Dynamic performance of high-speed train passing windbreak breach under unsteady crosswind

Field test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method are conducted to investigate the safety of high-speed train under unsteady crosswind. Wheel–rail forces of high-speed train passing a breach between two windbreaks under strong crosswind are measured in a field test. The derailment coefficient of first wheelset of front car at the windward side reaches the allowable value. Meanwhile, the left and right of lateral wheel–rail force are in the opposite direction. This kind of phenomenon has not been tested before. Therefore, CFD and multi-body simulations are performed in order to study the phenomena. Good agreement is obtained between the simulation results and the experimental data. It is concluded that the sudden increase of transient aerodynamic loads, when the train passing the breach, is the root of this phenomenon; after running along the same direction as carbody and bogie run along the opposite direction during the high-speed train passing the windbreak breach; larger opposite longitudinal creeping forces of first wheelset compel the first wheelset to yaw toward the windward side; meanwhile, larger lateral wheel–rail forces compel the first wheelset to run toward the windward side rail; the left and right lateral wheel–rail forces become opposite because the right wheel impacts the windward side rail.     

Effect of rear slant angle on vehicle crosswind stability simulation on a simplified car model

It is important to know the effect of the aerodynamic forces and moments on driving stability because it is responsible for the excitation and influences the response of the vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of rear slant angle of a surface vehicle on crosswind sensitivity for stability analysis. The vehicle mathematical model used to conduct a dynamic simulation was based on a simple reduced order lateral dynamics of sideslip and yaw rate motion coupled with aerodynamics model. The intention here is to compare the effect of rear slant angles response to crosswind and to rank the crosswind sensitivity ratings. The aerodynamic loads are defined as the function of the aerodynamic derivatives from the static wind tunnel tests. Result shows a 20° rear slant angle demonstrates the highest rating of crosswind sensitivity, while zero degree slant exhibits the least.     

浅谈新双积分法规下乘用车降油耗方案研究

乘用车燃油经济性是评价车辆性能的重要指标,通常以在一定循环行驶试验工况下,行驶100km所消耗燃油升数(单位为L/100km)作为评价指标。影响乘用车燃油经济性的因素很多,文章以公司某在研SUV为例,通过仿真及转鼓油耗测试手段,在保证车辆驾驶体验体验前提下,研究如何降低整车燃油经济性。     

Effect of wind speed variation on the dynamics of a high-speed train

The severe shaking due to wind speed variation in high-speed trains has a negative impact on driving safety and riding comfort. It is difficult to solve this problem by directly applying civil engineering technology because of the actual conditions. Therefore, set up a reasonable train operation plan considering the wind speed variation under strong winds is very important. In this study, a multi-body simulation model of a CRH2 high-speed rail vehicle is constructed, and the overturning coefficient is set as the safety limit, we established a crosswind model on the basis of measured wind speed curves and investigated the effect of the rate of wind speed changes, the duration of maximum wind speed and the variation of wind speed in different amplitude on the dynamics of the high-speed train. Considering the most critical wind speed variation conditions, the characteristic wind curve is obtained, which can be used as a reference to set up a reasonable train operation scheme considering the wind speed variation.     

全寿命成本分析法在侧风影响下桥梁行车安全决策中的应用

为了顺利进行桥梁行车安全决策,基于全寿命成本分析法的基本原理,采用计算社会成本的方法综合考虑公众安全和社会效益,对侧风影响下桥梁行车安全设计方案的全寿命成本内容进行分析研究,并提出计算其全寿命成本的思路。其中,社会成本的计算主要研究采取管理措施关闭大桥导致的运输成本增加和侧风导致的事故人员伤亡损失,并总结出其考虑资金时间效应的计算模型。最后,以某跨海大桥的行车安全决策问题为例进行示例研究,在研究得到的数据和假定参数的基础上计算出各安全决策方案的全寿命期业主成本和社会成本并进行比较研究,以说明全寿命成本分析法在桥梁行车安全决策中的应用。     

Active control strategy for the running attitude of high-speed train under strong crosswind condition

This paper focuses on the safety of high-speed trains under strong crosswind conditions. A new active control strategy is proposed based on the adaptive predictive control theory. The new control strategy aims at adjusting the attitudes of a train by controlling the new-type intelligent giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA). It combined adaptive control with dynamic matrix control; parameters of predictive controller was real-time adjusted by online distinguishing to enhance the robustness of the control algorithm. On this basis, a correction control algorithm is also designed to regulate the parameters of predictive controller based on the step response of a controlled objective. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can adjust the running attitudes of high-speed trains under strong crosswind conditions; they also indicate that the new active control strategy is effective and applicable in improving the safety performance of a train based on a host–target computer technology provided by Matlab/Simulink.     

Considerations on active control of crosswind stability of railway vehicles

The DLR research project Next Generation Train deals with concepts, methods and technologies for a very high-speed train in double-deck configuration and light-weight design. Due to these three key features, crosswind stability is a particular subject of study. It is shown that conventional approaches here fall short of guaranteeing safety in high-wind occurrences according to the given homologation standards. Therefore, this paper discusses the feasibility of different approaches to ensure crosswind stability by means of active control. Four different concepts are overviewed, the most promising one is then chosen und examined in detailed multibody simulations that are based on data from wind tunnel measurements of the Next Generation Train.     

Which factors lead to driving errors? A structural equation model analysis through a driving simulator experiment

As driving error is a main contributory factor of road accidents, its causes and consequences are of great interest in the road safety decision making process. This paper investigates several factors (including driver distraction, driver characteristics and road environment) that affect overall driving error behaviour and estimates a new unobserved variable which underlines driving errors. This estimation is performed with data obtained from a driving simulation experiment in which 95 participants covering all ages were asked to drive under different types of distraction (no distraction, conversation with passenger, cell phone use) in rural and urban road environment, as well as in both low and high traffic conditions. Driving error was then modeled as a latent variable based on several individual driving simulator parameters. Subsequently, the impact of several risk factors such as distraction, driver characteristics as well as road environment on driving error were estimated directly. The results of this complex model reveal that the impact of driver characteristics and area type are the only statistically significant factors affecting the probability of driving errors. Interestingly, neither conversing with a passenger nor talking on the cell phone have a statistically significant impact on driving error behaviour which highlights the importance of the present analysis and more specifically the development of a measure that represents overall driving error behaviour instead of individual driving errors variables.     

基于能量流方法的纯电动汽车低温续驶里程提升研究

以某带热泵系统的微小型纯电动乘用车为对象,开展低温 CLTC-P循环工况下的续驶里程测试,通过综合研究 测试数据并分解整车能量流,探讨提升续驶里程的潜在方向。基于AMESim平台建立包含热管理系统的整车动力经济性 模型,经校准后仿真对比不同优化方案,制定组合优化方案。试验验证结果显示,组合优化方案可将低温续驶里程提升 12.6%,其中热管理系统优化方案的贡献显著优于整车阻力优化方案和控制策略优化方案。为提升纯电动乘用车低温环 境下的续驶里程提供参考思路和方法。     

Actively translating a rear diffuser device for the aerodynamic drag reduction of a passenger car

This research aims to develop an actively translating rear diffuser device to reduce the aerodynamic drag experienced by passenger cars. One of the features of the device is that it is ordinarily hidden under the rear bumper but slips out backward only under high-speed driving conditions. In this study, a movable arc-shaped semi-diffuser device, round in form, is designed to maintain the streamlined automobile??s rear underbody configuration. The device is installed in the rear bumper section of a passenger car. Seven types of rear diffuser devices whose positions and protrusive lengths and widths are different (with the basic shape being identical) were installed, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed under moving ground and rotating wheel conditions. The main purpose of this study is to explain the aerodynamic drag reduction mechanism of a passenger car cruising at high speed via an actively translating rear diffuser device. The base pressure of the passenger car is increased by deploying the rear diffuser device, which then prevents the low-pressure air coming through the underbody from directly soaring up to the rear surface of the trunk. At the same time, the device generates a diffusing process that lowers the velocity but raises the pressure of the underbody flow, bringing about aerodynamic drag reduction. Finally, the automobile??s aerodynamic drag is reduced by an average of more than 4%, which helps to improve the constant speed fuel efficiency by approximately 2% at a range of driving speeds exceeding 70 km/h.     

侧风状态下轿车气动特性数值模拟方法的研究

采用3种不同方法,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对侧风状态下轿车的气动特性进行了数值模拟,得到了不同侧风状态下轿车气动阻力系数和侧力系数随横摆角而变化的曲线。讨论了不同方法的优缺点并将模拟结果与风洞实验进行对比,结果表明采用合适的数值模拟方法可省时省力地获得接近于实验的结果。     

Influence of unsteady aerodynamics on driving dynamics of passenger cars

Recent approaches towards numerical investigations with computational fluid dynamics methods on unsteady aerodynamic loads of passenger cars identified major differences compared with steady-state aerodynamic excitations. Furthermore, innovative vehicle concepts such as electric-vehicles or hybrid drives further challenge the basic layout of passenger cars. Therefore, the relevance of unsteady aerodynamic loads on cross-wind stability of changing basic vehicle architectures should be analysed. In order to assure and improve handling and ride characteristics at high velocity of the actual range of vehicle layouts, the influence of unsteady excitations on the vehicle response was investigated. For this purpose, a simulation of the vehicle dynamics through multi-body simulation was used. The impact of certain unsteady aerodynamic load characteristics on the vehicle response was quantified and key factors were identified. Through a series of driving simulator tests, the identified differences in the vehicle response were evaluated regarding their significance on the subjective driver perception of cross-wind stability. Relevant criteria for the subjective driver assessment of the vehicle response were identified. As a consequence, a design method for the basic layout of passenger cars and chassis towards unsteady aerodynamic excitations was defined.     

匝道合流交通场景下自动驾驶汽车安全性测试评价方法

矿用无人运输车辆作业环境恶劣,存在大曲率弯道、坡道等非结构化道路明显特征,对无人化运输控制要求高。为改善PID等传统控制算法适应性问题,提高无人驾驶轨迹跟踪的车辆横纵向控制精度,提出一种纯跟踪与PID结合的多点预瞄横向控制、考虑模糊控制表参数拟合的纵向控制方法,减少控制参数的同时提高算法效果。根据传统控制算法设计基础控制器,结合基础算法优势进行横向与纵向控制算法设计,通过硬件在环仿真和实车测试验证算法的性能。试验结果表明,横向控制算法与斯坦利算法相比,车辆路径跟踪精度有明显改善,纵向控制方面,速度跟随误差<1 km/h,保证了车辆驾驶时的平稳性与舒适性。     

站城一体化的高铁车站客流特征及规划要点

在中国铁路建设高速发展的背景下，新一轮的高铁车站规划设计逐步引入了站城一体化的发展理念，更加重视“站”与“城”的空间联系、交通联系，这给高铁站房的规划设计提出了全新的问题。归纳梳理了铁路车站4.0时代高铁车站的特点，分析了在站城一体化的发展模式下，高铁车站各种客流的交通特征、发展趋势，以及规划建设需要重点关注和解决的问题，并提出了解决方案。     

桑塔纳轿车后桥等效刚度分析及测量技术

在桑塔纳轿车使用中发现,其后桥刚度特性的改变,引起该车后悬架刚度特性的变化,从而显著影响它的操纵稳定性。文中从该车的行驶过程中后桥的力学特性入手,详细分析后桥的受力变形特征,简化出能全面反应车桥受力作用的刚度参数,为悬架分析模型的建立提供理论依据;同时考虑后桥刚度参数的试验测量,探索其实际测量原理和测量方法,为后桥刚度的测量分析提供有效手段。     

Simulation study on the operating characteristics of a hybrid hydraulic passenger car with a power split transmission

In this paper, a hybrid hydraulic passenger car (HHPC) coupled with a power split continuously variable transmission (P-CVT) is proposed. This P-CVT is capable of splitting the power from the internal combustion engine into mechanical and hydraulic power flows. By adjusting the ratio of the mechanical power to hydraulic power, the P-CVT enables the transmission ratio to be changed continuously. Meanwhile, the P-CVT system can capture the braking energy and store it in the hydraulic accumulator for the next assistant driving. In order to quantitatively investigate the effect of applying P-CVT on improving the fuel economy and operating performance for the HHPC, a numerical simulation is conducted under typical city driving conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that, the P-CVT permits the engine to be run under a more efficient operating range. The total fuel consumption of the HHPC is reduced by 16.4% under the test conditions, compared with that of the original car.     

An investigation on motor-driven power steering-based crosswind disturbance compensation for the reduction of driver steering effort

This paper describes a lateral disturbance compensation algorithm for an application to a motor-driven power steering (MDPS)-based driver assistant system. The lateral disturbance including wind force and lateral load transfer by bank angle reduces the driver's steering refinement and at the same time increases the possibility of an accident. A lateral disturbance compensation algorithm is designed to determine the motor overlay torque of an MDPS system for reducing the manoeuvreing effort of a human driver under lateral disturbance. Motor overlay torque for the compensation of driver's steering torque induced by the lateral disturbance consists of human torque feedback and feedforward torque. Vehicle–driver system dynamics have been investigated using a combined dynamic model which consists of a vehicle dynamic model, driver steering dynamic model and lateral disturbance model. The human torque feedback input has been designed via the investigation of the vehicle–driver system dynamics. Feedforward input torque is calculated to compensate additional tyre self-aligning torque from an estimated lateral disturbance. The proposed compensation algorithm has been implemented on a developed driver model which represents the driver's manoeuvreing characteristics under the lateral disturbance. The developed driver model has been validated with test data via a driving simulator in a crosswind condition. Human-in-the-loop simulations with a full-scale driving simulator on a virtual test track have been conducted to investigate the real-time performance of the proposed lateral disturbance compensation algorithm. It has been shown from simulation studies and human-in-the-loop simulation results that the driver's manoeuvreing effort and a lateral deviation of the vehicle under the lateral disturbance can be significantly reduced via the lateral disturbance compensation algorithm.     

枢纽容量分配下的空铁联运网络设计

针对枢纽机场运营能力短缺问题,提出了空铁联运网络设计对其国内容量进行重新分配。从机场的角度,以最大化旅客盈余为目标,利用遗传算法设计出不同枢纽容量分配及联运高铁线路长度约束下的最佳网络拓扑结构。实例分析表明,与现有高铁线路长度的60%进行联运可释放100万人.次的国内容量,且能达到目前的营运能力,证明以高铁替代或补充现有的支线航班对于释放枢纽机场国内容量是可行的。     

Improving crosswind stability of fast rail vehicles using active secondary suspension

Rail vehicles are today increasingly equipped with active suspension systems for ride comfort purposes. In this paper, it is studied whether these often powerful systems also can be used to improve crosswind stability. A fast rail vehicle equipped with active secondary suspension for ride comfort purposes is exposed to crosswind loads during curve negotiation. For high crosswind loads, the active secondary suspension is used to reduce the impact of crosswind on the vehicle. The control input is taken from the primary vertical suspension deflection. Three different control cases are studied and compared with the only comfort-oriented active secondary suspension and a passive secondary suspension. The application of active secondary suspension resulted in significantly improved crosswind stability.     

旅游城市高铁站站前广场综合交通改善设计——以黄山北站为例

在全国高铁网络逐步构成的背景下,旅游城市高铁站站前广场在高铁运营后逐渐显现出了设施配套不足、交通组织混乱等问题.以黄山北站为例,通过分析黄山北站客流特征、站前广场交通设施现状、交通组织及运行,对黄山北站客流进行了预测,对交通设施规模进行了测算.根据预测结果,提出了交通改善策略,并从设施布局、交通组织等方面提出了近期和远期的具体交通改善方案.