取样条件对柴油机微粒排放测量的影响

基于ESC稳态排放试验循环,分析了取样流量、稀释比、稀释温度等取样条件对柴油机PM比排放量测试的影响。试验表明:取样流量的不稳定使每工况点通过取样滤纸稀释排气量偏多或偏少,以致微粒测量结果重复性较差;一、二级稀释通道稀释比的增加最终都导致微粒比排放量降低,一级稀释通道的稀释比通过改变微粒分布形式来改变微粒的比排放量,二级稀释通道的稀释比除了改变微粒的分布形式外,还减小了取样流量波动引入的不确定性;稀释温度在低于50℃时对微粒的比排放量影响不大。     

车用柴油机微粒排放测量的稀释取样系统

介绍了目前国内外用于柴油机排气微粒 (PM)测试的稀释取样系统的工作原理 ,并对其优缺点进行了比较。全流稀释取样系统费用高 ,但能满足世界各国排放法规的要求 ,能对PM排放进行精确测量 ;部分流稀释取样系统投资小、应用广泛     

汽车排放测试主控制系统开发及其应用

介绍了自主开发的VTCL—VETS车辆排放试验计算机主控制系统;通过开展汽车排气稀释定容取样系统的排放测量和分析技术研究,探讨了排气稀释定容取样系统中气体输送及分析延迟的产生和影响因素;分析了基于稀释排气流量与成分浓度和C平衡技术的汽车瞬态排放率和累积排放量计算方法;给出了VTCL—VETS整车排放性能试验数据的处理与分析实例。     

燃料特性对柴油机排放微粒粒度分布的影响

利用微粒粒径分析仪进行测试,以研究不同理化特性的燃料对直喷式柴油机微粒排放粒度分布的影响规律,分析了柴油机微粒排放粒度分布特征。结果表明,柴油机的微粒排放大部分在1μm以下,以粒径50nm为分界,基本可以分为核态和积聚态两种。测试中微粒粒数浓度随着稀释比的增加而加大,同时微粒分布趋向核态。与转速相比,负荷变化对微粒粒度分布的影响较大,随着负荷的增大,核态PM所占比例减小。与欧Ⅲ柴油相比,生物柴油燃料核态微粒较多,积聚态微粒较少。天然气合成柴油燃料的核态和积聚态微粒浓度均低于欧Ⅲ柴油燃料,但其积聚态微粒浓度高于生物柴油燃料。     

全流CVS稀释比对PM采样影响的试验研究

采用CVS全流颗粒采样设备对某柴油机的PM进行了测试.通过改变CVS通道的总流量、经过滤纸的总流量和二级稀释空气的流量等影响稀释比的参数大小,对某柴油机逐次进行了ESC稳态试验,并结合滤纸前的样气温度讨论了稀释比变化对PM采样的影响.试验结果表明,随着一级稀释比、二级稀释比及总稀释比的增大,PM的比排放量都呈现增大的趋势.     

生物柴油混合燃料对车用高压共轨柴油机微粒排放粒度分布的影响

试验研究了不同添加比例的生物柴油(BTL)混合燃料对高压共轨柴油机微粒(PM)排放的影响,分析了BTL/柴油混合燃料PM粒度分布特征,揭示了BTL添加比例对柴油机PM排放粒度分布的影响规律.结果表明:高压共轨柴油机PM排放粒径绝大部分在300nm以下,BTL燃料PM粒度分布呈双峰结构,以小粒径核态PM为主,占PM总数的...     

基于预判控制的部分流颗粒稀释采样系统研究

为了满足重型柴油机国Ⅵ排放法规的新要求,对部分流颗粒稀释系统采用预判控制,并进行WHTC瞬态试验循环,同时与在线控制模式及全流稀释取样系统的结果进行比较。结果表明,基于预判控制的部分流系统能够进行精确的比例取样,与在线控制模式相比,采样误差减小了64.2%,且将采样流量和排气流量之间的相关系数提高到0.95以上。以全流稀释取样系统结果为基准,颗粒PM的测试精度提高了42.4%。     

进气节流对车用柴油机性能影响的试验研究

为了满足DPF主动再生温度需求,研究了进气节流对柴油机性能的影响.在某款高压共轨柴油机进气道加装电子节气门,在转速为1600 r/m in和2000 r/m in时,选取低、中、高三个典型负荷,研究不同节气门关度下进气流量对柴油机过量空气系数、燃油消耗率、排气温度及排放特性的影响.试验结果表明:随着节气门关度的增大,发动机过量空气系数逐渐减少,在低速中负荷条件下过量空气系数最大能降低14％;燃油消耗率随着节气门关度的增加呈现先下降后上升的趋势;进气节流可以显著提高排气温度;进气节流增加会导致CO排放和烟度的恶化,在较小的节气门关度下,T HC和NO x排放有所改善.     

EGR对高压共轨柴油机小负荷工况燃烧过程及排放性能的影响

以某轻型车用高压共轨柴油机为样机,研究了在小负荷工况条件下,EGR率对柴油机排放、燃烧过程及燃油消耗的影响。试验结果表明:EGR减小了缸内最高燃烧压力及压力峰值,使压力升高率略有增加,降低了瞬时放热率与峰值,延长了燃烧持续期,降低了缸内温度峰值及平均温度。在小负荷工况,EGR可以同时有效改善NOx,HC及CO排放,当EGR阀全开,EGR率为42%时,NOx排放降低了38.7%,HC降低了39.6%,CO排放降低了21.3%;PM排放先随着EGR率增加而减小,EGR率超过某一值后,PM排放增加,整个PM排放曲线呈现"鱼钩"状变化趋势。EGR对小负荷工况燃油耗性能影响不大。     

缸内直喷汽油机颗粒排放的热物理特性研究

为了研究缸内直喷汽油机颗粒的热物理特性,基于某发动机试验台架设计了二级热稀释系统。采用EEPS3090粒谱仪对不同稀释比、加热温度、蒸发温度下的颗粒粒径分布和浓度进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:不同稀释比下颗粒数量浓度随粒径的增大呈现对数正态双峰分布,不同加热温度和蒸发温度下颗粒数量浓度随粒径增大呈现三峰分布;较大稀释比对核态数量总浓度影响较大,加热温度高于200℃后颗粒数量浓度趋于稳定,蒸发温度对积聚态颗粒有较大影响。     

铁基燃油添加剂对柴油机颗粒排放影响的试验研究

基于发动机试验台架,对柴油中添加微量的铁基燃油添加剂进行了试验,从颗粒物数量浓度和粒径的分布特性、排气烟度、颗粒物的氧化特性等方面研究了燃油添加剂对柴油机颗粒物排放的影响。研究结果表明：燃油添加剂能降低柴油机排气温度和排气烟度。加入添加剂后,核模态颗粒数量浓度增加,峰值粒径也增加;积聚态颗粒数量浓度无明显变化;颗粒物总数量浓度增加,但添加剂浓度对颗粒数量浓度影响较小。添加剂使颗粒物中SOF含量增加,同时也使得微粒的氧化表观活化能和起燃温度都降低。     

基于MOUDI采样装置的186FA柴油机微粒物粒径分布特性研究

利用微孔沉积式碰撞采集器(MOUDI)进行了非道路用186FA柴油机排气微粒的采集和排气微粒物质量浓度粒径分布特性研究。研究发现:中高负荷工况下,柴油机排气微粒质量浓度粒径分布呈现近似的对数正态分布特性,而且随着负荷增大峰值粒径向小粒径方向偏移;各粒径级微粒质量浓度随负荷的增大而增大,中高负荷时增大趋势显著;积聚模态及粗粒子模态微粒质量浓度随烟度的增大均有增大的趋势,积聚模态微粒增大趋势相对明显;同一负荷率条件下,积聚模态微粒质量浓度基本随转速的升高而降低;中高负荷时微粒质量平均直径在0.32～0.56μm之间,低负荷时向大粒径级方向发展。     

Experimental investigation and comparison of nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles for two different fuels

In recent years, particle number emissions rather than particulate mass emissions in automotive engines have become the subject with controversial discussions. Recent results from studies of health effects imply that it is possible that particulate mass does not properly correlate with the variety of health effects attributed to engine exhaust. The concern is now focusing on nano-sized particles emitted from I. C. engines. In this study, particulate mass and particle number concentration emitted from light-duty vehicles were investigated for a better understanding of the characteristics of the engine PM from different types of fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Engine nano-particle mass and size distributions of four test vehicles were measured by a condensation particle counter system, which is recommended by the particle measurement program in Europe (PMP), at the end of a dilution tunnel along a NEDC test mode on a chassis dynamometer. We found that particle number concentrations of diesel passenger vehicles with DPF system are lower than gasoline passenger vehicles, but PM mass has some similar values. However, in diesel vehicles with DPF system, PM mass and particle number concentrations were greatly influenced by PM regeneration. Particle emissions in light-duty vehicles emitted about 90% at the ECE15 cycle in NEDC test mode, regardless of vehicle fuel type. Particle emissions at the early cold condition of engine were highly emitted in the test mode.     

Effect of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Operating Parameters on Particle Number and Size Distribution at Low Speed Condition

Experiments and simulations were used to investigate the effect of a range of engine operating parameters and fuel characteristics on the particle size and particle number (PN) concentration at low speed and idle speed condition. The occurrence, size, and concentration of particles were tested against a range of parameters including start of injection (SOI), common rail pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio and load. The results showed that the homogeneity of the mixture had the greatest impact on particle size and number concentration. The performance of particle is different at different levels of load. The particle were of nucleation mode at idle condition, and the cold idle particles had a slightly larger diameter than those produced at hot idle. By using the diesel and under high load, at EGR ratios of less than 20 %, most particles were of nucleation mode. At EGR ratios exceeding 20 %, nucleation-mode particles were gradually replaced by accumulation-mode particles. At EGR ratios above 30 %, most particles were of the accumulation mode. Under the same load, gasoline compression ignition produced particles of smaller size and reduced particulate mass (PM). The use of gasoline extended ignition delay, as the high volatility and octane number of the fuel improved the homogeneity of the mixture. Finally, a linear relationship was found between PM and PN. The relative contribution of the different factors to the formation of nucleationor accumulation-mode particles was investigated.     

Morphological Change and Number-Size Distributions of Particulate Matter (PM) from a Diesel Generator Operated with Wood Pyrolysis Oil-Butanol Blended Fuel

This report details our experimental study investigating particulate matter (PM) emissions from a diesel generator fueled with wood pyrolysis oil (WPO)–butanol blended fuel for electricity generation. Particle number-size distributions and PM mass concentrations from diesel, n-butanol, and WPO-butanol blended fuels were investigated via aerosol measurements using a fast mobility particle sizer and an aerosol monitor with three generator outputs (0, 3.3, and 6.6 kWe). For the n-butanol and WPO-blended fuels, the total number concentrations of exhaust particles were higher than that of conventional diesel combustion; however, the PM mass was observed to be nearly zero for all the engine operating conditions due to the higher number concentration in the nuclei mode. The morphology of the exhaust particles was investigated by analyzing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. The morphology of the particles was drastically changed according to the test fuels and engine loads. Two types of particles were observed, including soot and coke shaped particles. These results were directly related to the immaturity of incipient soot particles due to the different physical properties and chemical compositions of the fuels.     

PFI汽油机排气微粒数浓度及粒径分布研究

在不同转速和负荷下,用快速微粒光谱仪(DMS500)对PFI汽油机排气微粒的数浓度和粒径分布进行了测量.结果表明:在中低负荷下,PFI汽油机产生的微粒几乎全部为纳米级核模态粒子,随着负荷的增加,微粒数浓度单调增加,并且峰值粒径向粒径增大方向迁移;微粒的几何平均直径(GMD)和中位直径(CMD)都是随着负荷的增加而逐渐增...     

车用柴油机排气微粒分流式稀释取样测量系统的研制

本文设计了一种测量车用柴油机排气微粒的分流式稀释取样系统并制出了实验样品。文中说明了系统的布置和主要参数。重点是用ＣＯ２示踪法标定了不同发动机工部下的稀释比。用该系统测量一台车用柴油机的排气微粒结果表明该系统效果好，很实用。     

Reaction characteristics of the diesel oxidation catalyst of particulate matters from the diffusion flame of a oiler burner

The objective of this experimental study is to investigate the characteristics of the size distribution and the number concentration of PM (particulate matters) emitted from the diffusion flame of a boiler burner, which has the same type of combustion as a diesel engine. This study is performed to investigate the emission characteristics of nanoparticles generated from diffusion combustion in diesel fuel, and it considered fuel factors and the reaction characteristics of the nanoparticles on the DOC (Diesel oxidation catalyst). The factors examined in this experiment included the sulfur content in the fuel, the blend of the diesel fuel containing biodiesel and bio-ethanol, and the concentration of engine oil (0.1% and 1.0%) blended with diesel fuel. The particle size distribution of the nanoparticles exhausted from the boiler burner was measured by an SMPS (scanning mobility particle sizer). The number concentration of PM that were smaller than 70 nm in diameter greatly increased in the rear of the DOC when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used. The experiment also suggested that the particle number concentration in both the front and rear of the DOC was lower when ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) fuel blended with biodiesel and bio-ethanol, which are oxygenated fuels, was used than when only ULSD fuel was used. The higher the content of engine oil in the fuel, the higher the particle number concentration was in the front and rear of the catalyst. When the first dilution air temperature is increased from 30°C to 180°C, the nanoparticle number concentration dramatically dropped in the rear of the catalyst when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used, while the particle size distribution remained almost the same when the fuel with engine oil was used.