短波法油中水分测量仪的应用

针对船用使用环境条件的特点,对短波法油中水分测量仪在船舶燃油系统使用情况进行了应用研究,试验研究了零点漂移、介质温度、压力、盐度、流速、杂质、含气量、油水混合均匀性、电磁场、振动干扰因素对油中水分测量仪的实际测量精度的影响,并分析了产生相关影响的原因,为其船用适应性设计提供了参考依据。     

某型船用海水淡化装置故障分析及排除

新制淡水盐度偏高是影响某型船用海水淡化装置正常使用的主要故障。文章结合笔者工作经验，通过对某型船用海水淡化装置新制淡水盐度偏高形成的原因进行分析、研究和探讨，找出解决问题的方法和途径。     

船舶吃水记录器

美国王桥船舶和船用设备有限公司已研制出一种船舶吃水记录器。它依靠压力传感水位、密度、温度变化以及重力引起的加速度变动来测量吃水度,其测量误差很小。这种吃水记录器使用装在主平台上的两个压力换能器来测量吃水。该仪器输出的信号可用来计算任何密度的水深。处理机会     

某型船用蒸汽动力装置加装除盐装置的可行性分析

针对某型船用蒸汽动力装置盐度过高的现状,分析影响其水质的主要因素,并据此提出在其冷凝器后和造水机后加装除盐装箕的新构想.通过分析得出在造水机后加装除盐装置方便可行,并依此设计1台除盐装置.设计计算表明,加装除盐装置能使口用水柜水质提高近50倍,冷凝器后凝水总含盐量下降22%,基本上解决盐度过高的问题.     

船用水泵综合测量装置设计

为综合测量和集中显示修复后的船用水泵性能参数,研究应用传感器和微控制器设计船用水泵测量装置。在软件方面,基于RTX-51Tiny实时操作系统设计数据采集、数据计算、键盘扫描和命令处理等多任务。在硬件方面,采用多种传感器检测流量、压力、温度、电压和电流;设计模拟量、数字量和频率等不同形式信号与微控制器的对接转换电路;采用各种转换芯片设计键盘、液晶显示器和打印机与微控制器的通信接口电路。依据设计制成的船用水泵综合测量装置样机实时性好、精度高,集中显示测量结果。     

基于GM(1,N)模型的碳钢腐蚀速率预测

[目的]碳钢在海洋环境下的腐蚀速率预测非常复杂和模糊。针对碳钢腐蚀速率的灰色预测模型精度普遍不高的现状,为提高腐蚀速率预测模型的精度,[方法]通过船用碳钢腐蚀速率和海洋环境因素的灰关联分析,得到影响船用碳钢腐蚀速率的关键因素,进而建立具有较高精度的GM(1,N)腐蚀速率预测模型。[结果]实例分析表明,在青岛、厦门、舟山和榆林海域影响船用碳钢腐蚀速率的主要环境因素是海水温度、海生物附着量、pH值和海水盐度,在此基础上建立的GM(1,5)模型具有较高的精度且计算量较小。[结论]GM(1,N)模型可以有效预测碳钢等船用金属的腐蚀速率,可为船用金属腐蚀寿命的研究提供理论支撑,具有一定的参考价值。     

一种新型流量计的应用

本文以船用通风系统空气流量测量为基础，介绍一种新颖的差压式流量计，阐述了该流量计的工作原理、基本结构、性能特点和安装方法，对应用过程进行了分析，对应用的效果进行了总结。突出了该流量计在船用流量测量中的优势和应用前景。     

船用辅助锅炉的水处理

本文根据有关船用辅助锅炉的水质标准，针对国内某些船舶由于水处理不当所造成的严重腐蚀或损坏，提出了切实可行的船用辅锅炉水处理的实施方案和方法。     

基于光纤光栅的扭矩传感器

为了实现恶劣条件下对扭矩的精确稳定测量,设计并实现了一种新型的基于光纤光栅的扭矩传感器。为克服扭矩测量系统易受外界影响的缺点,设计了光纤光栅全桥光路,实现了温度和弯矩的自动补偿。通过扭矩标准装置加载试验和水下环境加载试验分别测试了其测量精确度以及水下工作性能。结果表明,该光纤光栅扭矩传感器的最大非线性误差、重复性以及水下工作稳定性均达到0.1%以内,说明该传感器不但具有良好的测量精度,而且能够在船用环境等恶劣扭矩测量条件下较好地工作。研究结果为船用环境中扭矩测量的研究与应用提供了重要参考。     

船用螺旋桨叶厚的测量

本文修正了船用螺旋桨叶厚测量的定义，提出了叶厚测量的新方法及测量原理，同时推导了叶截面与圆柱坐标的关系。     

Baroclinic eddy formation in a Rhine plume model

A three-dimensional finite difference tidal model, including advective and diffusive transport of salinity, is used in the two-layer model for simulation of Rhine water outflow. Layer depths are adjusted in a way that no advective transports between upper and lower layer take place in case of sufficiently stable stratification.Model results show frontal eddy development related to (limited) growing internal waves in case of weak northeasterly to southeasterly winds. It is shown that baroclinically unstable conditions occur, related to vertical velocity shear, resulting in frontal meanders with wave lengths between 18 and 30 km. Satellite images of sea surface temperature show a comparable behaviour of the temperature front, which is strongly correlated with the salinity front of the Rhine plume.     

A finite element model for the Venice Lagoon. Development, set up, calibration and validation

The development, calibration and validation of a two-dimensional finite element model for the Venice Lagoon is described. The model uses a staggered grid for the spatial integration of the water levels and velocities. A semi-implicit numerical time stepping scheme is implemented, which guarantees unconditional stability for the gravity wave propagation. Because of the shallow depths in the lagoon, the model deals also with areas where flooding and drying occur.A first calibration of the model has been performed against harmonic constants of 12 tide gauges located in the lagoon. After this calibration, model output shows a good agreement with a set of water level data referring to a period of calm winds and to another data set of water level data measured in 38 stations during a period of strong winds.Meteorological data and river discharges are used to set up a 1-year long simulation that models the salinity and temperature fields. The temperature time evolution is well simulated. Comparison of model output to salinity data is not straightforward, since input data for the main rivers that discharge freshwater into the lagoon is not available for the year of reference. However, yearly averages of observed values of salinity are in a reasonable agreement with results of a climatological simulation.The presented model shows good propagation of the tidal wave and stability characteristics. It is the first step for a comprehensive model of the Venice Lagoon that deals not only with hydrodynamic variables, but also with sediment transport and ecological processes.     

Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 1. Gulf of Mexico

This paper and its companion [Thacker, W.C., Sindlinger, L., 2007-this issue. Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 2. Northwestern Atlantic. Journal of Marine Systems. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.06.007.] document initial efforts in a project with the goal of developing capability for estimating salinity on a region-by-region basis for the world oceans. The primary motivation for this project is to provide information for correcting salinity, and thus density, when assimilating expendable-bathythermograph (XBT) data into numerical simulations of oceanic circulation, while a secondary motivation is to provide information for calibrating salinity from autonomous profiling floats. Empirical relationships between salinity and temperature, which can be identified from archived conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) data, provide the basis for the salinity estimates.The Gulf of Mexico was chosen as the first region to explore for several reasons: (1) It's geographical separation from the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean makes it a “small ocean” characterised by a deep central basin surrounded by a substantial continental shelf. (2) The archives contain a relatively large number of CTD data that can be used to establish empirical relationships. (3) The sharp fronts associated with the Loop Current and its rings, which separate water with different thermal and haline characteristics, pose a challenge for estimating salinity. In spite of the shelf and the fronts, the relationship between salinity and temperature was found to be sufficiently regular that a single empirical model could be used to estimate salinity on each pressure surface for the entire Gulf for all seasons. In and below the thermocline, root-mean-square estimation errors are small — less than 0.02 psu for pressures greater than 400 dbar, corresponding to potential density errors of less than 0.015 kg/m³. Errors for estimates nearer to the surface can be an order of magnitude larger.     

Numerical analysis of water circulation and thermohaline structures in the Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea has a unique ecosystem that consists of endemic species. The deterioration of the unique ecosystem has become increasingly worrisome since a wide variety of pollutants have been released into the water. Water circulation plays a key role in advection and diffusion of these pollutants. In the present study, water circulation and thermohaline structures in the Caspian Sea were analyzed by means of a three dimensional numerical simulation. The effects of meteorological changes, river inflow, and an icing event were taken into account as boundary conditions. Numerical simulation was carried out for 20 years to achieve stable seasonal variations in model variables. As a result, the horizontal distributions of water temperature and salinity could be reproduced; the gradient of water temperature in the north–south direction, the decrease in water temperature along the east coast of the middle Caspian Sea due to coastal upwelling, and low salinity in the northern Caspian Sea. The icing event kept the water temperature in the northern Caspian Sea from decreasing to an unrealistic value. The observed cyclonic gyres were basically formed by the density-driven current due to thermohaline structure.     

Changes in apparent oxygen removal in the Baltic proper deep water

By developing a steady state diagnostic model for a stratified deep-water mass, one is able to quantify both the mass flows and apparent oxygen removal in the Baltic proper deep water. The model is based on continuity of the assumed conservative observable volume, salinity and temperature. Second degree polynomials are fitted to observed vertical profiles of temperature as well as oxygen concentration to give a functional correspondence with the used spatial variable salinity. These relations are used in the model that calculate the water flows, oxygen flows and oxygen removal during four periods between 1959 and 1997. The model forms a boundary value problem, which is solved with a finite difference scheme. The model seems to give reasonable estimates of the flows. The oxygen removal is mainly balanced by inflow of oxygen with incoming water. The oxygen consumption is 4–8 μl O₂ l⁻¹ day⁻¹, which corresponds to a degradation of organic matter in the range 30–60 g C m⁻² year⁻¹.     

Bathymetry impacts on water exchange modelling through the Danish Straits

Deep and narrow channels in Danish Straits are one of the governing factors for the Baltic–North Sea water and salt exchange. The channels have a depth up to 50 m and a horizontal scale of a few hundred meters. The typical horizontal resolution used in current operational three dimensional Baltic–North Sea models is 1 nautical mile (nm) which can not well resolve these deep channels. In this paper, an alternative method is used to generate the 1 nm resolution bathymetry so that the deep channel is well resolved and at the same time the total water volume is roughly conserved. The impact of the new bathymetry on modelling water and salt transports as well as temperature and salinity structure is assessed by comparing a 3-year model run with the adjusted bathymetry and a control run with the averaged bathymetry. Volume and salt transports through the Great Belt are examined in the two runs. The results show that the model ocean is dominated by a typical two-layer transport (i.e., upper brackish Baltic outflow and lower saltier inflow), and the new bathymetry significantly enhances the two-layer transport. The lighter Baltic outflow is increased by 18% in the upper 10 m and saltier deep inflow is increased by 300% (in comparison with the old bathymetry) below 10 m. The total net transport into the Baltic Sea is increased by 13%. The temperature and salinity structure is also significantly influenced by the bathymetry, especially during inflow events. The stratification is strengthened and the bottom salinity is increased in Danish Straits and adjacent waters. The bathymetry impact is found significant through the entire 3-year model run period, and the signal is propagated to a large area covering the Stopple Channel. Comparison with observations show that such changes are positive improvements to the models. The results suggest that the deep channels in the Danish Straits have to be carefully resolved in order to correctly simulate the Baltic–North Sea water exchange.     

超长地下室大体积混凝土温控有限元模拟及开裂风险分析

针对高盐、高温、高湿的热带海洋环境下超长、超厚大体积混凝土地下室结构由温度应力引起的开裂风险等相关问题,结合工程实例,通过Midas FEA有限元软件模拟大体积混凝土的温度场,对大体积混凝土的温控措施和开裂风险进行研究。采用设置冷却水管的方法,结构未出现温度裂缝及渗水现象。总结提炼了热带海洋环境下超长、超厚大体积混凝土施工防止温度裂缝的技术成果,可为同类超长结构地下室工程施工提供借鉴。     

The Dead Sea hydrography from 1992 to 2000

The modern hydrological regime of the Dead Sea is strongly affected by anthropogenic activity. The natural fresh water budget has changed mainly due to the drastic reduction of runoff. Since 1977, the surface level of the Dead Sea has been lowered by an average rate of about 60 cm/year and for the period from 1998 to 2000, the lowering rate has reached about 100 cm/year. As a result of the runoff reduction, the upper layer salinity of the Dead Sea has increased and the gravitational stability of the water body was diminished. Eventually, during the winter of 1978–1979, the lake waters overturned, bringing to an end the long-term stable meromictic¹ hydrological regime. The lake entered a new phase in which its hydrological regime switches between holomictic and meromictic regimes, depending on the size of the runoff into the lake (i.e. the amount of precipitation in the lake's watershed). The first holomictic period, 1979–1980, lasted for 2 months only. It was succeeded by a 4-year meromictic period (1980–1983). The second holomictic period lasted for 9 years (1983–1991). The rainy winter of 1991–1992 resulted in an almost 2-m sea level rise. The upper layer with a relatively low salinity was restored and a new meromictic period persisted for 4 years, until winter 1995–1996. During the last meromictic period, the hydrological regime of the Dead Sea was characterized by following long-term trends: the depth of the summer thermocline increased from 12–15 to 25–30 m; the quasi-salinity of the upper layer, initially of about 164 kg/m³, increased rapidly at a rate of about 16–18 kg/m³/year; the quasi-salinity of the deep water, initially of about 235 kg/m³, decreased slowly at a rate of about 0.08–0.10 kg/m³/year (for the sake of comparison, a quasi salinity of 235 kg/m³ is the equivalent of 280‰ “usual” salinity); and the winter minimal temperature of the upper layer, initially of about 16 °C, increased rapidly at a rate of about 2 °C/year. In November 1995, the latest meromictic period of the Dead Sea came to an end. During the present holomictic period, 1996–2000, the hydrological regime of the Dead Sea is also characterized by long-term trends: the quasi-salinity of the entire Dead Sea increased at a rate of about 0.5 kg/m³/year, with practically no decrease during the winters; the temperature of the deep water mass increased with a rate of about 0.25 °C/year; and the period of vertical convection of the entire water column, initially about 3 months, increased at a rate of about 1 week/year. Moreover, we observed that the temperature and salinity of the bottom layer in the deepest part of the Dead Sea raised by about 0.5–0.6 °C and 0.15–0.25 kg/m³ during each holomictic summer.     

长江口北支崇启大桥处潮位和盐度过程研究

位于长江口北支的崇启大桥处于盐淡水交替区,其混凝土桥墩易受海水腐蚀。为给桥墩抗腐试验提供必要的潮位变动区范围和盐度试验参数,建立了基于无结构网格的长江口盐水数值模型,计算分析了在不同径流量和外海潮汐边界条件下,崇启大桥断面潮位变幅及盐度变动过程。研究表明崇启大桥处潮位变幅大,潮汐是控制崇启大桥处水位变动范围的关键因素;桥墩处盐度整体取决于入海径流量,流量增加促使盐度降低,反之亦然;潮汐作用促使桥墩处呈现短周期性振荡盐度,盐度范围为10‰～26‰,其中枯季盐度平稳,洪季变幅大。     

磨刀门航道整治工程对咸潮上溯的影响

采用实测水文资料建立高精度的三维水流盐度数学模型,模拟了磨刀门航道整治工程前后流场及盐水入侵的变化.并运用已验证好的磨刀门高精度三维水流盐度数学模型,计算了磨刀门航道整治工程前后水动力变化及咸潮上溯程度,为航道整治工程的实施提供依据.研究表明航道整治工程使得近海地区的盐度值有所增大,加剧了咸潮上溯程度,但工程对咸潮上溯的影响不大,不是珠江三角洲地区近年来咸潮上溯的主要原因.