories. In the first category are studies focused on the addition of small amounts of gaseous fuel to CI engines. In these studies, gaseous fuel is regarded as a secondary fuel and diesel fuel is regarded as the main fuel for combustion. The objectives of these studies typically involve reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions by using gaseous fuel as a partial substitution for diesel fuel. However, the addition of gaseous fuel raises the combustion temperature, which increases emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x). In the second category are studies focused on reactivity-controlled compression-ignition (RCCI) combustion. RCCI combustion can be implemented by early diesel injection with a large amount of low-reactivity fuel such as gasoline or gaseous fuel. Although RCCI combustion promises lower NO_x and PM emissions and higher thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion, it requires a higher intake pressure (usually more than 1.7 bars) to maintain a lean fuel mixture. Therefore, in this study, practical applications of dual-fuel combustion with a low air-fuel ratio (AFR), which implies a low intake pressure, were systemically evaluated using propane in a diesel engine. The characteristics of dualfuel combustion for high and low AFRs were first evaluated. The proportion of propane used for four different operating conditions was then increased to decrease emissions and to identify the optimal condition for dual-fuel combustion. Although the four operating conditions differ, the AFR was maintained at 20 (? approximately equal to 0.72) and the 50% mass fraction burned (MFB 50) was also fixed. The results show that dual-fuel combustion can reduce NO_x and PM emissions in comparison to conventional diesel combustion.