Human driving data-based design of a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm

This paper presents a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm design with human factors considerations. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems should be acceptable to drivers. In order to be acceptable to drivers, the ACC systems need to be designed based on the analysis of human driver driving behaviour. Manual driving characteristics are investigated using real-world driving test data. The goal of the control algorithm is to achieve naturalistic behaviour of the controlled vehicle that would feel natural to the human driver in normal driving situations and to achieve safe vehicle behaviour in severe braking situations in which large decelerations are necessary. A non-dimensional warning index and inverse time-to-collision are used to evaluate driving situations. A confusion matrix method based on natural driving data sets was used to tune control parameters in the proposed ACC system. Using a simulation and a validated vehicle simulator, vehicle following characteristics of the controlled vehicle are compared with real-world manual driving radar sensor data. It is shown that the proposed control strategy can provide with natural following performance similar to human manual driving in both high speed driving and low speed stop-and-go situations and can prevent the vehicle-to-vehicle distance from dropping to an unsafe level in a variety of driving conditions.     

面向人因的车路协同系统综合测试及影响评估

面向冬奥主干通道兴延高速，以驾驶人适应性为导向，构建一种面向人因的车路协同系统硬件在环效能测试平台，针对多种道路条件、交通状态、特殊事件等面向高速公路设计13种交通情境，从主、客观2个维度实现车路协同系统包括主观感受、高效性、安全性、生态性、舒适性、有效性6个方面的驾驶人适应性评价，分析车路协同驾驶状态下的综合评估指标及影响机理。主观评估结果显示，车路协同技术对驾驶人有积极作用，52%的被试认为车载预警信息可以使行车过程更安全。客观运行结果表明：由于车路协同状态下驾驶人对于前方道路危险状况的可预知性，导致驾驶人提前降速，运行速度降低，效率有所下降；车路协同条件下的加速度和换道次数明显减小，其安全性显著提升；由于车路协同系统避免了驾驶人对于突发危险状况的紧急制动，因此车辆的油耗、排放均明显降低，其生态性改善效果显著；归因于驾驶人对于车路协同系统熟悉程度不足，导致舒适度各系统存在不一致的结论，也表明驾驶人对于车路协同系统的接受度和信任度均有待进一步提高；驾驶人在车路协同条件下可获取不同路段的限速值和超速提示，其有效性表现出明显的优势，速度跟随比有显著提升。所构建的测试平台和指标体系为进一步深层次挖掘车路协同的作用机理奠定了基础。     

攻击性驾驶行为选择模型及影响因素敏感度分析

基于行为学理论和非集计方法,以160名驾驶人为研究对象,确定了影响驾驶人攻击性驾驶行为选择的影响因素变量及取值方法,建立了攻击性驾驶行为选择模型（多项Logit模型）。运用弹性值理论进行各变量对攻击性驾驶选择行为的影响程度与过程敏感度分析;最后选取58名驾驶人的驾驶行为数据进行计算,验证模型的有效性。结果表明：驾驶人人格和其他车辆违法情况2个因素对驾驶人攻击性驾驶行为影响较大,起决定性作用;该模型计算值与量表判定值相对误差在10%左右,模型精度可满足实际使用要求。     

考虑初始情绪的个性化驾驶负荷状态评价

利用驾驶人生理数据对驾驶人的负荷状态进行评价已成为交通心理学的研究热点,该方法通常需要采集驾驶人在静息状态的生理信号特征作为其负荷基准,因此负荷基准的提取将影响驾驶人状态评价结果的准确性.基于此,研究搭建驾驶模拟试验平台,招募15名志愿者开展驾驶模拟试验,设计不同任务诱导其产生3种程度的精神负荷,采集志愿者在不同负荷状...     

Drowsy behavior detection based on driving information

Drowsy behavior is more likely to occur in sleep-deprived drivers. Individuals’ drowsy behavior detection technology should be developed to prevent drowsiness related crashes. Driving information such as acceleration, steering angle and velocity, and physiological signals of drivers such as electroencephalogram (EEG), and eye tracking are adopted in present drowsy behavior detection technologies. However, it is difficult to measure physiological signal, and eye tracking requires complex experiment equipment. As a result, driving information is adopted for drowsy driving detection. In order to achieve this purpose, driving experiment is performed for obtaining driving information through driving simulator. Moreover, this paper investigates effects of using different input parameter combinations, which is consisted of lateral acceleration, longitudinal acceleration, and steering angles with different time window sizes (i.e. 4 s, 10 s, 20 s, 30 s, 60 s), on drowsy driving detection using random forest algorithm. 20 s-size datasets using parameter combination of accelerations in lateral and longitudinal directions, compared to the other combination cases of driving information such as steering angles combined with lateral and longitudinal acceleration, steering angles only, longitudinal acceleration only, and lateral acceleration only, is considered the most effective information for drivers’ drowsy behavior detection. Moreover, comparing to ANN algorithm, RF algorithm performs better on processing complex input data for drowsy behavior detection. The results, which reveal high accuracy 84.8 % on drowsy driving behavior detection, can be applied on condition of operating real vehicles.     

基于安全车速差的高速公路特长隧道环境驾驶人行为风险特性研究

为研究高速公路特长隧道环境下驾驶人行为风险特性,选取2座典型特长隧道进行实车试验,通过采集熟练驾驶人和非熟练驾驶人的速度数据,将此作为主观预期车速,结合道路行车环境的客观安全车速,构建基于安全车速差的驾驶人行为风险量化方法。在划分隧道路段为入口段、行车段和出口段的基础上,通过切分行车区间,对比分析出入口段2类驾驶人行为风险变化特性及整个隧道路段和普通高速路段的行为风险变化曲线。结果表明： 1)在隧道内部,相对于非熟练驾驶人,熟练驾驶人表现出更高的行为风险值;在隧道外部,则非熟练驾驶人的行为风险值更高一些。2)所有类型驾驶人在普通高速路段行为风险值最高,在隧道入口段的行为风险值最低。上述结果说明： 在隧道路段,熟悉试验道路的驾驶人车速行为并不安全,行为风险值相对较高。     

Development of a Driving Behavior-Based Collision Warning System Using a Neural Network

An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) uses radar, visual information, and laser sensors to calculate variables representing driving conditions, such as time-to-collision (TTC) and time headway (THW), and to determine collision risk using empirically set thresholds. However, the empirically set threshold can generate differences in performance that are detected by the driver. It is appropriate to quickly relay collision risk to drivers whose response speed to dangerous situations is relatively slow and who drive defensively. However, for drivers whose response speed is relatively fast and who drive actively, it may be better not to provide a warning if they are aware of the collision risk in advance, because giving collision warnings too frequently can lower the reliability of the warnings and cause dissatisfaction in the driver, or promote disregard. To solve this problem, this study proposes a collision warning system (CWS) based on an individual driver’s driving behavior. In particular, a driver behavior model was created using an artificial neural network learning algorithm so that the collision risk could be determined according to the driving characteristics of the driver. Finally, the driver behavior model was learned using actual vehicle driving data and the applicability of the proposed CWS was verified through simulation.     

Comparative study between Korea and UK: relationship between driving style and real-world fuel consumption

It is known that differences in driving styles have a significant impact on fuel efficiency and driving styles are affected by various factors such as driver characteristics, street environment, traffic situation, vehicle performance, and weather conditions. However, existing knowledge about the relationship between driving style and fuel consumption is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship beteen driving style and fuel consumption. The analysis presented in this paper used data from three on-road experiments were conducted independently in two different countries, i.e. South Korea and the United Kingdom. In this study, 91 participants, consisting 44 UK drivers and 47 Korean drivers, were asked to drive approximately 28 km of UK road and 21 km of Korean road, respectively. Driving data, including real-time fuel consumption, vehicle speed, and acceleration pedal usage were collected. The results suggested that driving styles including average vehicle speed and average throttle position were highly correlated with the real-world fuel consumption, and the cultural factors, e.g. road environment, traffic design, and driver’s characteristics affected the driving styles and, consequently, fuel efficiency.     

基于自然驾驶数据的跨江大桥小客车跟驰特性研究

为明确跨江大桥的跟驰行为特征以及驾驶模式,在重庆菜园坝大桥展开了30位被试的小客车实车驾驶试验,使用华测航姿测量系统和前视碰撞预警系统Mobileye 630采集自然驾驶状态下汽车的连续行驶速度、车头时距和车头间距等数据。通过筛选得到了725条有效跟驰轨迹数据,对比分析发现跨江大桥与城市一般道路的跟驰行为存在一定差异性,明确了菜园坝大桥车头时距和车头间距的分布特征,并且对强跟驰(小于1.6 s)、过渡区间(1.6~2.6 s之间)以及弱跟驰(大于2.6 s)3种跟驰状态和驾驶人性别差异下的跟驰数据进行了分析。结果表明:桥梁段车头时距分布集中在1.6 s处,车头间距分布集中在18 m处;超过1/3的跟驰轨迹处于强跟驰状态,此状态下前车驾驶行为对跟驰车辆具有较强制约性;当车辆处于弱跟驰状态时,前车对于后车的约束性会随车头时距的增大而快速降低;过渡区间的设立更好地揭示了强/弱跟驰状态之间的转变并不是只有一个临界值,而是存在一个转换过程,并且其间车辆跟驰特性的变化与驾驶人本身的操作行为存在较大关联;驾驶人的性别差异对跟驰距离几乎没有影响,但男性驾驶人往往会采取更加冒险的驾驶行为,平均车头时距、车头间距以及相对速度均高于女性驾驶人。     

考虑肌电信号的驾驶人弯道操纵行为分析

驾驶人是"人-车-路"闭环系统中的核心。近年来,研发人性化、个性化的汽车驾驶辅助系统逐渐成为行业热点。为了更加透彻地理解弯道驾驶行为特性,为弯道驾驶辅助系统提供功效评估与优化,提出了一种考虑肌电信号的驾驶人弯道行驶过程操纵行为分析方法。招募12名驾驶人在试验场标准路面上进行实车试验,其中包含6名专业试车师与6名普通驾驶人,要求驾驶人分别以30,40,50 km·h^-1的不同初速度驶入U形弯道并自由驾驶。试验过程中记录驾驶人颈部肌电信号数据和车辆运动状态数据,分析转弯行驶车辆侧向运动对不同驾驶能力的驾驶人生理体验的影响,同时进一步探讨不同类型驾驶人在不同入弯速度条件下颈部肌电信号与侧向加速度的关联差异特性。试验结果表明：相同工况下,专业驾驶人和普通驾驶人颈部肌电特征值存在显著差异,专业驾驶人颈部肌电信号特征与车辆侧向加速度呈现一定的线性关系;随着驾驶任务难度的增加,驾驶能力好的驾驶人能够较好地适应任务的变化,在进行纵侧向耦合操纵时能够较好地协调身体生理反应与车辆侧向运动保持较好的关联特性。研究成果为进一步探索并完善驾驶体验评价方法提供了新的研究思路,同时,可为汽车辅助驾驶系统功能设计与智能汽车行驶性能的用户体验测评提供技术支撑。     

邻车切入工况下前撞预警系统的驾驶人依赖特性

为提升邻车切入工况下的行车安全,基于驾驶模拟实验平台,研究了驾驶人对前撞预警系统的依赖特性评价方法以改进预警系统的设计。以预警时机(即碰时间TTC)为研究变量,采集了12名驾驶人的实验数据,以制动依赖指数、次任务评分为2项客观指标,以危险度评分、信任度评分为2项主观指标,建立了评价体系模型,实现了对驾驶人系统依赖程度的量化评价。设计了L9(34)正交实验,建立了依赖特性评价回归模型。结果表明:预警时机(TTC)对依赖特性的影响最为显著:过晚的预警时机(TTC=2.4 s)降低系统的有效性;过早的预警时机(TTC=1.2 s)易导致驾驶人对系统过度依赖。因而,适度推迟预警时机(TTC=1.8 s)可以抑制依赖性的产生,提升系统的安全性。     

基于SOM神经网络的多工况驾驶风格识别

不同的驾驶员对车辆的各项性能可能有个性化地要求,因此有必要对驾驶风格的分类与识别问题进行研究.首先在驾驶模拟器上采集不同驾驶员在多工况下的数据,利用主成分分析法选取驾驶员在各个工况下的特征参数,SOM神经网络分别对起步、加速及制动工况下的驾驶数据进行了聚类分析,然后以驾驶风格聚类分析结果为基础,建立了基于SOM神经网络...     

基于自然驾驶数据的高速公路跟驰模型参数标定

为了研究中国驾驶人在高速公路上的跟驰行为特征，从上海自然驾驶研究试验数据库中提取48位驾驶人在高速公路上的跟驰事件并进行特征分析。利用自动化筛选准则及人工验证方式提取1 548个有效事件，选取后车车速与车头间距为性能指标，其均方根百分比误差之和为目标函数，利用遗传算法对Gazis-Herman-Rothery模型、GIPPS模型、智能驾驶人模型、全速度差模型和Wiedemann模型进行参数标定及效果验证。基于误差、碰撞及后退等异常情况出现次数等比较其表现性。研究结果表明：不同模型对中国驾驶人的适应性不同，智能驾驶人模型具有最小的误差和误差标准差，更加适合仿真中国驾驶人在高速公路上的跟驰行为。研究结果对于开发适合于中国驾驶人与道路环境特征的跟驰模型具有重要价值。     

普通公路驾驶员期望车速调查分析与建模

为了解普通公路驾驶员的车速选择机理,对驾驶员进行了期望车速问卷调查,对驾驶员的个人信息、车辆特征、以及驾驶员对超速10%的认可态度等可能影响期望车速的因素进行了重点调查。根据限速值的不同,分80、60和40 km/h 3个等级进行了调查,并为各等级公路选取了代表路段,由具有类似驾驶经历的驾驶员认真填写。对435份有效问卷进行了分析,发现期望车速广泛存在于驾驶员心中,驾驶员在行车过程中会使车速尽量维持在期望车速附近。期望车速主要受限速值、驾驶员的驾龄、对超速10%的态度以及车辆性能等因素的影响,驾驶员的性别和年龄对期望车速的影响不显著。采用逐步回归法,得到了期望车速的计算方法。对期望车速的特点、交通安全措施以及调查方案中可供改进的地方进行了总结。     

基于车辆加速度数据的互通立交匝道驾驶风险分析

为明确互通立交匝道的运行特性和驾驶风险,在重庆市南山立交和江南立交开展了超过30位被试者的小客车实车驾驶试验,通过Speedbox和Mobileye等车载高精度仪器采集了小客车在4条迂回式匝道上的连续运行数据,包括行驶速度、横向加速度、纵向加速度等,明确了迂回式匝道的车辆运行状态,然后运用表征横、纵向加速度关系的G-G...     

超速语音提醒风格对驾驶员干预效果分析

文章从驾驶员的气质类型出发,提出了针对不同气质类型的超速语音干预体系。针对不同气质类型的驾驶员,分析并研究其对干预时刻以及干预风格的反应规律,从而得出了不同气质类型的驾驶员对待干预措施的反应的相关性规律。且通过数据统计进一步的分析得出不同气质类型的驾驶员应优先选用的提醒时刻,以及在不同提醒时段应优先选用的语音提醒风格。     

Hardware and software for collecting microscopic trajectory data on naturalistic driving behavior

This article presents a method to collect naturalistic microscopic longitudinal vehicle trajectory data with a modest budget. The drivers studied are not aware that they are participating in an experiment; hence one can collect naturalistic driving behavior. This article presents the hardware and software developed, and we include a detailed example of a particular case study that was conducted with data collected from the system. The case study examines drivers' willingness to accept very short headways, and casts that behavior in light of their subsequent lane-changing decisions. The data show a statistically defensible connection between these behaviors. These phenomena are not new, but highlight the importance of the data quality and of observing naturalistic driving behavior, and this article demonstrates a method to calibrate specific parameters related to the behavior.     

高速公路线形三维空间综合指标与运行车速的关系模型

为准确预测高速公路运行车速,以平、纵线形综合指标为主,横断面线形指标作为修正的方式,考虑桥梁、隧道等结构物的影响,建立包括曲率、曲率变化率、曲线转角、纵坡度、车道宽度等指标的公路线形三维空间综合指标描述函数;注重运行车速的连续性变化及驾驶员视觉需求,确定车辆行驶中前方100 m至250 m有效注视范围为前方线形对车速的...     

卫星定位数据驱动的营运车辆驾驶人驾驶风险评估模型

为了提高营运车辆驾驶人安全管理的精细化水平，合理地评估驾驶人驾驶风险程度，有的放矢地降低高风险驾驶人的事故率，基于卫星定位数据特点及驾驶行为与驾驶风险的相关关系设计26个驾驶行为特征参数。考虑到高速和非高速行驶时相同驾驶行为对驾驶风险的影响区别较大，根据23名营运车辆驾驶人的实测数据有针对性地筛选高速和非高速路段驾驶人风险评估指标，构建营运车辆驾驶人驾驶风险评估指标体系。然后，基于熵权法、独立性权系数法和Spearman相关系数法建立集成赋权法，确定各评估指标的权重。最后，雇佣40名营运车辆驾驶人进行实车试验以验证模型的合理性。结果表明：车辆速度和加速度方面的驾驶行为特征可以用于评估驾驶人的驾驶风险且评估效果较好，驾驶风险评估得分与实际交通冲突次数呈正相关关系，所建立模型可以较为准确地评估营运车辆驾驶人驾驶风险的高低，准确率达到77.50%，该模型在不同地区使用时，准确率存在一定的差异，但在容许范围之内，方法具有较好的鲁棒性。     

How do dutch drivers perceive horizontal curves on freeway interchanges and which cues influence their speed choice?

Operating speeds in Dutch freeway curves differ often by 20 km/h compared to their design speeds. Operating speed is thought to be influenced by how drivers perceive curves when approaching a curve. This explorative research explores which curve cues and other variables influence drivers’ speed choice in curves. For this purpose, a survey was designed with 28 sets of curve comparisons. The curves were chosen from interchanges in the Netherlands and were compared to each other. To avoid direction bias, the curves were right turning only. In each set illustrations of two different curves out of a total of 8 curves were shown, and the participants were asked in which curve they would drive faster. In total 819 participants in the age range of 18 and 78 (mean=41.3; Std.=11.9) completed the survey. The survey data showed four common categories of curve cues and variables influencing the decision to drive faster, of which those in the category of the road environment and its surroundings were mentioned the most. The top three variables influencing speed choice are visibility of curve characteristics, “overview” as a holistic but as such hard to measure variable, and number of lanes. Variables such as presence of signage and trees were also mentioned frequently by the respondents. Geometric road characteristics such as curve radius and deflection angle were identified by the respondents as influencing variables, but only showing to affect speed selection when these are visible to the driver and not obscured by trees or other elements. This suggests combinations of geometric and surrounding elements are needed to get a better understanding of speed selection by drivers.