Circuit racing,track texture,temperature and rubber friction

ABSTRACT

Some general observations relating to tyre shear forces and road surfaces are followed by more specific considerations from circuit racing. The discussion then focuses on the mechanics of rubber friction. The classical experiments of Grosch are outlined and the interpretations that can be put on them are discussed. The interpretations involve rubber viscoelasticity, so that the vibration properties of rubber need to be considered. Adhesion and deformation mechanisms for energy dissipation at the interface between rubber and road and in the rubber itself are highlighted. The enquiry is concentrated on energy loss by deformation or hysteresis subsequently. Persson's deformation theory is outlined and the material properties necessary to apply the theory to Grosch's experiments are discussed. Predictions of the friction coefficient relating to one particular rubber compound and a rough surface are made using the theory and these are compared with the appropriate results from Grosch. Predictions from Persson's theory of the influence of nominal contact pressure on the friction coefficient are also examined. The extent of the agreement between theory and experiment is discussed. It is concluded that there is value in the theory but that it is far from complete. There is considerable scope for further research on the mechanics of rubber friction.     

路基参数对无砟轨道结构受力影响有限元分析

建立了路基上无砟轨道有限元模型,并从应力极值的角度研究路基关键参数对板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道结构受力影响。结果表明,路基参数对板式和双块式轨道的影响规律基本一致;基床表层厚度和基床表层弹性模量变化对无砟轨道结构受力影响很小;基床底层弹性模量增加有利于改善无砟轨道结构受力分布,板式轨道轨道板和底座各向应力均有小幅下降,双块式轨道道床板和混凝土支承层纵向最大拉压应力均有较大幅度减小,基床最大压应力明显减小。     

零排放环保轿车重返征程

挪威电动车制造商Think公司通过包括“Think City”在内的新款车型的推出以及新赞助商的支持，来重新发力打造其品牌     

Moving load on track with Asphalt trackbed

Asphalt trackbed is gaining great popularity, as it strengthens the track tremendously and protects the subgrade. In this paper, asphalt trackbed deflection under moving dynamic load is solved analytically. The rail is modelled as an Euler beam. Tie and ballast are modelled as a discrete supporting system. Asphalt trackbed is modelled as another Euler beam on Winkler foundation (subgrade soil). One of the most important features of this model is that it can evaluate the damage to the asphalt trackbed under different train speed and/or non-uniform support conditions such as broken or missing tie case. It has the potential of serving as the design tool for asphalt trackbed as well as a track modulus back calculation tool for track structure evaluation. The solving techniques utilised in this paper can also be easily transformed to solve the dynamic responses of a track system on bridge.     

Probabilistic assessment of railway vehicle-curved track systems considering track random irregularities

The randomness of track irregularities directly leads to the random vibration of the vehicle–track systems. To assess the dynamic performance of a railway system in more comprehensive and practical ways, a framework for probabilistic assessment of vehicle-curved track systems is developed by effectively integrating a vehicle–track coupled model (VTCM), a track irregularity probabilistic model (TIPM) with a probability density evolution method (PDEM). In VTCM, the railway vehicle and the curved track are coupled by the nonlinear wheel–rail interaction forces, and through TIPM, the ergodic properties of random track irregularities on amplitudes, wavelengths and probabilities can be properly considered in the dynamic calculations. Lastly, PDEM, a newly developed method for solving probabilistic transmissions between stochastic excitations and deterministic dynamic responses, is introduced to this probabilistic assessment model. Numerical examples validate the correctness and practicability of the proposed models. In this paper, the results of probabilistic assessment are presented to illustrate the dynamic behaviours of a high-speed railway vehicle subject to curved tracks with various radii, and to demonstrate the importance of considering the actual status of wheel–rail contacts and curve negotiation effects in vehicle-curved track interactions.     

换一种思维治堵

对于每个居住在大城市的人,只要出行,无论你开汽车、打出租、坐公交还是骑车、步行,都对目前的交通状况难言满意。在我们的城市中,交通的混乱是多方面问题积累导致的恶性循环。主要原因包括规划失     

在合适的车道上

德国帕彭堡试车场（ATP）是欧洲规模最大的独立试车场。它不仅是戴姆勒（Daimler）的主要试车跑道，也可以租用给其他汽车制造商使用     

丹纳赫传动 让物料搬运更快捷

丹纳赫传动的工程师正不断根据客户的需求,推出创新的解决方案,这些创新方案也将越来越多地服务于中国客户.     

Effect of curved track support failure on vehicle derailment

In order to investigate the effect of curved track support failure on railway vehicle derailment, a coupled vehicle–track dynamic model is put forward. In the model, the vehicle and the structure under rails are, respectively, modelled as a multi-body system, and the rail is modelled with a Timoshenko beam rested on the discrete sleepers. The lateral, vertical, and torsional deformations of the beam are taken into account. The model also considers the effect of the discrete support by sleepers on the coupling dynamics of the vehicle and track. The sleepers are assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed. In the calculation of the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, the normal forces of the wheels/rails are calculated using the Hertzian contact theory and their creep forces are determined with the nonlinear creep theory by Shen et al [Z.Y. Shen, J.K. Hedrick, and J.A. Elkins, A comparison of alternative creep-force models for rail vehicle dynamic analysis, Proceedings of the 8th IAVSD Symposium, Cambridge, MA, 1984, pp. 591–605]. The motion equations of the vehicle/track are solved by means of an explicit integration method. The failure of the components of the curved track is simulated by changing the track stiffness and damping along the track. The cases where zero to six supports of the curved rails fail are considered. The transient derailment coefficients are calculated. They are, respectively, the ratio of the wheel/rail lateral force to the vertical force and the wheel load reduction. The contact points of the wheels/rails are in detail analysed and used to evaluate the risk of the vehicle derailment. Also, the present work investigates the effect of friction coefficient, axle load and vehicle speed on the derailments under the condition of track failure. The numerical results obtained indicate that the failure of track supports has a great influence on the whole vehicle running safety.