“库尔斯克”核潜艇事件引伸的启示

本文概要叙述了要今年在巴伦支海演习中沉没的俄罗斯“库尔斯克”号核潜艇的历史、战术技术资料。对该艇沉没事件引伸出的关于海军装备建设发展战略和指导思想的几个问题作了探讨,提出要正确处理装备发展中高科技与高可靠的关系;分析事故原因中内因和外因的关系;潜艇设计中作战能力与生存能力的关系;核潜艇自身建设与保障体系同步建设的关系。     

“库尔斯克”号核潜艇事件引伸的启示

“库尔斯克”号核潜艇2000年8月在海上演习中艇沉人亡重大事故震惊全球,对其失事原因众说纷纭并跟踪研究,笔者从这一事件中引伸出关于海军装备建设发展战略和指导思想的问题,并从四个方面阐述了看法和体会,即在装备发展中要正确处理高科技与高可靠的关系,在分析事故原因中要正确处理内,外国关系,在设计中要正确处理作战能力与生存能力,在发挥威力与防止事故上正确处理自身建设与保障体系同步建设的关系。     

“库尔斯克”号沉没的内幕

2000年8月12日,俄罗斯的“库尔斯克”号核潜艇在演习当中沉没了,关于沉没的原因,众说纷纭,莫衷一是。对“库尔斯克”号沉没事件的内幕进行分析,也许有助于了解核潜艇沉没的真相。内幕之一:超大型鱼雷是罪魁祸首吗?     

美国海军核潜艇发展过程中的组织管理研究

核潜艇装备研制周期长、涉及部门多、关系复杂,美国海军经过几十年的探索发展,目前已经建立了较为健全、成熟的核潜艇组织管理体系。本文旨在通过对美国核潜艇发展过程中组织管理机构和组织管理过程的深入研究与剖析,为我国核潜艇相关研制部门完善组织管理体系提供参考。     

美国海军核潜艇发展过程中的组织管理研究

核潜艇装备研制周期长、涉及部门多、关系复杂,美国海军经过几十年的探索发展,目前已经建立了较为健全、成熟的核潜艇组织管理体系。本文旨在通过对美国核潜艇发展过程中组织管理机构和组织管理过程的深入研究与剖析,为我国核潜艇相关研制部门完善组织管理体系提供参考。     

潜艇救生装置

潜艇防险救生历来是海军潜艇部队受困扰且急需解决的问题，自“库尔斯克”号导弹核潜艇毁来性地沉没后，引起世界各国海军极大的震惊，进而对潜艇的防险救生问题更为重视和关注。主要论述俄罗斯核潜艇上救生装置的设计观点，研制过程，装备的性能和目前达到的国际先进水平。     

美国『长尾鲨』号核潜艇打捞记

1963年4月10日，美国核潜艇“长尾鲨”号（NO593）在作深潜试验时突然沉没。这是美国发生的第一起核潜艇沉没事故。“长尾鲨”号是美同当时最先进的攻击型核潜艇，于1960年下水，1961年交付海军使用，耗资4500万美元。它的沉没使美国海军当局极为震动。海军当局不惜人力、物力，请来了“超潜蛙人”——“特里斯脱”，企图把它打捞起来，结果没有成功，只捞起几块碎片。     

碧海舞蛟龙——中国核潜艇的技术进步与展望（上）

2013年10月27日起，中国央视媒体连续多天报道了隐秘42年的中国第一支核潜艇部队，使人们对中国核潜艇力量的建设有了一次较为深入的了解和认识。目前世界上只有美、俄、英、法、中、印六国拥有核潜艇，但其中只有前五个国家具备独立研制、批量建造核潜艇的能力。印度虽然已经完成了首艘“歼敌者”号核潜艇的建造，但真正形成战斗力还有很长一段时间。这次中国公开核潜艇部队，说明中国的军事透明度越来越高，具备了更强的军事自信。此外，根据中国军事装备发展和公开的一般规律分析，可以认为中国在核潜艇的技术和发展方面已经有了新的突破和进展。中国核潜艇力量的建设成为国内外关注的焦点，根据国内外媒体报导及相关资料可以推断，中国的核潜艇已经发展到了第二代，并且已经批量装备中国海军。     

碧海舞蛟龙——中国核潜艇的技术进步与展望（下）

2013年10月27日起，中国央视媒体连续多天报道了隐秘42年的中国第一支核潜艇部队，使人们对中国核潜艇力量的建设有了一次较为深入的了解和认识。目前世界上只有美、俄、英、法、中、印六国拥有核潜艇，但其中只有前五个国家具备独立研制、批量建造核潜艇的能力。印度虽然已经完成了首艘“歼敌者”号核潜艇的建造，但距离真正形成战斗力还有很长一段时间。这次中国公开核潜艇部队，说明中国的军事透明度越来越高，具备了更强的军事自信。此外，根据中国军事装备发展和公开的一般规律分析，可以认为中国在核潜艇的技术和发展方而已经有了新的突破和进展。中国核潜艇力量的建设成为国内外关注的焦点，根据国内外媒体报导及相关资料可以推断，中国的核潜艇已经发展到了第二代，并且已经批量装备中国海军。     

“库尔斯克”号核潜艇事故的启迪与教训

本文阐述俄罗斯海军“库尔斯克”号核潜艇沉没事故对潜艇设计、运行和管理等方面的影响,并且从俄罗斯潜艇设计的指导思想、设计原则以及潜艇可靠性、抗沉性等方面对“库尔斯克”号核潜艇事故的教训和启发作了分析和探讨。     

High-resolution surveys of the biogeochemistry of the New England shelfbreak front during Summer, 2002

We present the observations from a pair of field experiments at the New England shelfbreak front in June and August of 2002, each consisting of 14 cross-frontal surveys using the Lamont Pumping SeaSoar. Measurements of the front's physical, chemical, and bio-optical characteristics were made at high spatial and temporal resolution. The front, based on water-column hydrographic distributions, was found within a few km of the 200 m isobath during both cruises. We present here composite sections, based on averages of individual sections shifted in space to a common frontal location, of the cross-frontal distributions of these properties as a measure of the mean state of the front in both June and August. The observations show the familiar temperature, salinity, and density distributions of the summertime front, dominated by surface thermal heating. Nutrient and bio-optical distributions show the combined effects of water-mass exchange and biological processes. T, S, silicate, and phosphate distributions are suggestive of cross-frontal exchange of slope- and shelf waters, although transport mechanisms and pathways are not apparent. These properties, along with nitrate and optical measures of the suspended particle distributions, show vertical displacements of isopleths as the front is approached: property contours slope upwards toward the front from the shoreward side, and downwards toward the front from the seaward side. Again, actual water-movement pathways are not constrained by these suggestive patterns. Bio-optical distributions show elevated indicators of photosynthetic efficiency both seaward and shoreward of the front, but the front itself is a minimum in biomass. Accumulation of photosynthetic biomass appears to be controlled primarily by nitrate scarcity in waters within and above the pycnocline. At the base of the pycnocline, light limitation appears to be the controlling factor, although the base of the euphotic zone is deeper than the biomass maxima and the base of the pycnocline. Mechanisms explaining this phenomenon are unclear, but tenuous evidence suggests low stratification at the depth of the 1% light level may not allow phytoplankton to optimize for the low-light, high-nutrient conditions at depth. Cross-frontal differences in nutrient and bio-optical parameters, particularly in August, suggest distinct phytoplankton assemblages, and the presence of calcite-forming or nitrogen fixing groups to the community structure, especially in very shallow waters across the front and in pycnocline waters seaward of the front.     

面向复杂装备AR辅助维修的混合跟踪技术研究

装备维修是生产制造、作业运转的基础,特别是在船舶、航空等领域。由于在维修过程中装备结构复杂、维修人员经验技术不足和缺少直观维修手段导致容易导致维修效率低下和操作出错。因此,通过研究基于增强现实的装备维修方案,直观交互地进行维修作业,能够有效地提升维修的质量和效率。由于装备体型较大,结构复杂,给跟踪定位带来了新的困难,针对实际的工程需求,创新性地将主流方法进行结合,提出了多Marker和ORB-SLAM混合跟踪的方法。通过二次调整多Marker定位结果的动态权值,提高局部定位维修的精度和可靠性。分析比较现有的特征点算法,选择ORB-SLAM作为方案,实现全局的定位和导航,对维修过程给以指导,并设计开发装备诱导维修系统,为大型复杂设备地维修提供了通用解决方案。     

多因素数学模型在温州瓯江口浅滩围涂工程研究中的应用

建立了波浪、潮流、盐度、悬沙、底床冲淤等多种因素数学模型,在模型验证的基础上,对瓯江口温州浅滩围涂工程海区的波浪场、潮流场、盐度场、悬沙场、底床冲淤场进行了数值模拟研究,对温州浅滩围涂工程对瓯江泄洪、瓯江南北口分流比、乐清湾养殖业、瓯江口港口航道及状元岙深水区、南口口外滩地的影响进行了分析论证。分析研究结果表明,温州浅滩围涂工程是可行的。     

澜沧江-湄公河航道哈乐滩碍航特性及整治措施

澜沧江-湄公河航道上哈乐滩具有弯、浅、险、窄、急等特点。根据现场调查资料,结合数学模型计算结果,分析了哈乐滩成滩原因及碍航特性。哈乐滩右岸楠罗河山洪冲出的石块及大卵石堆积在溪口形成冲洪积扇,近年来冲积扇发育,进一步侵占河床泄水断面,同时岸线凹凸不平,导致滩险上段水流弯曲,中段坡陡流急,船舶枯水上滩困难。针对哈乐滩滩险成因及碍航特点,提出炸礁和修筑整治建筑物结合的措施,解决滩险碍航问题。     

防波堤及护岸越浪研究综述

近年来防波堤越浪方面的相关研究,分别在越浪影响因素、越浪量计算公式推导论证、越浪数值模拟与越浪量标准4个方面进行归纳总结.已有成果表明:1)越浪影响因素的研究多是集中于常规因素,包括波高周期,堤顶高程,坡肩宽度,护面块体,而对水流、风速、波浪谱以及水的性质等其他因素研究相对较少;2)越浪量计算公式研究中主要集中在影响越...     

Matching biological traits to environmental conditions in marine benthic ecosystems

The effects of variability in environmental conditions on species composition in benthic ecosystems are well established, but relatively little is known about how environmental variability relates to ecosystem functioning. Benthic invertebrate assemblages are heavily involved in the maintenance of ecological processes and investigation of the biological characteristics (traits) expressed in these assemblages can provide information about some aspects of functioning. The aim of this study was to establish and explore relationships between environmental variability and biological traits expressed in megafauna assemblages in two UK regions. Patterns of trait composition were matched to environmental conditions and subsets of variables best describing these patterns determined. The nature of the relationships were subsequently examined at two separate scales, both between and within the regions studied. Over the whole area, some traits related to size, longevity, reproduction, mobility, flexibility, feeding method, sociability and living habit were negatively correlated with salinity, sea surface temperature, annual temperature range and the level of fishing effort, and positively associated with fish taxon richness and shell content of the substratum. Between the two regions, reductions in temperature range and shell content were associated with infrequent relative occurrences of short-lived, moderately mobile, flexible, solitary, opportunistic, permanent-burrow dwelling fauna and those exhibiting reproductive strategies based on benthic development. Relationships between some traits and environmental conditions diverged within the two regions, with increases in fishing effort and shell content of the substratum being associated with low frequencies of occurrence of moderately mobile and moderately to highly flexible fauna within one region, but high frequencies in the other. These changes in trait composition have implications for ecosystem processes, with, for example, reductions in permanent-burrow dwellers within one of the regions potentially compromising the ability of the assemblages to process and store chemicals and waste products. However, the connections between environmental conditions and trait composition are complex and incorporate many factors. Experimental investigations will be necessary to determine the extent and consequences of these important relationships.     

How much can public private partnership really do for urban transport in developing countries?

A few cities in some of the larger developing countries in Latin America and Asia have made increasing use of multi-year concessions or franchises, competitively awarded to private companies, for construction and operation of urban transport infrastructure and for provision of public transport services. In view of the strong prospective growth of developing-country cities with large transport needs, and the rise in the emerging economies of potential new sources of private capital, it is important to see how effective PPP has so far been in this area. The experience is analyzed principally by thorough comparative review of what has actually happened for some of the main users to date: Bogotá, Santiago, São Paulo, Seoul, and several cities in both China and India. Despite delays and mistakes that have been made in development of most of the projects, the overall results, already delivered and in prospect, are very positive and urban public transport is benefiting substantially, with significant side effects on poorer people's access to work and to services, air pollution levels and road accident rates. The widest and most important advantage of the PPP arrangements, as compared with more conventional short-term contracting, is found to be the innovations, technical and managerial, developed, and, in particular, the mutual capacity building of the countries' private and public sectors and their more effective interaction. The experience in the six countries covered suggests that other developing-country cities may be best assisted to develop sound urban transport PPPs more rapidly through provision of help on chosen items among 7 elements that have proved particularly crucial but sometimes weak in the projects reviewed: Civic consultation systems, Land-use/Transport strategic planning, Land/property market management, Monitoring systems, Progressive policies, Economic regulation, and Public institutional framework for PPPs.     

具备开通闸条件的通航节制闸建设方案

通航节制闸运行调度原则与常规的船闸工程和水闸工程明显不同,针对其口门宽度、门槛水深、闸门形式、平面布置等关键技术问题,船闸工程和水闸工程规范尚无具体的要求。以邓楼节制闸重建工程为例,对现有的节制闸运行调度原则进行调整以满足开通闸通航的要求,同时通过实施工程补偿措施以满足原节制闸防洪水倒漾、引水灌溉、保护水质的功能。通过理论计算和对比分析等方法得知建设2孔净宽23 m、门槛水深5. 5 m的通航节制闸能够满足船舶安全通航和航道通过能力的要求,并得出"升卧式平面闸门能够适应长期低水头运行、高通航保证率要求特点"的结论。其确定运行规则、建设规模、闸门形式、布置方案的方法对类似项目的建设及船闸标准规范的完善均有借鉴意义。